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Статья по предмету Разное

  • 181. Climate of Ukraine
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    The climate of Ukraine is determined by its geographical location. Ukraine's territory lies in the temperate belt. In general the country's climate is climate is temperately continental, being subtropical only on the southern coast of the Crimea. The differences in climate are caused by many factors: the latitude, relief, altitude and proximity to seas and oceans. A characteristic feature of the climate is an increase in its continental nature from west to east.

  • 182. Comets
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    Made of dust, ice, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane, comets resemble dirty snowballs. You may remember them as blurry smudges in the sky. Comets orbit the Sun, but most are believed to inhabit in an area known as the Oort Cloud, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Occasionally a comet streaks through the inner solar system; some do so regularly, some only once every few centuries.

  • 183. Computers
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    When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldnt imagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers, the complicated descedants of his simple machine. Computers are used more and more often in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficent than human beings. They have much better memories and they can store much information. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can predict weather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music.

  • 184. Conflicts of interest in corporate transactions
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    1)Guth rule (offered in corporate capacity)--if there is presented to O/D a business opportunity which the corp is (1)financially able to undertake, which is from its nature (2a) in the line of business and is of practical advantage to it OR (2b)is one in which the corp has an interest or reasonable expectancy (under an established corporate policy or plan), and, (3)by embracing the opportunity the self-interest of the dir will be brought into conflict with that of his corp, then officer or dir may NOT take the opportunity.

  • 185. Consequence of building the National Missile Defense
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    One of more serious consequence of building the National Missile Defense is that it would be a violation of the Antiballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, signed between the Soviet Union and the United States as a way to control the danger of nuclear war. The treaty bans the building of weapons of such capacity (Nordeen 226). The US government can start this project only with the consent of Russia, and the Russian president didnt give its approval for the violation of this treaty. The Bush administration did violate this treaty in 2002. The Us government has to remember that, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia still is in possession of all of its nuclear arsenal. This violation means that now the Russian Federation has all right to start developing counter measure so that the United States defense system could be penetrated. The violation of this treaty also means that the Russian Federation is allowed to help any country in the development of its nuclear weapons. Already, Russia is helping Iran in developing its nuclear facilities, and as we know Iran is one of potential threats to the US. The violation of this treaty puts no restraints on Russias assistance to any country willing to build nuclear weapons. There are many countries willing to develop such facilities for offensive or defensive purposes, and they are willing to pay handsome amount for such assistance. Of course this has not started as of yet, but surely implications are there.

  • 186. Constable, John
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    After spending some years working in the picturesque tradition of landscape and the manner of Gainsborough, Constable developed his own original treatment from the attempt to render scenery more directly and realistically, carrying on but modifying in an individual way the tradition inherited from Ruisdael and the Dutch 17th-century landscape painters. Just as his contemporary William Wordsworth rejected what he called the `poetic diction' of his predecessors, so Constable turned away from the pictorial conventions of 18th-century landscape painters, who, he said, were always `running after pictures and seeking the truth at second hand'. Constable thought that `No two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of the world', and in a then new way he represented in paint the atmospheric effects of changing light in the open air, the movement of clouds across the sky, and his excited delight at these phenomena, stemming from a profound love of the country: `The sound of water escaping from mill dams, willows, old rotten planks, slimy posts and brickwork, I love such things. These scenes made me a painter.'

