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Статья по предмету Разное

  • 201. Culture in Great Britain
    Статьи Разное

    It you're staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, ballet, comedy, drama, rework, musical comedy and variety. Most theatres and music-halls have good orchestras with popular conductors. At the West-End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done on the most lavish scale.

  • 202. Culture of the youth
    Статьи Разное

    - Yes, there are. "Heavy metal" is one of them. This music of failure is widely despised by those who enjoy pop, reggae or soul. Unlike other rebel cults the followers of heavy metal behave them selves as victims. They wear gothic script and grinning sculls, expression of disheartened interests. It is known that cults arise and disappear over periods of a decade or two. Ragga and Gothic arose in the 1980s. Raggas are American-inspired. They are clothed in baseball caps, tracksuits trousers and chunky trainers. Gothic is a blend of 1970s Punk and 1960s Hippies. "Goths" wear their hair very long and dyed black, and dress in cheap, loose clothes. They put on make-up, looking very pale with cosmetics around the eyes. They are not aggressive, and seem to feel nostalgia for the youth culture and music of the 1960s. At the end of the 1980s Acid House was a fashionable sub-culture. It fascinated thousands juveniles who had not earlier belonged to a cult. Acid House guaranteed fun and all-night dancing. It had its own music which was another variation on black music from America ("House Music"). By the 1990s this movement was also in decline. It is interesting to note that sub-cultures follow a cycle. At first they shock then provoke a strong response. As soon as the sub-culture gains momentum it magnetizes youth in search of rebel unity. Many adopt it for fun, and play at rebellion in their leisure time. The sub-culture rapidly ceases to express serious dissent. In the end it becomes another recognized and colourful part of urban culture.

  • 203. Customs and traditions
    Статьи Разное

    Englishmen have traditions not only in political, but in social life. For example, London, the capital of England, is traditionally devided into three parts: the West End, the East end,and the City. The City is a histrorical, financial and business centre of London. The East End is the district inhabied by the workers, and the West End is a fashionable shopping and entertaining centre. English people like to spend their free time in numerous pubs where they can have a glass of beer and talk about different things with their friends.

