Учебные программы, Методические указания и контрольные задания по английскому, немецкому, французскому языкам для студентов заочной формы обучения

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Методические указания

Содержание Market economies 2. Freedom of choice and enterprise. Markets and Prices. Контрольное задание №5 3. Правило согласования Civil Cases Criminal Cases Conspicuous Consumption

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Market economies

A society may attempt to deal with the basic economic problems by allowing free play to what are known as market forces. The state plays little or no part in economic activity. Most of the people in the world earn and spend in societies which are still fundamentally market economies.

The market system of economic organisation is also commonly described as a free enterprise. Strictly speaking the pure market has never existed. Whenever there has been some form of political organisation, the political authority has exercised some economic functions (e.g. controlling prices or levying taxation).

The framework of a market contains six essential features. They are:

1. private property

2. freedom of choice and enterprise

3. self-interest

4. competition

5. prices

6. a very limited role for government.

1. Private property.

The institution of private property is a major feature of capitalism. It means that individuals have the right to own, control and dispose of land, buildings, machinery, and other natural and man-made resources. Man-made aids to production such as machines, factories, docks, oil refineries and road networks are known as capital. Private property not only confirms the right to own and dispose of real assets, it provides the owners of property with the right to income from that property in the form of rent, interest and profits.

2. Freedom of choice and enterprise.

Freedom of enterprise means that individuals are free to buy and hire economic resources, to organize these resources for production, and to sell their products in the markets of their own choice. Persons who undertake these activities are known as entrepreneurs and such people are free to enter and leave the industry.

Freedom of choice means that owners of land and capital may use these resources as they see fit. It also means that workers are free to enter (and leave) any occupations for which they are qualified. Finally it means that consumers are free to spend their incomes in any way they wish. The freedom of consumer choice is usually held to be the most important of these economic 'freedoms'. In the models of capitalism, producers respond to consumers preferences - they produce whatever consumers demand.

3. Self-interest.

Since capitalism is based on the principle that individuals should be free, to do as they wish, it is not surprising to find that the motive for economic activity is self-interest. Each unit in the economy attempts to do what is best for itself. Firms will act in ways which, they believe, will lead to maximum profits (or minimum losses). Owners of land and capital will employ these assets so as to obtain the highest possible rewards. Workers will tend to move to those occupations and locations which offer the highest wages. Consumers will spend their incomes on those things which yield the maximum satisfaction.

4. Competition.

Economic rivalry or competition is another essential feature of a free enterprise economy. Competition, as economists see it, is essentially price competition. It is the forces of total demand and total supply which determine the market price, and each participant, whether buyer or seller, must take this price as given since it is beyond his or her influence or control. In theory at least, competition is the regulatory mechanism of capitalism. It limits the use of economic power since no single firm or individual is large enough or strong enough to control a market and exploit the other buyers or sellers.

5. Markets and Prices.

Perhaps the most basic feature of the market economy is the use of the price mechanism for allocating resources to various uses. The price system is an elaborate system of communications in which free choices are balanced against each other. The decisions of producers determine the supply of a commodity; the decisions of buyers determine the price. Changes in demand and supply cause changes in market prices and it is these movements in market prices which bring about the changes in the ways in which society uses its economic resources.


Контрольное задание №5


Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 5, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Причастные обороты: объектный причастный оборот, субъектный причастный оборот.

2. Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения причины и цели, уступительные придаточные.

3. Правило согласования времен.

4. Побудительные предложения в косвенной речи.

5. Герундий (The Gerund) - простые формы.