  • 187. Constitutional Monarchy
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    A thousand years ago the Anglo-Saxon kings consulted the Great Council before taking important decisions. Between 1066 and 1215 the king ruled alone, but in 1215 the nobles forced king John to accept Magna Carta, which took away some of the kings powers. In later centuries this was seen as the 1st occasion on which the king was forced to take advice. In 1264 the 1st parliament of nobles met together. Since then the British constitution has grown up slowly as the result of countless Acts of parliament. Then, parliament invited William and Mary to become Britains 1st constitutional monarchs. A constitutional monarch is one who can rule only with the support of parliamentary. The Bill of Rights was the 1st legal step towards constitutional monarchy. This Bill prevented the monarch from making laws or having an army without Parliaments approval. Since 1689 the power of parliament has grown, while the power of the monarch has become weaker. The UK is a constitutional monarchy: the head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but doesnt rule. The present Sovereign is Queen Elisabeth II. Today the Queen isnt only head of state, but also an important symbol of national unity. In law the Queen is head of the executive, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the established Church of England. The monarchys absolute power has been progressively reduced, the Queen is impartial and acts on the advise of her ministers. The Queen and the Royal family continue to take part in many traditional ceremonies. Their visits to different parts of Britain and to many other countries attract considerable interests and publicity.

  • 188. Control in management
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    Peoples behavior, naturally, is not the unique factor determining efficiency of the control. In order to achieve the purposes of the organization the control should possess several important characteristics:

    1. It must be understood by those involved in its operation.
    2. Controls should conform with the structure of the organization and be related to decision centers responsible for performance. Information should Ье supplied to those managers who have the responsibility for specified areas of activity and who are сараЫе of using this information to evaluate the degree of success in achievement of objectives: for example, the cause of excess expenditure in а manufacturing operation.
    3. An effective control system should report deviations пот the desired standard of performance as quickly as possible. Ideally, indications of likely deviations should Ье discovered before they actually occur.
    4. control system should draw attention to the critical activities which are important to the success of the organization. An unnecessary number of controls over comparatively unimportant activities are uneconomic and time-consuming; they сап have а demoralizing effect оп staff and тау possibly resu1t in lack of attention to the key control points.
    5. То Ье effective, а control system must Ье flexible. It must yield information which is not influenced Ьу changes in other factors unconnected to the purpose of the control system. Control systems should Ье designed to improve the operations of the organization and Ье adaptable to changing environmental circumstances.
    6. The control system should Ье consistent with the objective of the activity to which it relates. In addition to locating deviations from the planned standard of performance, the control system should Ье sophisticated enough to indicate ways in which performance сап Ье improved
    7. Control systems should themselves Ье subject to а continual rework to ensure that they are effective and appropriate in terms of the results they produce. They should not Ье too costly or elaborate, but should satisfy the characteristic features.
  • 189. Copley, John Singleton
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    Copley was born on July 3, 1738, in Boston, Mass., to immigrants recently arrived from Ireland. He began to paint in about 1753. His earliest works show the influence of his stepfather, an engraver, and the Boston artist John Smibert. In about 1755 Copley met the English artist Joseph Blackburn, whose use of rococo lightness and coloring he quickly adopted. He also made use of the rococo device called portrait d'apparat--portraying the subject with objects associated with his daily life--that gave his work a distinction not usually found in 18th-century American painting.

  • 190. Coronations in Westminster Abbey
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    The service to-day has four parts: first comes the Introduction ,consisting of: the entry of the Sovereign into the Abbey; the formal recognition of the right of the Sovereign to rule - when the Archbishop presents the Sovereign to the congregation and asks them if they agree to the service proceeding, and they respond with an assent; the oath, when the Sovereign promises to respect and govern in accordance with the lows of his or her subjects and to uphold the Protestant reformed Church of England and Scotland; and the presentation of the Bible to the Sovereign, to be relied on as the source of all wisdom and low. Secondly, the Sovereign is anointed with holy oil, seated on the Coronation Chair. Thirdly, the Sovereign is invested with the royal robes and insignia, then crowned with St Edwards crown. The final ceremony consists of the enthronement of the Sovereign on a throne placed on a raised platform, bringing him or her into full work of the assembled company for the first time, and there he or she receives the homage of the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the congregation, representing the people of the realm.