  • 204. Customs and Traditions in Britain
    Статьи Разное

    Some British customs and traditions are famousall over the world and a lot of them have very long histories. First I will tellyou about British customs during the year. In January, there is a festival, calledUp-Helly-Aa.In the ninth century, men from Norway came to the Shetlands. The Shetlands areislands near Scotland. These men were theVikings. They came to Britain in shipsand carried away animals, gold, and sometimes women and children, too. Now, 1000 years later, people in the Shetlands remember the Vikings with a festival.They call the festival "Up-Helly-Aa". Every winter the people of Lerwick, thisis a town in the Shetlands, make a model of a ship. It´s a Viking"longship", with the head of a dragon at the front. Then, on Up-Helly-Aa nightin January, the Shetlanders dress inViking clothes, carry the ship through thetown to the sea and there they burn it. They do this because the Vikings puttheir dead men in the ship and burned them. It goes without saying that therearen´t any men in the modern ships. Now the festival is a party for thepeople of the Shetland Islands. Like our traditions there is also in BritainSt Valentine´sDay in February andApril Fool´sDay on April1st. In May there is also a tradition with a longhistory. May 1st was an important day in the Middle Ages. In the veryearly morning, young girls went to the fields and washed their faces with dew.They belived this made themvery beautiful for a year after that. Also onMayDay the young men of each village tried towin prizes with their bows and arrows, and people danced around the maypole.Many English villages still have a maypole, and on May 1st, thevillagers dance round it. Midsummer´sDay is on June 24th. This isthe longest day of the year. On that day you can see a very old custom atStonehenge in Wiltshire. Stonehenge is one of Europe´s biggest stonecircles, a lot of the stones are ten or twelve metres high. It´s also veryold, the earliest part of Stonehenge is nearly 5 000 years old. The Druids, theywere the priests in Britain 2 000 years ago, used it for a calendar. They usedthe sun and the stones at Stonehenge to know the start of months and seasons.There are Druids in Britain today, too and every June 24th a lot ofthem go to Stonehenge, because on that morning the sun shines on one famousstone-the Heel stone. For the druids this is a very important moment in theyear. In October is Halloween. Halloween is an oldword for "Hallows Evening", the night bevor "All Saints´ Day". On that onenight of the year, ghosts and witches are free. A long time ago people wereafraid and stayed at home on Hallowe´en. But now in Britain it´s atime for fun. There are always a lot of parties on October 31st . Atthese parties people wear masks and they dress as ghosts and witches, or asDracula or Frankenstein´s monster. And some peoples make special Halloweenlamps from pumpkins. November 5th isGuy Fawkes´Day in Britain. All over the countrypeople build wood fires or "bonefires", in their gardens. On top of each bonfireis a guy. That´s a figure of Guy Fawkes. People make guys with straw, oldclothes and newspapers. The British remember Guy Fawkes on November5th, because on this day in the year 1605, he tried to kill KingJames I. He and a group of friends put a bomb under the Houses of Parliament inLondon. But the King´s men found the bomb and found Guy Fawkes, too. Theytook him to the Tower of London and there the King´s men cut off hishead. In December there are lots of Christmas and NewYear traditionsin Britain. Before Christmas, groups of singers go fromhouse to house. They collect money and sing traditional Christmas songs orcarols. There are a lot of very popular BritishChristmasCarols. Three famous ones are: "Good KingWenceslas", "The Holly and The Ivy" and "We Three Kings". OnChristmasEve that´s on December24th, British children don´t open their presents. FatherChristmas brings their presents inthe night and then they open them on themorning of the 25th. In Britain the most important meal on December25th is Christmas dinner. Nearly all Christmas food is traditional,but a lot of the traditionsare not very old. For example, there were no turkeysin Britain before 1800. And even in the nineteenth century, goose was thetraditional meat at Christmas, but not now. A twentieth- century BritishChristmas dinner is roast turkey with carrots, potatoes, peas, Brussels sproutsand gravy, but there are sausages and bacon, too. Then, after the turkey, thereis Christmas pudding. Crackers are also usual at Christmas dinner. These came toBritain from China in the nineteenth century. Two people pull a cracker andusually there´s a small toy in the middle and often there´s a joke ona piece of paper, too. December 26th isBoxingDay. Traditionally boys from the shops ineach town asked for money at Christmas. They went from house to house onDecember 26th and took boxes made of wood with them. At each housepeople gave them money and this was their Christmas present. So the name ofDecember 26th doesn´t come frome the sport of boxing, it comesfrom the boys´ wooden boxes. Now, Boxing Day is an extra holiday afterChristmas Day. In Scotland there is a tradition, calledFirstFooting. The name for New Year´s Evein Scotland isHogmanay. After midnight people visit their friends and they takea piece of coal as a present, because traditionally the first visitor of theyear must carry coal into the house. This is first footing and it brings goodluck. It also helps to make fire in the middle of winter. In Britain there are many RoyalTraditions. For example thetrooping of thecolour: The Queen is the only person in Britain with twobirthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st , but she has an"official" birthday on the second Saturday in June, too. And on the Queen´sofficial birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of theColour. It´s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of soldiers atHorse Guards´ Parade in London. A "regiment" of the Queen´s soldiers,the Guards, march in front of her and at the front of the parade is theregiment´s яag or "colour", which the guards are trooping. Thousands ofLondoners and visitors watch in Horse Guards´ Parade and millions of peopleat home watch it on television. The changing of theguard is an another royaltradition: This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, theQueen´s home in London. Soldiers stand in front of the palace. Each morningthese soldiers (the "guard") change. One group leaves and another arrives. Insummer and winter tourists stand outside the palace at 11.30 every morning andwatch the Changing of the Guard.

  • 205. Customs and traditions in GB
    Статьи Разное

    Englishmen have traditions not only in political, but in social life. For example, London , the capital of England , is traditionally divided into three parts: the West End , the East end, and the City. The City is a historical, financial and business center of London . The East End is the district inhabited by the workers, and the West End is a fashionable shopping and entertaining center. English people like to spend their free time in numerous pubs where they can have a glass of beer and talk about different things with their friends.

