Человек язык общество материалы международной научной конференции (6 октября 2006г.) Хабаровск Издательство тогу 2006

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Сельская семья
Проблемы демографические.
Проблемы стабильности сельской семьи.
Проблемы сельских женщин.
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THE POLLUTION of THE AMUR

by POISONOUS SUBSTANCES of THE SUNGARI


November, 13, 2005 there was a series of explosions on Chinese chemical plant the Jilin Petroleum and Chemical Company in a province Jilin. On the preliminary data, the reason of explosion became technical malfunction in one of installations on manufacture of phenylamine. This factory is the largest in Chinese People's Republic on manufacture of phenylamine. As a result of explosion was lost 5 person, 70 have received wounds, about 10 thousand person, living in immediate proximity from a factory, were urgently evacuated.

Because of a series of explosions on a chemical plant in the Sungari - the right inflow of Amur being a source of drinking water supply of Khabarovsk, poisonous substances, namely benzene and nitrobenzene have got. Extent of a poisonous stain about 80 km, a level of pollution in it in 29 times exceeds an allowable level. The poisonous substances which have got in water can result in infection with a hepatites, and, probably, to a cancer. Since November, 22 in an administrative centre of a province Heilongjiang, Harbin - city with the 9-million population, all water supply from is stopped. Sungari. Local residents in a panic have rushed to shops and on the markets to buy up all water in bottles and other drinks. The worker of one of supermarkets has told, that they have sold out all drinks for two hours after the announcement of disconnect of city system of water supply has sounded. The price for water has increased twice. Also it was recommended to people to make stocks and to not use water from radiators.

Scale pollution threatened also to the Far East to Russia. The zone of chemical pollution formed in the Far East rivers as a result of failure in China, by December, 1-3 could achieve city of Khabarovsk. According to Far East inter-regional territorial management on hydrometeorology and monitoring of an environment of Federal Hydrometereology and Environmental Monitoring Service the preliminary diagram of mixture of a zone of pollution looked as follows: Lenin (November, 27-28), Khabarovsk (December, 1-3), Troickoe (December, 4-5), Komsomolsk- on - Amur (December, 7-10).

The poisonous substances which have got in the river of Sungari, moved with speed up to 100 kms to day. According to experts, at merge of the rivers of Sungari and Amur occurs triple dilution waters (a share of a drain of Sungari - about 30 % from total after merge of two rivers). At city of Khabarovsk occurs quadruple dilution as a result of a confluence of the Amur river of Ussuri.

Realization of the first analyses on the contents in water of poisonous substances was appointed to November, 26-27 that is when the zone of pollution will be displaced on territory of the Russian Federation. According to the Ministry of Emergency Measures of the Russian Federation (the Ministry of Emergency Measures of the Russian Federation), water from Amur use 1,5 million person in 30 settlements of Khabarovsk Territory. However the first tests of water from Amur have shown absence of dangerous concentration of chemical substances.