  • 191. Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille
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    At the age of 26 he abandoned a commercial career for art, and from the first showed a strong vocation for landscape painting. He lived in Paris, but travelled about France making sketches from nature and from these he composed in his studio. In addition to his journeys in France, he visited England, the Low Countries, Switzerland, and Italy three times (1825-28, 1834, and 1843). Throughout his life Corot found congenial the advice given to him by his teacher Achille-Etna Michallon `to reproduce as scrupulously as possible what I saw in front of me'. On the other hand he never felt entirely at home with the ideals of the Barbizon School, the members of which saw Romantic idealization of the countrysite as a form of escapism from urban banality, and he remained more faithful to the French Classical tradition than to the English or Dutch schools. Yet although he continued to make studied compositions after his sketches done direct from nature, he brought a new and personal poetry in the Classical tradition of composed landscape and an unaffected naturalness which had hitherto been foreign to it. Through he represented nature realistically, he did not idealize the peasant or the labors of agriculture in the manner of Millet and Courbet, and was uninvolved in ideological controversy.

  • 192. Could This Happen Today?
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    Despite world always changes, all the time there are such people, who cant understand meaning of their life due to many reasons, either social or personal. Problem of social inequality persists since the beginning of human existence. Someone can afford everything to itself, but other one is even unable itself to subsist on. Therefore these different classes of people often quarrel with each other; again this inequality gives birth to evil. Those who are at the low level of living sometimes try to carry out the experiments on approving that they also can do anything they want, as the people from “the heights” always do, in a way of committing crimes. They have no choice, as they think, for the reason that there is already nothing to loose for them. Thus, the do such dreadful things like murders. From my point of work all of this is explainable. At first, all these poor (in their material and psychological matter) people have the same, equal rights for living as we, humans, all do have, and the do not want always to be suppressed and humbled. Secondly, lack of respect to them by other people makes them disrespect themselves. They start to think that they are unneeded in this cruel world, thats why they are ready to conduct crazy actions. They lost the right path in their life, the path, where they used to be happy, as many others do, because God created us to live in peace and harmony. In the book the path of Rodions life leads through many adventures to an acceptance of religion over individualism (even some kind of egoism).

  • 193. Country-side
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    I think everyone enjoys being out in the country. The-re is a great charm about gathering berries or looking for mushrooms in the silence of the wood. Perhaps you enjoy sauntering in the fields or rambling through the sweet-scented woods where as you move along you stop now and then to admire the white-stemmed birch trees or some blossoming shrubs. You may like climbing lulls or following strange trails or looking for unusual plants. At the top of each hill, at each turn in the trail you come upon something new, unexpected.

  • 194. Courbet, Gustave
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    In 1848 a political revolution in France foreshadowed a revolution in art, as people in the arts became more open to new ideas. Courbet's early work was exhibited successfully in 1849. That same year he visited his family in the countryside and produced one of his greatest paintings, The Stone-Breakers, followed by Burial at Ornans in 1850. Both were quite unlike the romantic pictures of the day because they showed peasants in realistic settings instead of the rich in glamorized situations. In 1855 he completed a huge canvas, The Artist's Studio, and, when it was refused for an important exhibition, Courbet boldly displayed his work himself near the exhibition hall.

  • 195. Cranach, Lucas the Elder
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    Cranach, Lucas the Elder (1472-1553). German painter. He takes his name from the small town of Kronach in South Germany, where he was born, and very little is known of his life before about 1500-01, when he settled in Vienna and started working in the humanist circles associated with the newly founded university. His stay in Vienna was brief (he left in 1504), but in his period there he painted some of his finest and most original works. They include portraits, notably those of Johannes Cuspinian, a lecturer at the university, and his wife Anna (Reinhart Collection, Winterhur), and several religious works in which he shows a remarkable feeling for the beauty of landscape characteristic of the Danube school. The finest example of this manner is perhaps the Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Staatliche Museen, Berlin), which shows the Holy Family resting in the glade of a German pine forest. It was painted in 1504, just before Cranach went to Wittenberg as court painter to Frederick III (the Wise), Elector of Saxony.