  • 206. Customs and traditions of English speaking countries
    Статьи Разное

    There are six public holidays a year in G.B. Christmas day is one of their favorite holidays .It's celebrated on the 25-th of December. There are some traditions connected with it. One of them is to give presents to each other. It is not only children and members of family. It's a tradition to give Christmas presents to the people you work with.

  • 207. Customs and traditions of Great Britain
    Статьи Разное

    St. Valentine's Day roots in several different legends that have found their way to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the day is Cupid, the Roman god of Love, Who is represented by the image of a young boy with bow and arrow. Three hundred years after the death of Jesus Christ, the Roman emperors still demanded that everyone believe in the Roman gods. Valentine, a Christian priest, had been thrown in prison for his teachings. On February 14, Valentine was beheaded, not only because he was a Christian, but also because he had performed a miracle. He supposedly cured the jailer's daughter of her blindness. The night before he was executed, he wrote the jailer's daughter a farewell letter, signing it, "from Your Valentine". Another legend tells us that this same Valentine, well-loved by all, wrote notes from his jail cell to children and friends who missed him. Whatever the odd mixture of origins, St. Valentine's Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend of loved one that you care. You can send candy to someone you think is special. Or you can send "valentines" a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine wrote from jail. Valentines can be sentimental, romantic, and heartfelt. They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy, valentines can be anonymous. Americans of all ages as other people in different countries love to send and receive valentines. Handmade valentines, created by cutting hearts out of coloured paper, show that a lot of thought was put into making them personal. Valentines can be heart-shaped, or have hearts, the symbol of love, on them. In elementary schools, children make valentines, they have a small party with refreshments. You can right a short rhyme inside the heart:

  • 208. Cоборные свойства музыкального искусства. Античная Греция, средневековая Русь и православное христианство
    Статьи Разное

    В культуре средневековой Руси, так же как и в культуре античной Греции, музыка уподоблялась образу мировой гармонии. Часто можно встретиться со справедливыми замечаниями относительно того, что барельефы Дмитровского собора во Владимире (шедевра древнерусской архитектуры) хранят память о еще дохристианской мудрости и образованности. М. Серяков, анализируя символику каменных образов собора и центральный образ царя Давида - гусляра, приходит к интересному выводу. Царь Давид находится на центральном месте собирателя твари. Можно даже подумать, что он замещает собой Бога. Почему не Христос находится на месте Творца, или хотя бы царь Соломон, в библейской традиции символизирующий собой божественную мудрость? Здесь же над царством вселенской гармонии и сообразности восседает музыкант - гусляр и псалмопевец Давид, собирая воедино все многообразие мира. Понятным это становится только в свете традиции древней Руси, в которой музыку рассматривали как образ вселенского лада, гармонии и согласованности. «Библейский Давид, отнюдь не воспринимался на Руси как олицетворение порядка, и если он выступает а этом качестве в Дмитровском соборе, то это следует объяснять не реальным образом этого ветхозаветного персонажа, а влиянием того обстоятельства, что здесь на первый план выходит функция Певца…».(5)

  • 209. Cодержательная модель региональной социальной политики
    Статьи Разное

    Федеральная социальная политика направлена на обеспечение единых минимальных социальных стандартов, реализацию установленных социальных гарантий, соблюдение социальных прав граждан, установленных Конституцией РФ, независимо от возможностей региона. Более целенаправленное, избирательное воздействие на развитие регионально опосредованных социальных процессов осуществляется в ходе реализации федеральной региональной политики, направленной на выравнивание условий социального развития всех регионов. Если в регионе складывается критическая ситуация в социальной сфере: негативная динамика социальных процессов превышает предельно-допустимые значения, социальные отношения аномально обострены и нет возможности для саморазрешения кризисной ситуации, так как недостаточно собственных или привлеченных средств для перелома нарастающих негативных тенденций - оказывается государственная поддержка. Это происходит в тех случаях, когда в регионе становится невозможной реализация государственных социальных гарантий, нарушаются конституционные права и свободы граждан. В противном случае кризисные точки могут стать центрами или источниками роста напряженности и возникновения кризисных ситуаций в масштабах всей страны. Центральные органы власти могут использовать такой инструмент, как федеральные "региональные программы", которые направлены на решение конкретных социальных проблем, важных на национальном уровне. В этом случае в качестве объектов регулирования могут выступать конкретные территории или отдельные социальные организации. Примером является федеральная целевая программа "Сибирь". Реализация федеральной социальной политики - важнейший блок региональной политики. Его основа - механизм реализации федеральных социальных гарантий - системы социальной защиты населения.