Inspectors of management over Khabarovsk territory together with employees of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Measures November, 27 have started realization of constant monitoring a status of water in the river Amur on borders of territory and in area of water-intaking constructions of Khabarovsk. Quality check of potable water in water-fences of Jewish autonomous region (JAR) also was carried spent. November, 27 the operative prevention of the Ministry of Emergency Measures of the Russian Federation of possible pollution of Amur was lead up to all territorial divisions of the Ministry of Emergency Measures on the Far East, other federal services, heads of municipal educations and industrial targets. So in territory readiness for a meeting of the unbidden Chinese visitor is carried spent up to the mark. However what to do and how to behave to people, to secure itself and the relatives against a poisoning, - nobody gives such recommendations. About that reception of the activated coal practically does not give any effect, and in some cases even harmful to an organism, Khabarovsk toxicologists and gastroenterologists already expressed. In what image to temper an organism before arrival of benzene? The recipe at toxicologists one: messages healthy lifestyle. Plus obligatory realization of preventive measures: observance of recommendations of experts, use of water only from the checked up sources. First of all, we find out, that such benzene: Benzene - an organic chemical compound, a colorless, inflammable liquid with a pleasant sweetish smell. Benzene is part some gasoline, is widely applied in the industry, is initial raw material for manufacture of medicines, various plastic, synthetic rubber, dyes. Though benzene is part some crude petroleum, but is commercially synthesized from its other components. In the big dozes benzene makes sick nausea and dizziness, and in some heavy cases the poisoning with benzene can conduct to fatal outcome. If the organism of the person is exposed to long influence of benzene in small quantities, consequences also can be very serious. In this case the poisoning with benzene can become the reason of a leukemia (a cancer of blood) and anemia (lack red corpuscles in blood). Scientists of Institute water and environmental problems have forbidden to the population to catch and use a fish from Amur as it is quite possible, that it can be infected. Nitrobenzene, in particular, has property to collect in fabrics of a fish, some of poisonous substances amaze bones and internal bodies of a fish. The Khabarovsk doctors to argue on symptoms of a poisoning refuse, as at the common suspiciousness the khabarovsks many immediately will find at themselves attributes of a poisoning.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia applied to specify at the Chinese side a chemical compound of polluting substances with the purpose of acceptance of measures for prevention of scale consequences of pollution of the river Amur. Manual Jilin of the petrochemical company denied an opportunity of pollution of the river of Sungari, it declared, that their factory has the largest in Asia capacities for clearing waste products and never lowers in the river the crude waters. However the Hongkong experts have called into question this application: benzene at burning really turns to a harmless substance in the event that burns down without the rest, but, probably, at a factory other toxic chemical substances which could get in water after failure were kept. Fast economic development of a neighbouring country occurs due to such factors, as cheap resources, the electric power, a labour and full absence of ecological actions. On the data published in mass media, one enterprise at all have no clearing constructions, others have out-of-date, and the third - have the most up-to-date clearing constructions, but use them extremely seldom as the decision of environmental problems costs dearly. Frequently the Chinese side can not consult with development of a situation as technical accidents as though remain away from interests of economy. According to the Chinese radio, even household waste products are cleared no more than on 50 percents, and basically is cleared no more than 14 percents of waste products. On a watercourse of Sungari many of which are located more than hundred enterprises, - chemical and petrochemical, cellulose, that is what in the world name enterprises " dirty cycle ". And all this dirty gets in the Chinese rivers, and then and to Amur. Besides the Chinese side and has not given the exhaustive information that water besides benzene and nitrobenzene contains. As a result of researches of a chemical compound of water of Amur carried spent during last months it was found out, that the river has undergone to considerably more serious pollution, than it was supposed earlier. Besides nitrobenzene and benzene, in water of Amur hydrocarbons of various connections. All this can guide on the following question: Why the Chinese side has given not absolutely exact information on the contents in water of poisonous substances?! Probably, they wanted to underestimate a degree of the fault before the Russian side or to lower a degree of indemnification for pollution of the river Amur. … Probably, answers and assumptions to this question the infinite set can, as they say « how many people are so much and opinions », therefore everyone for itself will choose the answer to this question.

Besides the Chinese side has gratuitously presented the Russian doctors two devices, cost of 60 thousand dollars, for the control of quality of water (gas chronograph). Also to the Russian side some tons of the activated coal for clearing the water, submitted were transferred to the population. But, as it was found out later, the equipment was out-of-date, and the activated coal was not absolutely suitable for water treating, that is coal was coarse-grained, and for water treating it is required very fine. It is one more occasion for reflections ….

The polluted water, after explosions at the Chinese factory was supposed, that, will reach Khabarovsk in three days. But it has taken place only December, 23 when the most dense part has approached to Khabarovsk benzene stain moving over Amur from China. The stain passed city December, 24-25. However it has not affected quality of potable water. Specifications of water treating were maintained with a threefold stock. After the carried spent researches it became clear, that near to Khabarovsk maximum permissible concentration (maximum concentration limit) of chemicals in water are not exceeded.

Movement of the polluted water was slowed down with ice, therefore the most part of pollution settled on ice. But during a spring high water Khabarovsk again can collide environmental problems, in connection with thawing snows, in which was ice-bounded the chemical substances contained in benzene stain. Therefore employees of institutes water and environmental problems will study structure of ice on Amur.

It is impossible to forget and that the Christening of the God, one of the main orthodox holidays, has fallen to the period of passage of a poisonous stain. In Khabarovsk for the first time for 5 years in ice of Amur orthodox have not cut through "Jordan" in day of the Christening of the God. In the Khabarovsk temples water was consecrated after clearing by coal filters, and clean waters went in three steps while it undertook from Amur and passed clearing in a water-fence, then in temples and after that also it was consecrated. During seven days, since January, 19 in temples of city the khabarovsks and all interested persons could receive the consecrated water.

