Geum.ru

Г. В. Плеханова английский язык учебно-методическое пособие

Вид материалаУчебно-методическое пособие

Содержание


6. RUSSIA Geographical position(географическое положение)
Topical Vocabulary
Подобный материал:
1   ...   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   ...   53

6. RUSSIA

Geographical position
(географическое положение)


Russia is an independent republic in eastern Europe and Asia, which was established on December 25, 1991. It includes 21 ethnically based republics, 1 autonomous oblast (region), and 10 autonomous okrugs (national areas). It is officially named the Russian Federation (Russian Rossiyskaya Federatsiya). Russia was formerly the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In geographic extent it is the largest country in the world, with an area of 17,075,400 sq km, more than one-ninth of the world's land area. From north to south the country extends more than 4,000 km from the southern border along the Caucasus Mountains to Arctic islands in the Barents Sea. From east to west the maximum extent is almost 10,000 km from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to Ratmanov (also known as Big Diomede) Island in the Bering Strait. The country also spans two continents, Europe and Asia.

Russia borders on more countries than any other nation. On the north it is bounded by a number of arms of the Arctic Ocean: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas. On the east it is bounded by several arms of the Pacific Ocean: the Bering Strait (which separates Russia from Alaska), the Bering Sea, and the seas of Okhotsk and Japan. In the extreme south-east Russia abuts on the north-eastern tip of North Korea. On the south it is bounded by China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and the Black Sea. On the south-west it is bounded by Ukraine, and on the west it is bounded by Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, the Gulf of Finland, Finland, and Norway.

The principal island possessions of Russia lie in Arctic and Pacific waters. Farthest north, in the Arctic Ocean, is Franz Josef Land, an archipelago consisting of about 100 islands. The other Arctic islands, from west to east, include the two islands that constitute Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island, the group of islands called Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island. Between the islands mentioned above are numerous small islands and island chains. In the Pacific Ocean are the Kuril Islands, which extend in an arc south-west from the southern extremity of the Russian peninsula of Kamchatka to Japan, and the large island of Sakhalin, which separates the seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

Russia can be divided into three broad geographic regions: European Russia, consisting of the territory lying west of the Ural Mountains; Siberia, stretching east from the Urals almost to the Pacific Ocean; and Far Eastern Russia (or the Russian Far East), including the extreme south-east and the Pacific coastal fringe.

Topical Vocabulary


to establish (to found, to set up)
учреждать, устанавливать

to establish a republic
провозгласить республику

to establish a contact
установить контакт

to establish oneself in business
основать бизнес, дело

to span

охватывать, перекрывать

to border on

граничить с

border land
пограничная область

border line
граница, грань

to bound by

граничить

England is bounded by Scotland on the North
(Англия граничит на севере с Шотландией)

to abut on

прилегать, примыкать, граничить

an archipelago
архипелаг

peninsula
полуостров

to constitute

составлять

to constitute

учреждать, устанавливать

to stretch

вытягивать, вытянуть

to stretch

растягивать

to divide into

делить, разделять

to divide the money
делить деньги

to occupy

занимать место, пространство

to occupy a house, a seat
занимать дом, место

to cover

охватывать, покрывать

to be washed
омываться

square kilometres
квадратные километры

to extend
простираться