  • 196. Creative Activity
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    Poe's third book, Poems, appeared in 1831, and the following year he moved to Baltimore, where he lived with his aunt and her 11-year-old daughter, Virginia Clemm. The following year his tale “A MS. Found in a Bottle” won a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. From 1835 to 1837 Poe was an editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. In 1836 he married his young cousin. Through the next decade, much of which was marred by his wife's long illness, Poe worked as an editor for various periodicals in Philadelphia and New York. In 1847 Virginia died and Poe himself became ill; his disastrous alcohol addiction and his alleged use of drugs may have contributed to his early death in Baltimore, on October 7, 1849.

  • 197. Creators of slang
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    Civilized society tends to divide into a dominant culture and various subcultures that flourish within the dominant framework. The subcultures show specialized linguistic phenomena, varying widely in form and content, that depend on the nature of the groups and their relation to each other and to the dominant culture. The shock value of slang stems largely from the verbal transfer of the values of a subculture to diametrically opposed values in the dominant culture. Names such as fuzz, pig, fink, bull, and dick for policemen were not created by officers of the law. (The humorous "dickless tracy," however, meaning a policewoman, was coined by male policemen.)

  • 198. Critical Rework of Daniel Sprick’s “Release Your Plans”
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  • 199. Cubism
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    Braque avoue «quand nous avons fait du Cubisme, nous n'avions aucune intention de faire du Cubisme, mais d'exprimer ce qui йtait en nous». Et Picasso s'exprime dans le mкme sens. Mais, si proches l'un de l'autre qu'ils aient йtй, si ressemblants а certains йgards, ce qui les unit demeure moins important que ce qui les divise. Leurs voies s'йcartent de plus en plus au fur et а mesure qu'ils feront du Cubisme une aventure personnelle. Le terme, Cubisme, йtant d'ailleurs nй d'une maniиre toute fortuite sous la plume du critique d'art de Gil Blas, Louis Vauxcelles, qui avait йcrit en effet que «Braque mйprise les formes, rйduit tout, sites, figures et maisons romaines, а des schйmas gйomйtriques, а des cubes». Le mot avait fait fortune et, l'annйe suivante, les toiles prйsentйes au Salon des Indйpendants йtaient dйfinies bizarreries cubiques.

  • 200. Cultural Values
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    Why questions

    1. Why is shopping a three step process? It's so inefficient. Maybe it prevents shoplifting.
    2. Why is only one person doling out money?
    3. Why is only one door open?
    4. Why is service so bad? Is it because there is no tipping and so no motivation?
    5. Why can we sit in a cafe all day without buying very much?
    6. Why do women wear such high heels?
    7. Why do people crowd others and cut in line?
    8. Why do shop attendants go on so many breaks or just close down?
    9. Why are things so unpredictable? Nothing is consistent.
    10. There are no schedules at school. I arrive at school to teach and I'll be told "there is no fourth grade today." Why can't
      people tell me in advance?
    11. Why are restaurant workers so indifferent or outright rude?
    12. Why do Russian women think they need a man for anything technical or physical?
    13. Why must everyone sit at a party?
    14. Why can't people put bags on the floor?
    15. Why do men carry purses (for women)?
    16. Who does everything break so easily?
    17. Why does everything need to be stamped?
    18. Why are there so many forms?
    19. Why do women dress like hookers (prostitutes)?
    20. Why do women wear see-through trousers with thongs and stiletto heels?
    21. Why is everything so dirty?
    22. Why do people spit and blow their noses onto the street?
    23. Why are people so mean to each other (at stores, yelling at customers)?
    24. Why do people push in front of others?
    25. When a husband beats his wife in public, why doesn't anyone do anything? Why are people so reluctant to stop and help?
    26. Why are there no public toilets even approaching American standards? Why do people accept such things?
    27. Why do toilets have no seat covers? Is there a shortage? Can't they find them somewhere?
    28. Why do Russians drink so much tea? Why don't they drink during meals?
    29. Why do Americans say "excuse me1 when they bump into strangers and Russian don't?
    30. Why are Russians so formal when you first meet them?