Having learned about that Amur is infected with poisonous substances and they it is soon achieved Khabarovsk territory, the khabarovsks have rushed to buy up potable water in bottles from 1,5 up to 5 liters. Thereof almost 100 trade enterprises of Khabarovsk speculated on potable water, for what were involved in the administrative responsibility for artificial increase of the prices for potable water in bottles. It is in total revealed 99 trading organizations speculating on potable water.

Despite of applications that quality of water submitted to the population corresponds to hygienic norms, people all the same did not use it. Also because of benzene stain in Khabarovsk there was an increase of the tariff at water supply at 10 %. It is connected to clearing the polluted water by the activated coal.

Khabarovsk will receive indemnification for pollution of Amur at a rate of 135 million roubles, the arrangement on it was achieved during a meeting of the governor of Khabarovsk of Victor Ishaeva with the chapter of the Ministry of Emergency Measures of Russia by Sergey Shojgu.

The Tungus water-fence in Khabarovsk territory can be constructed by 2008 - at necessary budgetary financing. For continuation of its construction it is necessary to include investment budgetary funds in 2006 at a rate of 1 billion roubles. Construction of the Tungus water-fence will help to secure Khabarovsk from it more than the million population « against a different sort of similar situations ». The Tungus water-fence is included in the list of the major objects which construction is stipulated by the federal program of social and economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia. First-order input of a water-fence is planned to 2010. But that it is interesting, the government has recognized necessity of the Tungus water-fence, but nevertheless does not hasten with its construction …. Really happened tragedy is not enough to begin construction of a water-fence in the near future? It is still good, that during infection of Amur with benzene and other harmful substances there were no human victims though the huge damage was put to flora and fauna of the rivers. Really there should be still a worse incident to force authorities to begin construction of a water-fence immediately?... Only that our Chinese or any other neighbours will not give ours to the country of next "surprise" now Is possible to hope.


Е.А. Трусова

Дальневосточный государственный гуманитарный университет


Сельская семья

в условиях трансформирующегося общества


Современная ситуация в России обострила многие проблемы семьи, которые становятся заметными не только для специалистов, но и для широкого круга общественности. Негативные тенденции, связанные с семьей как социальным институтом, проявляются в снижении роли репродуктивной функции семьи, уменьшении потребности в детях, и как следствие, увеличение естественной убыли населения.

Проблемы семьи в условиях трансформации являются предметом социологических исследований. Особый научный интерес имеет изучение современного состояния сельской семьи. Возрождение села в настоящее время является политической и социальной задачей российского государства. За последние десятилетия разорение села приобрело трагические масштабы, что не могло не отразиться на материальном и социально-психологическом состоянии сельских жителей, особенно - семьи.

Многие исследования показывают, что изменения, происходящие в сельской семье, схожи с семьей в целом, т.к. они основаны на одной и той же природе социально-политической трансформации современного российского общества. Конечно, эти изменения имеют на селе свои особенности, связанные со спецификой функционирования самого села.

Сельская семья остается более традиционной, чем в городе. Существует классификация возрастных типов сельских семей и их роли в преобразовании современной деревни (автор М. Панкратова).
  1. Молодая сельская семья, где супругам не более 40 лет.

Это наиболее перспективный тип семьи со сравнительно высоким образованием и квалификацией. Как правило, в такой семье 1-2 ребенка, редко 3 и более. Женщины чаще работают в различного рода «конторах», избегая труда в сельскохозяйственном производстве бывших колхозов и совхозов, но не жалеют усилий в своем подсобном хозяйстве. Молодые семьи предъявляют наибольшие претензии к условиям своей жизни в деревне, хотя в настоящее время несколько менее склонны к миграции в города. Для того чтобы остаться в селе, им необходима четкая перспектива возможности проявлять свои силы и способности, создание условий для образования детей. Количественно они составляют сравнительно небольшой процент сельского населения, причем, несколько больший на центральных усадьбах и вблизи городов.
  1. Семья с возрастом супругов 40-60 лет.