  • 210. Cравнительная характеристика современных методик преподавания английского языка
    Статьи Разное

    Принцип коллективного взаимодействия, который является ведущим в методе активизации, наиболее известном в интенсивной методике. Именно этот принцип связывает цели обучения и воспитания, характеризует средства, способы и условия учебного процесса. Для учебного процесса, в основу которого положен этот принцип, характерно то, что учащиеся активно общается с другими, расширяют свои знания, совершенствуют свои умения и навыки, между ними складываются оптимальное взаимодействие и формируются коллективные взаимоотношения, которые служат условием и средством повышения эффективности учения, успех каждого из обучаемых зависит во многом от остальных. Такая система отношений, складывающихся в учебном коллективе, раскрывающих и актуализирующих в личности лучшие стороны, весьма способствует обучению и совершенствованию личности. Это происходит благодаря возникающему положительному психологическому климату и в значительной мере влияет на конечный результат. Групповое обучение способствует возникновению у личности дополнительных социально-психологических стимулов к учению. Кроме того, активизация общения между участниками учебного процесса способствует ускорению обмена информацией, передаче и усвоению знаний, ускоренному формированию навыков и умений. Из всего вышесказанного можно заключить, что основным средством овладения предметом становится общение с партнерами по группе.

  • 211. Dürer, Albrecht
    Статьи Разное

    During 1513 and 1514 Dьrer created the greatest of his copperplate engravings: the Knight, St. Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I--all of approximately the same size, about 24.5 by 19.1 cm (9.5 by 7.5 inches). The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it probably must be accepted that the engravings were intended to be interpreted together. There is general agreement, however, that Dьrer, in these three master engravings, wished to raise his artistic intensity to the highest level, which he succeeded in doing. Finished form and richness of conception and mood merge into a whole of classical perfection.

  • 212. Dada
    Статьи Разное

    Dada (French: "hobby-horse"), nihilistic movement in the arts that flourished primarily in Zьrich, New York City, Berlin, Cologne, Paris, and Hannover, Ger. in the early 20th century. Several explanations have been given by various members of the movement as to how it received its name. According to the most widely accepted account, the name was adopted at Hugo Ball's Cabaret (Cafй) Voltaire, in Zьrich, during one of the meetings held in 1916 by a group of young artists and war resisters that included Jean Arp, Richard Hьlsenbeck, Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco, and Emmy Hennings; when a paper knife inserted into a French-German dictionary pointed to the word dada, this word was seized upon by the group as appropriate for their anti-aesthetic creations and protest activities, which were engendered by disgust for bourgeois values and despair over World War I. A precursor of what was to be called the Dada movement, and ultimately its leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first ready-made (now lost), the "Bicycle Wheel," consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool.

