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The structure of the usа government
Federal government
The legislative branch
The house
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE USА GOVERNMENT



The United States of America is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city and within each state there are smaller subdivisions of local government such as counties, townships, cities and villages.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The federal government of the United States is divided into three main branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The legislative branch of the government is the Congress. The function of the legislative branch of the government is to make laws and to finance the operation of the government through gathering taxes and appropriating money requested by the executive branch of the government.

The executive branch, which includes the President, Vice-President, and the President’s cabinet, is responsible for administering and executing the laws.

The judicial branch of the federal government consists of the Supreme Court of the United States and the system of federal courts. It has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of acts of law.

THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The legislative branch of the US government is vested in the Congress. The Congress of the US is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

THE SENATE

The US Senate has 100 members - two from each of the 50 states. Each Senator is chosen by a majority of voters in the entire state, and his job is to represent the whole state. Members of the senate are elected to six-year term.

The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the US for nine years, and a resident of the state from which he is elected.

THE HOUSE

The US House of Representatives has 435 members. The Constitution says that each state, no matter how small in population, must have at least one Representative. A Representative must be at least 25, a US citizen for seven years, and live in the state from which he is elected. Each state, except the five which elect only one Representative for the whole state, is divided into Congressional districts. The Constitution, however, does not require the Representative to live in the Congressional district that elects him. Most do live in their districts.

The business of Congress is to make laws. The US Constitution also gives Congress the power to:

- raise money by means of taxes or borrowing.

- make rules for trade with foreign countries and between states.

- set up post-offices and federal courts.

- organize the Armed Forces.

- declare war.

The US Senate has some special powers. It must approve the President’s appointment of such high officials as ambassadors, Cabinet members and also federal judges by a majority of voters.


II Вариант


I. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Present Continuous:

1. The students of group A-111 are writing a test.

2. My grandmother is interested in the life of young people and now she is watching the new teenagers’ program.

3. My studies are getting more difficult but at the same time more interesting.


II. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Past Continuous:

1. When he came, we were just finishing the discussion.

2. When we saw him at the airport, he was seeing off some foreigner.

3. John was looking through the morning mail when his boss called him.


III. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Future Continuous:

1. I’ll be waiting for you near the underground station. Don’t be late.

2. Don’t phone me at seven. They’ll be showing my favorite movie on TV, and I’ll be watching.

3. On Monday I’ll be working from 8.00 in the morning till 1.00 in the afternoon.


IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты:

1. He had to stay at home because he felt bad.

2. She won’t be able to go there on Sunday.

3. I told him that he might use my books.

4. Could you book two airplane tickets for us?

5. - May I smoke here? - No, you mustn’t.

6. You didn’t have to complete that work within two days.

7. We’ll have to wait until he comes back and tell us everything.


V. Перепишите следующие глаголы, переведите их, образуйте от них причастие I (Participle I):

to defend to specify

to increase to stipulate

to testify to lend

to pay to lease

to bring to deliver


VI. Перепишите следующие причастия II. Укажите инфинитив глаголов, от которых они образованы, переведите его:

transferred prescribed

operated postponed

built found

violated brought

broken acquired


VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Present Perfect:

1. We cannot answer your question just now. We have not taken the final decision yet.

2. He has already solved this problem.

3. “Have you sent the telegram?”


VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Past Perfect:

1. He came from a small town, and nobody had heard of him before.

2. When the fire brigade arrived, the fire had already destroyed a large part of the building.

3. I didn’t join you for lunch, because I’d had a snack in a cafe and wasn’t hungry.


IX. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Future Perfect:

1. Will you have translated this article by tomorrow?

2. I think, we’ll have signed the contract before the end of the week.

3. We’ll have seen 2 educational films before the end of the lesson.


X. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое. Укажите, в каком времени он употреблен:

1. He doesn’t think the machine will be reliable.

2. I’ve got an appointment with Dr. Floyd at three o’clock in the afternoon, but I won’t be able to keep it, I’m afraid.

3. I hope you won’t have any trouble with the new car.


XI. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, переведите их. Укажите тип придаточного предложения. Подчеркните союз или союзное слово, вводящее придаточное предложение:

1. The man who rang you this morning didn’t leave any message.

2. Can you tell me where the yesterday’s mail is?

3. Can I speak to a representative of the firm, which sells these computers?


XII. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите его.