Эти семьи слегка уступают предыдущей группе по уровню образования, но превосходят ее по уровню заинтересованности в сельскохозяйственном труде. Требования их к условиям своей жизни и работы несколько ниже. Беда этой группы – распространенность злоупотребления спиртными напитками. При соответствующем стимулировании и консультационной помощи они могли бы значительно повысить эффективность сельскохозяйственного производства даже без больших капитальных вложений.

3. Семьи пенсионеров.

Группа, очень распространенная в современной деревне. Несмотря на преклонный возраст, их остаточная трудоспособность могла бы быть эффективно использована на сравнительно набольших участках земли или в кооперации с более молодыми семьями, как по найму, так и сотрудничестве с родственниками.

Конечно, у сельской семьи много проблем. Назовем наиболее острые из них.

Проблемы демографические. Многих тревожит резкое снижение рождаемости в современной российской деревне, «вымывание» молодежи, катастрофическое, нарастающее преобладание старших возрастов среди ее жителей. Молодежь уходит из деревни, чтобы получить лучшее образование, работать по более квалифицированным профессиям, которым нет применения в теперешнем селе. Соответственно, необходимо насытить инфраструктуру деревни экономическими новациями. Это создаст базу для омоложения сельчан и повысит рождаемость. Как показывают исследования, главными факторами, определяющими формирования репродуктивных установок, являются возраст, материальное положение, состав семьи (полная - неполная, нуклеарная - расширенная, количество детей). На рождение ребенка в ближайшие один - два года ориентированы в основном полные бездетные и однодетные, и в целом молодые семьи с довольно высоким уровнем материального положения. Последнее время наметилась тенденция к снижению разницы в рождаемости на селе и в городе. Посмотрим на данные таблицы «Динамика структурных изменений состава российской семьи (в % к общему числу семей)». Если в 1979 году на селе было более 26,8% семей, состоящих из 5 и более членов, то в 2002 г. таких насчитывалось 18%, в то время как сельских семей, состоящих из двух членов, в 1979 г. Было 30,6%, а в 2002 г. - 34,3%.



Годы

Тип населенного пункта

Количество семей, состоящих

из числа человек


Всего

двух

трех

четырех

5 и бол.


1939

Город

26,3

27,7

22,3

22,3

100

Село

16,8

20,4

21,7

21,7

100


1959

Город

27,1

28,9

23,0

21,0

100

Село

24,9

23,3

20,5

31,3

100


1979

Город

29,1

32,2

24,9

13,8

100

Село

30,6

23,0

19,6

26,8

100


2002

Город

31,8

29,6

25,6

11,8

100

Село

34,3

23,2

24,5

18,0

100


Проблемы стабильности сельской семьи. Сегодня сельская семья страдает от проблем, свойственных не только нашей стране. Здесь и современные процессы, идущие не только у нас: демократизация семейных отношений, их большая хрупкость, рост разводимости, снижение числа детей и т.д. Но сказываются на нашей сельской семье и специфические проблемы семьи в России: всеобщая занятость женщин, бытовые и жилищные трудности, низкий уровень медицинского обслуживания. Эти трудности особенно тяжело ощущаются в сельской местности, где на проблемы городской семьи накладываются еще и специфические особенности жизни.

Проблемы сельских женщин. Женщины в деревне особенно сильно страдают от бытовой неустроенности, произвола и алкоголизма мужей, трудностей с повышением квалификации и многое другое. Для них преобразование деревни жизненно необходимо. В то же время они могут стать и одной из основных сил в ее преобразовании. Их трудолюбие и терпение, их заинтересованность в благополучии и укреплении семьи неоценимы.

Таким образом, мы наблюдаем целый клубок проблем, решение которых нельзя откладывать ведь сельчане все еще составляют значительную часть жителей России. Сельское население, его психология, образ жизни, семейные отношения, взгляды и установки оказывают немалое влияние на жизнь страны в целом. К тому же многие сегодняшние горожане не потеряли связей с деревней, жизнь городской семьи не может быть понята без учета ее сельских корней, а жизнь сельской – без понимания городских влияний.

Семья, ее структура и функции, ее стабильность или непрочность тесно связаны со всеми социальными процессами в стране и могут быть исследованы только на фоне этих процессов. В свою очередь, нельзя понять общие социальные и экономические явления в отрыве от проблем и стремлений простого человека, которые изначально находят свое выражение в его семейной жизни.


N.V. Chepegin

I.F. Umanets

Pacific state university