  • 213. Daddy Long Legs
    Статьи Разное

    1. Orphan - сирота
    2. Asylum приют
    3. to scold - бранить, ругать
    4. to do well делать успехи
    5. curious любопытный
    6. to sew шить, зашывать
    7. allowance содержание, денежная помощь
    8. to trust доверять, полагаться
    9. letter of acknoledgment подтверждающее письмо
    10. an essay очерк
    11. to remain unknown оставаться неизвестным
    12. an excuse предлог, отговорка
    13. school board член школьного совета
    14. generous - щедрый
    15. regular регулярный, систематический
    16. with haste поспешно
    17. daily routine ежедневная работа
    18. human being человек
    19. funny sensation забавное ощущение
    20. bewildering - изумительный
    21. to feel confused - чувствовать смущение
    22. to be respectful to someone быть благодарным
    23. to feel like a fire horse быть как загнанная лошадь
    24. to obey rules - повиноваться правилам
    25. freshman превокурсник ( новичок)
    26. senior - старший
    27. pet name уменьшительное имя
    28. to room together жить в одной комнате
    29. foundling найденыш (подкидыш)
    30. to make the team вступить в команду
    31. to put ones head in at the door просунуть голову в дверь
    32. to pull through - продержаться
    33. to look smth up in the encyclopedia смотреть в энциклопедии
    34. to have the up per hand on someone иметь преимущесвва над к-л
    35. to be bored at smth. нудиться ч-л
    36. an abyss of ignorance чудовищное невежество
    37. to catch sight of smb. or smth -
    38. to catch up with smb. - догонять к-л в учебе
    39. cast-off clothes - обноски
    40. to giggle - хихикать
    41. to be worth doing стоить делать ч-то
    42. to enlarge - расширять, увеличивать
    43. to put up with smth примириться с ч- л
    44. to prompt подсказывать, наводить на мысль
    45. no prompt не подсказывать
    46. sophomore - второкурсник
    47. a record характеристика, запись в личн.деле
    48. to be through with smth закончить ч-л
    49. catalogue - программа
    50. to be lonely - быть одиноким
    51. a thank-you note благодарственная записка
    52. to drop in зайти, заглянуть
    53. to be in a good humor быть в хорош. настроении
    54. to flunk провалиться на экзамене.
    55. reexaminations in smth - переэкзаменовка
    56. all by oneself совершенно самостоятельно
    57. a (good, bad) frame of mind настроение, расположение духа
    58. to bother smb. with smth. - беспокоить
    59. to be free from conditions быть свободным от “хвостов”
    60. campus кампус,террит. универс. городка
    61. to pretend притворяться
    62. to be grown up быть взрослым
    63. to grab smb.- внезапно схватить
    64. entirely- совершенно
    65. to be used to smth.- быть привычным к ч-л
    66. used to be smth бывал
    67. to come to know about smth
    68. coincidence - совпадение
    69. to rise in ones opinion подняться в ч-л мнении
    70. scenery - пейзаж
    71. a pleasant sensation приятное чувство
    72. to run for president балотироваться на пост президента
    73. to elect - выбирать
    74. to spend vacation проводить каникулы
    75. to pass examinations with the utmost easy сдать экзамены с невероятной легкостью
    76. contest конкурс, соревнование
    77. to be/ to get excited быть взволнованным
    78. to devote посвятить
    79. to get / become acclimated to smth привыкнуть, акклиматизироваться
    80. to change ones mind - передумать
    81. a bunch of flowers букет цветов
    82. waves of laughter волны смеха
    83. to display much comedy spirit проявить хор. чувство юмора
    84. broad jump прыжки в длину
    85. pole-vaulting прыжки с шестом
    86. dash бег
    87. the fifty yard dash бег на 50 ярдов
    88. to cheer smb. апплодировать, подбадривать
    89. to win an event выиграть состязание
    90. to ones credit к ч-л чести
    91. sufficient - достаточно
    92. monotonous - монотонно
    93. sympathetic сочувствующий
    94. uneventful не богатый событиями
    95. to cultivate smth. in smb. развивать ч-л в к-л
    96. to punish smb.- наказывать
    97. arbitrary деспотичный, капризный
    98. unreasonable беспричинно, необоснованно
    99. wanderthirst страсть к путешествиям
    100. lack of social intercourse недостаток светского общения
    101. to indulge smb. - баловать
    102. to be companionable быть общительным
    103. to get caught in a storm попасть в шторм
    104. to be wet through промокнуть насквозь
    105. to miss smb скучать по к-л
    106. without delay без задержки
    107. to accept smth принять ч-л
    108. to apply for smth. обращаться за ч-л
    109. from ones point of work с ч-л точки зрения
    110. permission - разрешение
    111. to object - возражать
    112. to appreciate - ценить
    113. to be indebted быть в долгу
    114. to be a burden to smb. быть обузой для к-л
    115. to pay debts платьть долги
    116. to owe быть должным
    117. to drop in - заскочить к к-л
    118. leave-of-absence - отпуск
    119. to omit smth пропустить (детали)
    120. business-like promptness - проворность, незамедлительность
    121. to meet smb. through smb познакомиться с к-л через к-л
    122. to get used to luxuries привыкнуть к роскоши
    123. to go abroad ехать за границу
    124. to insist on smth/ on doing smth - настаивать
    125. to be tempted - быть соблазненным
    126. to concentrate on smth - концентрироваться
    127. semester - семестр
    128. recreation - отдых
    129. editor - редактор
    130. sophisticated - опытный
    131. to tramp - бродить
    132. exhaustively - исчерпывающе
    133. to keep on doing smth продолжать делать ч-л
    134. commencement - начало
    135. class procession церемония в классе
    136. draft набросок, план
    137. I can hardly wait с трудом могу дождаться
    138. to be tired of smth быть уставшим
    139. enthusiastic - восторженный
    140. inspiration - вдохновение
    141. to suffer - страдать
    142. to be wild with joy быть вне себя от радости
    143. to settle - поселиться
    144. a studio - студия
    145. to need smbs advice нуждаться в совете
    146. to have a special feeling for smb иметь особое чувство
    147. to hurt each others feelings ранить ч-л чувства
    148. to regret smb. - сожалеть
    149. to be ill with pneumonia воспаление легких
    150. a butler- дворецкий
    151. at dawn на заре
    152. to make out - разобрать
    153. it flashed over me меня осенило
    154. love letter любовное письмо
    155. editor in chief главный редактор
    156. assistant editor помощник редактора
    157. managing editor -
    158. art editor художественный редактор
    159. senior editor
    160. features editor
    161. chief sub-editor
    162. an undergraduate - студент
    163. a postgraduate - аспирант
    164. а graduate - выпускник
    165. to be concerned with smth иметь отношение к ч-л
    166. to make smbs troubles ones own принимать ч-л проблемы как свои собственные
    167. alimony - алименты
    168. to use rouge and lipstick использовать румяна и помаду
    169. regular features правильне черты лица
    170. pasty complection нездоровый цвет лица
    171. to dоte on smb. любить кого-либо до безумия
    172. to have a good head for smth иметь способности
    173. to do the accounts делать расчеты, подводить счета
    174. against/for a rainy day на черный день
    175. a common общинная земля
    176. to sail through the air плыть по воздуху
    177. to fly a kite запускать змея
    178. to exercise ones skills продемострировать мастерство
    179. to take to doing something пристраститься к ч-л
    180. to keep oneself to oneself оставться самим собой
    181. to get back on smb отомстить к-л
    182. to be sallen быть угрюмой
    183. to birst into tears разрыдаться
    184. to cut smb. down сократить к-л с работы
  • 214. Dangerous profession
    Статьи Разное