SOCIOLOGY


Sociology is a branch of the science of human behaviour in social relations among persons and in the intercommunication and interaction among persons and groups. It includes the study of the customs, structures, and institutions and forces, that influence on the behaviour and character of persons.

Institutionalized social forms play the major part in human actions. It is the task of sociology to discover how these forms operate on the person, how they are established, develop, elaborate, interact with one another, and decay and disappear. Among the most important of such structures is the family, the subject of an important field of sociology. The peer group, the community, the economic and political associations, and special organizations such as the church and the military are of particular importance in this study.

Sociology is the offspring of 18th- and 19th-century philosophy and is a reaction against the nonscientific approaches of classical philosophy and folklore to social phenomena. It was for a time a part of moral philosophy. Some aspects of other fields remain of interest to the sociologist. Although psychology has its interest on the individual and his internal mental mechanisms, and sociology gives its major attention to collective aspects of human behaviour, the two disciplines have the subfield of social psychology. The relation of sociology to social anthropology is even closer, and until about the first quarter of the 20th century the two subjects were usually combined in one department. Political science and economics had much of their early development in the practical interests of nations and for a time evolved separately from basic sociology. But now they have closer relations because of an awareness of the potential utility, and new sociological concepts and methods.

Nineteenth-century sociology, with the successes of biology and evolutionary theory, took an interest in resemblances between men and lower animals--in their similar instincts--and also in the parallels between biological and social evolution. Now sociology has the same interest with the other sciences in ecology, behavioral genetics, and questions of fertility and mortality. Sociologists are sure, that contact between physiology and sociology is necessary to avoid errors of ignorance in both fields.


III Вариант


I. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Present Continuous:

1. Excuse me, can you help me? I am looking for Office 457.

2. Look! It is snowing outside!

3. The population of the world is rising very fast.


II. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Past Continuous:

1. We saw an accident when we were waiting for the bus.

2. When we came into the room, Sue was sitting at the window and reading something.

3. While he was shaving, he cut himself slightly.


III. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Future Continuous:

1. Don’t ring her up till 11 in the morning. She will be working then.

2. Let’s wait here; Tower Bridge will be opening at 9.00 to let that ship through.

3. At this time tomorrow they will be going by train on their way to Moscow.


IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты:

1. We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them.

2. The fishing boat sank, but fortunately the fisherman was able to swim to the shore.

3. Let’s go and listen to this discussion. I think, it must be interesting.

4. Last night Den suddenly became ill. We had to call the doctor.

5. A man should help his parents when they become old.

6. The girl had to take care of her younger sister and brothers.

7. My parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister.


V. Перепишите следующие глаголы, переведите их, образуйте от них причастие I (Participle I):

to sign to stay

to produce to sweep

to fly to shave

to stand to wear

to shoot to count


VI. Перепишите следующие причастия II. Укажите инфинитив глаголов, от которых они образованы, переведите его:

bought understood

fullfilled smelt

taken spread

taught sold

worn fallen


VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Present Perfect:

1. Susan has made a new dress for her birthday party.

2. The sun has not risen yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute.

3. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud has covered the sky.


VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Past Perfect:

1. When John and I got to the theatre, the play had already begun.

2. He understood the words perfectly only after he had read them again.

3. At that moment he realized that he had lost her forever.


IX. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Future Perfect:

1. I shall have written my composition by the time you come back.

2. We’ve got 5 days in St. Petersburg: we are leaving on Monday; but I’m sure that we shall have seen everything of importance by then.

3. Phone me after 8 o’clock. I’ll have finished the work by then.


X. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое. Укажите, в каком времени он употреблен:

1. - Hi! I haven’t seen you for ages. I heard you had bought a new car!

2. - Have you ever spent your holidays in the Crimea? - Yes, Ann and I spent holidays there two years ago.

3. I’m trying to repair my watch.


XII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их. Укажите тип придаточного предложения. Подчеркните союзы или союзные слова, вводящие придаточные предложения:

1. Martha says that her husband John always comes home to have lunch.

2. Could you tell me where I should pay for my purchase?

3. Some of the questions that we discussed yesterday were very important.


XIII. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите его: