Статья

• 421. Edmund Spenser
  Разное

  Before returning to London he lived for a while in the wilderness of Lancashire where he fell in love with a "fair widow's daughter". His love was not returned but he clung to this early passion; she became the Rosalind of his poem the "Shepherd s Calendar". Spenser's disappointment in love drove him southward - he accepted the invitation of Sir Philip Sidney to visit him at his estate. There he finished writing his "Shepherd's Calendar". The poem was written in 12 eclogues. "Eclogue" is a Greek word meaning a poem about ideal shepherd life. Each eclogue is dedicated to one of the months of the year, the whole making up a sort of calendar.

• 422. Education and future profession
  Разное

  - The Russian educational policy is a combination of economic and social objectives. In the terms of the ration of students to the total population Russia ranks among the top ten countries in the world. There are a lot universities and colleges in Russia. They teach almost in all subject areas: Arts, Sciences, Law, Engineering, etc. The staff are knowledgeable in their subjects. Higher educational institutions are headed by Rectors. Vice-rectors are in charge of the academic and scientific work. The Departments are headed by the Deans. There are subdivisions within Departments. Higher educational institutions train undergraduates and postgraduate students in one specialization. Usually after completing five years of study students receive a university degree. For five years at the end of each year students have oral examinations. Moreover, they write a graduate paper for a university degree. They write dissertations for advanced degrees. After three years of post-graduate work and the writing of the dissertation it is possible to obtain a candidate degree.

• 423. Education in Britain
  Разное

  Teachers, employers and parents have been given places on the governing bodies. Governors have to publish information about the school that enables parents to make informed choices when deciding to which school they should send their child. Each LEA has to have a curriculum policy that must be considered and implemented by each governing body. Schools also must have a policy on sex education and must ensure that political indoctrination does not take place. This accountability of schools and LEAs has to be demonstrated through an annual report to be presented to a public meeting of parents. The government gave parents the right to enrol their children - given appropriate age and aptitude - at any state school of their choice, within the limits of capacity. Parents already sent their children to the local school of their choice. The decision to publish schools' examination results, however, gave parents a stark, but not necessarily well-informed, basis on which to choose the most appropriate school for their child. Increasingly parents sought access to the most successful nearby school in terms of examination results. Far from being able to exercise their choice, large numbers of parents were now frustrated in their choice. Overall, in 1996 20 per cent of parents failed to obtain their first choice of school. In London the level was 40 per cent, undermining the whole policy of 'parental choice' and encouraging only the crudest work of educational standards. Schools found themselves competing rather than cooperating and some schools, for example in deprived urban areas, faced a downward spiral of declining enrolment followed by reduced budgets. Thus the market offered winners and losers: an improved system for the brighter or more fortunate pupils, but a worse one for the 'bottom' 40 per cent. Schools in deprived parts of cities acquired reputations as 'sink' schools. As one education journalist wrote in 1997, 'There is a clear hierarchy of schools:

• 424. Education in GB
  Разное

  These schools consist of denominational and non-denominational schools. I'd like to yell you about non-denominational school. One must study there for 6 years. It's open to all boys and girls. There are the six years in this school. During the first year all classes receive the same basic core of subjects namely English, maths, history, geography, science, French, art, music, P.E., technical subjects & home economics. Toward the end of the second year pupils are asked to make their subject choices for third and forth years. Decisions on this stage are only taken after interworks involving parents, staff and the pupils themselves. The curriculum in 3rd and 4th years consists of compulsory section which includes English, math and an options section made up of those subjects chosen by the pupil at the end of the second year. Optional courses are designed to give a sound basic education.

• 425. Education in Russia
  Разное

  In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsory. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their education in institutes or universities.

• 426. Educational System in Great Britain
  Разное

  According to the law only one subject is compulsory. Such as religious instruction. Schooling for children is compulsory from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education. The state school system is usually divided into 2 stages (secondary and primary). The majority of primary schools are mixed. They are subdivided into infant schools(ages 5 to 7),and junior schools(ages 7 to 11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressure of progressive parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in most parts of the country.