    As we know labour is honorable duty of all citizens. Everybody must work for the good of our country as the wealth of it is created by the labour of all the people. Thats why it is very important for everybody to work hard all professions in our century are very useful and important. We have many kinds of different professions.

  • 215. Dante Alighieri
    Статьи Разное

    The plot of the Comedy is straightforward. It begins with Dante lost and walking in a Dark Wood, unable to remember how he got there or how long he has been walking. He sees a mountain and tries to get out of the wood by climbing it, but is driven back by three beasts that bar his path. He runs in panic, sees a man approaching, and asks for help. The man replies: I am the poet Virgil. You cannot get out of the wood by climbing the mountain. You must follow me, and I will take you the long way round. Your Lady Beatrice has sent me to guide you, through the depths of Hell and up the slopes of Purgatory, to meet her in the country of the Blessed." Dante then follows Virgil, who conducts him through Hell, a vast funnel-shaped region under the surface of the earth, with a series of terraces that form ever-narrowing circles on which various kinds of evil deeds are punished, down to the center. They reach the tip of the funnel, located at the center of the earth, "the point toward which all things down-weigh", where the directions "up" and "down" are reversed, and find a small tunnel or pathway cut through the rock that leads them finally out on the other side of the earth, directly opposite Jerusalem, at the foot of Mount Purgatory, which is surrounded by cornices on which the seven basic kinds of inclination to sin are purged and corrected. They climb the mount and at its summit they find the earthly Paradise, the Eden from which our first parents were expelled when they turned aside from a relation of loving obedience to God and of loving trust in Him. There Beatrice meets Dante, and conducts him upward through the planetary spheres. Finally, he soars beyond the planets, beyond the stars, and beholds the whole company of Heaven assembled together, and is given a vision of the glory of God Himself. And here the poem ends.