I Вариант


I. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объектный причастный оборот:

1. The group of tourists was watching the other group climbing the mountain.

2. My boss watched the business papers being printed.

3. All the people in the street saw him arrested.


II. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный причастный оборот:

1. Crime was watched being commited by the stranger .

2. She was seen dissapointed.

3. So the driver was found being completely drunk.


III. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные уступительные придаточные предложения:

1. Even if he tells the truth now, I’m sure, nobody will believe him. He has been lying too long.

2. Whenever my aunt began talking about crimes, my parents and her husband attempted to change the subject.

3. He always tried to find the easiest way whatever he did.


IV. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные придаточные предложения цели:

1. The boss called a meeting in order that the employees put a stop to long coffee breaks.

2. Charles saved his money so that he could buy the sports car he wanted, and now he’s got it.

3. Carol decided to wait out her time in order that her friend could find a job really fit for her.


V. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные придаточные предложения причины:

1. As he wasn’t sure of his eyesight, he couldn’t be a witness in the court.

2. They sent the check back because he forgot to put his signature on it.

4. As the author of the book was a newcomer to the detective field, he was under attack.


VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив настоящее время глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении на прошедшее. Используйте правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Gordon says that their company fired a dozen people in connection with staff-reduction.

2. I think that wearing of actual money is a primitive and uncomfortable.

3. I’m sure David will be found innocent because I don’t believe he can do such awful crime.


VII. Преобразуйте следующие побудительные предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Поставьте вводный глагол в главном предложении в прошедшем времени. Используйте правило согласования времен, где необходимо:

1. My brother says to me: “Never deal with Harry. He is not a person to rely on”.

2. “Be quiet and calm during the process whatever happens in court”, my barrister said to me before the trial.

3. She asked him: “Please, don’t ring me up so late”.


VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните герундий:

1. Reading books about human relations is very useful for those people who want to make a career.

2. I enjoy listening to ‘Queen’.

3. I’m tired of waiting for you.

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Kinds of cases


As a juror, you may sit on a criminal case, a civil case, or both.

Civil Cases

Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, governments, government agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done. For example, a tenant may sue a landlord for failure to fix a leaky roof, or a landlord may sue a tenant for failure to pay rent. People who have been injured may sue a person or a company they feel is responsible for the injury.

The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff; the party being sued is called the defendant. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case. The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. In each civil case the judge tells the jury the extent to which the plaintiff must prove the case. This is called the plaintiff's burden of proof, a burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiff's burden is to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is, that the plaintiff's version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.

Jury verdicts do not need to be unanimous in civil cases. Only ten jurors need to agree upon a verdict if there are 12 jurors: five must agree if there are six jurors.

Criminal Cases

A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city or country against a person or persons accused of having committed a crime. The state, city, or county is called the plaintiff; the accused person is called the defendant. The charge against the defendant is called an information or a complaint. The defendant has pleaded not guilty and you should presume the defendant's innocence throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty. The plaintiff's burden of proof is greater in a criminal case than in a civil case. In each criminal case you hear the judge will tell you all the elements of the crime that the plaintiff must prove; the plaintiff must prove each of these elements beyond reasonable doubt before the defendant can be found guilty.

In criminal cases the verdict must be unanimous, that is, all jurors must agree that the defendant is guilty in order to overcome the presumption of innocence.


II Вариант


I. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объектный причастный оборот:

1. I often see them playing tennis.

2. We heard them having returned from Moscow.

3. He expected the work done by the secretary.


II. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный причастный оборот:

1. He was seen coming in.

2. They were found being asked questions.

3. The prisoners were seen running away.


III. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные уступительные придаточные предложения:

1. Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to see you.

2. The travellers went on climbing in spite of the fact that the weather was worsening.

3. Whatever problems you have, you can always come to me for help.


IV. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные придаточные предложения цели:

1. The teacher spoke slowly so that the students could understand him.

2. The president assembled a group of experts in order that they could study the problem.

3. John wants to send the children to a private school so that they could get an excellent education.


V. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные придаточные предложения причины:

1. Larry can’t take his son into the glassware store because he always manages to break things.

2. Sally is very proud of her family as they are friendly and had faith in her and gave her a job when no one else would hire her.

3. Ed moved away from New York City to a small town in the Midwest because life in the big city was difficult.


VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, заменив настоящее время глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении на прошедшее. Используйте правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. They don’t understand what Mr. Plamer’s plan will lead to or why he is trying to involve them.