  • 216. Das heutige Berlin
    Статьи Разное

    Die Karl-Marx-Allee ist eine junge Strae mit einem regen Verkehr. Zu beiden Seiten stehen mchtige Huserblocks. Hier erinnert man sich an die letzten Kmpfe in Berlin whrend des 2. Weltkrieges und an die Heldentaten der sowjetischen Soldaten.

  • 217. David, Jacques-Louis
    Статьи Разное

    David was in active sympathy with the Revolution, becoming a Deputy and voting for the execution of Louis XVI. His position was unchallenged as the painter of the Revolution. His three paintings of `martyrs of the Revolution', though conceived as portraits, raised portraiture into the domain of universal tragedy. They were: The Death of Lepeletier (now known only from an engraving), The Death of Marat (Musйes Royaux, Brussels, 1793), and The Death of Bara (Musйe Calvet, Avignon, unfinished). After the fall of Robespierre (1794), however, he was imprisoned, but was released on the plea of his wife, who had previously divorced him because of his Revolutionary sympathies (she was a royalist). They were remarried in 1796, and David's Intervention of the Sabine Women (Louvre, 1794-99), begun while he was in prison, is said to have been painted to honor her, its theme being one of love prevailing over conflict. It was also interpreted at the time, however, as a plea for conciliation in the civil strife that France suffered after the Revolution and it was the work that re-established David's fortunes and brought him to the attention of Napoleon, who appointed him his official painter.

  • 218. Dawn of the digital information era
    Статьи Разное

    The technological foundations for these changes began to be laid more than 350 years ago by Blaise Pascal, the French scientist who built the first adding machine which used a series of interconnected cogs to add numbers. Almost 200 years later, in Britain Charles Babbage, the "father of the computer", begun designing the steam-powered analytical engine which would have used punched cards for input and output and included a memory unit, had it ever been completed.

  • 219. Decembrists in Zabaikalye
    Статьи Разное

    Sometimes the authorities made them do senseless work. A small bridge near the Puppet Theatre in Chita has a gloomy history. The Decembrists lived in Chita for only three years, but they made a great contribution to the cultural development of the region in 1827, only 300 people inhabited Chita; there streets, three churches, two shops, five inns, a candle factory and a few coal mines. The Decembrists were the first to construct roads and erect two-storeyed houses in Chita. They distributed newspapers and magazines which were sent to them from St. Petersburg. The inhabitants of Chita were not used to growing vegetables.

  • 220. Decline of ukrainian statehood and culture (1712-1783)
    Статьи Разное

    Between western Ukraine and, Russian dominated, parts on east side of Dnipro was a large territory on Right Bank, partly de-populated by recent wars involving Cossacks, Poles, Russians, Turks and Tatars. Gradually, Polish nobility began to return, reclaimed their landholdings and started to exploit Ukrainian peasants as serfs. The resistance to this, at first, was in the form of outlaw gangs, said to have robbed the rich to help the poor. Some of the gang leaders were even considered as folk heroes, such as Olexa Dowbush, who operated between 1738 and 1745. There were also uprisings by so called Haydamaks, generally during hostilities between Poland and Russia. The biggest uprising was in 1768. Haydamaks, led by Maxym Zaliznyak and Ivan Honta, captured Umanj and killed many Polish oppressors and their Jewish collaborators. They expected help from their Orthodox "brothers" from Russia. However Russians made peace with Poland, captured Zaliznyak, Honta and many other Haydamaks handed them over to Poles. Those, who were not immediately tortured and executed, were tried in Kodno and sentenced, in most cases, to death.