2. I think you are going to attend the meeting and help us with the difficult decisions.

3. I suppose they operated this equipment without any special instructions.


VII. Преобразуйте следующие побудительные предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Поставьте вводный глагол в главном предложении в форму прошедшего времени. Используйте правило согласования времен, где необходимо:

1. The lecturer says to the students: “Look at this map!”.

2. “Please make yourself comfortable”, she says to us.

3. He says to us: “Send them a message to pay all the bills”.


VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните герундий:

1. He was interested in collecting rare books.

2. Walking, riding, flying, dancing and so on are all familiar examples of motion.

3. He insisted on asking you about it.


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Fashion and Status


Clothing designed to show the social position of its wearer has a long history. Just as the oldest languages are full of elaborate titles and forms of address, so for thousands of years certain modes have indicated high or royal rank. Many societies passed decrees known as sumptuary laws to prescribe or forbid the wearing of specific styles by specific classes of persons. In ancient Egypt only those in high position could wear sandals; the Greeks and Romans controlled the type, color and number of garments worn and the sorts of embroidery with which they could be trimmed. During the Middle Ages almost every aspect of dress was regulated at some place or time – though not always with much success. The common features of all sumptuary laws – like that of edicts against the use of certain words – seem to be that they are difficult to enforce very long.

Today simple ostentation in dress, like gold or silver lace, is less common than it used to be; but clothes are as much a sign of status as ever. The wives of wealthy men are no longer praised for being glorious in garb; indeed, they constantly declare in interviews that they choose their clothes for ease, comfort, convenience and practicality. But, these comfortable, practical clothes always turn out to have been bought very recently from the most expensive shops; moreover, they always follow the current rules of Conspicuous Consumption or Waste.

Conspicuous Consumption

The most primitive form of Conspicuous Consumption is simply to consume so much food that one becomes conspicuous by one’s bulk, a walking proof of having dined often and well. Fatness, frequently a sign of high status in primitive tribes, has also been admired in more civilized societies.

Another simple and time-honored way of consuming conspicuously is to wear more clothes than other people do. “More” of course is relative: when most people went naked, the mere wearing of garments conferred prestige. In ancient Egypt, for instance, slaves and servants often wore nothing, or at most a brief loincloth; aristocrats put on clothes not out of modesty or for warmth, but to indicate rank.

It is also possible to advertise one’s rank by wearing more clothes consecutively rather than simultaneously. Traditionally, the more different outfits one can display, the higher one’s status; high society in the past has made this sort of display possible by the division of daily life into many different types of activity, each of which demands a special costume.


III Вариант


I. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объектный причастный оборот:

1. We watched him slowly approaching the gate.

2. I saw the engines being carefully packed in cases.

3. I heard his name mentioned several times during the conversation.


II. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный причастный оборот:

1. The children were found locked in a shed.

2. They were seen speaking to the headmaster.

3. The stewardess was heard explaining the conditions of our flight.


III. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные уступительные придаточные предложения:

1. Whatever I intend to do I’ll do without advice from the outside.

2. He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

3. Though it was only nine o’clock, there were few people in the streets.


IV. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните придаточные предложения цели:

1. He spoke loudly and clearly, so that all could hear him.

2. We wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by seawater.

3. I gave him the textbook in order that he might learn his lesson.


V. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их, подчеркните обстоятельственные придаточные предложения причины:

1. He was glad to talk to her because it set her at ease.

2. As there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.

3. Since you have finished your work, you may go home.


VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, замените настоящее время глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении на прошедшее время, сделайте необходимые изменения, используя правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. I don’t think that I shall ever work for your father.

2. I think that her father didn’t want to disturb her when I phoned.

4. I know that she is learning to drive now.


VII. Перепишите следующие побудительные предложения, преобразуя прямую речь в косвенную:

1. Oleg said to his sister: “Put the letter into the envelope and give it to Ann”.

2. “Please bring me some fish soup”, he said to the waitress.

3. Robert said to them: “Don’t leave the room until I come back”.


VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните герундий:

1. I was quite disappointed at not finding him there.

2. He mentioned having read it in the paper.

3. He stopped reading and looked at us with interest.


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