• 427. Educational System in Great Britain, USA and Ukraine
  Разное

  State schools are divided into the following types:

  1. Grammar schools. Children who go to grammar schools are usually those who show a preference for academic subjects, although many grammar schools now also have some technical courses.
  2. Technical schools. Some children go to technical schools. Most courses there are either commercial or technical.
  3. Modern schools. Boys and girls who are interested in working with there hands and learning in a practical way can go to a technical schools and learn some trade.
  4. Comprehensive schools. These schools usually combine all types of secondary education. They have physic, chemistry, biology laboratories, machine workshops for metal and woodwork and also geography, history and art departments, commercial and domestic courses.

• 428. Educational system in Russia
  Разное

  State schools are divided into the following types:

  1. Grammar schools. Children who go to grammar schools are usually those who show a preference for academic subjects, although many grammar schools now also have some technical courses.
  2. Technical schools. Some children go to technical schools. Most courses there are either commercial or technical.
  3. Modern schools. Boys and girls who are interested in working with there hands and learning in a practical way can go to a technical schools and learn some trade.
  4. Comprehensive schools. These schools usually combine all types of secondary education. They have physic, chemistry, biology laboratories, machine workshops for metal and woodwork and also geography, history and art departments, commercial and domestic courses.

• 429. Effects of Divorce On Children and Parents
  Разное

  It's also reported that girls are more sensitive in the situation when their parents are going to divorce. This usually effects their future greatly. Daughters from female-headed households are much more likely than daughters from two-parent families to themselves become single parents and to rely on welfare for support as adults. Living with a single mother at age 16 increases a daughter's risk of becoming a household head by 72 percent for whites and 100 percent for blacks. The contrast becomes even sharper if the comparison is between daughters continuously living in two-parent families with daughters living with an unmarried mother at any time between ages 12 and 16: 'Exposure to single motherhood at some point during adolescence increases the risk of a daughter's later becoming a household head by nearly 1 1/2 times for whites and by about 100 percent for blacks.' The public costs of this differential emerge in figures showing that a daughter loving in a single-parent household at any time during adolescence is far more likely (127 percent more likely among whites, 164 percent among blacks) to receive welfare benefits as an adult, compared to daughters from two-parent households. Researchers have known for some time that girls raised in a female-headed household are much more likely to become unwed teen mothers that are girls much raised in two parent families. In a major new study, Professor William Marsigilio of Oberlin College has documented a parallel pattern for unmarried teenage fathers. In a survey of more than 5,500 young American men, Dr. Marsigilio found that 'males who had not lived with two parents at age 14 were over represented in the subsample of teenage fathers. Only 17 percent of all young men surveyed lived in one-parent households at age 14; yet, among the boys who had fathered an illegitimate child as a teenager, almost 30 percent came from single-parent households. In other words, teen boys from one-parent households are almost twice as likely to father a child out of wedlock as teen boys from two-parent families.

• 430. Efficiency of economic safety of the coal companies and population of coal regions
  Экономика

  To the present time and without that the low level of technical and technological safety of the coal enterprises has conceded the priority to observance of the new requirements of socio economic safety of the coal companies, as independent legal persons, and population of coal regions, which has appeared the hostage of the financial crisis smoothly passing in economic and system crisis of the usual attitudes(relations) in a society(community). avoid negative consequences proceeding in real sector of economy and in financial sphere of activity, despite of significant injections from the earlier saved resources of fund, in process of his(its) exhaustion in the nearest prospect down to symbolical 2017 (by century of October revolution) will hardly be presented possible(probable) on a lot of the following objective and subjective reasons and their negative consequences. , to stop growth of unemployment in branch and in the country as a whole, despite of effort of the appropriate administrative structures on management of economic activity at all levels of management of economy, it was not possible, that was obvious right at the beginning in real sector. Opposite(on the contrary) only within 2010 the quantity(amount) of the unemployed only on the official data has increased more than on 1200 thousand the man, having reached(achieved) a level 8,9 % from the able-bodied population of the country, not considering the considerably increased inflow from near foreign countries. Difficultly even to itself to present, when complete forces the healthy man, the father of one or two children having on the contents of the parents and wife, loses for the reasons, independent of him,(it,) job as a unique(sole) source of existence and by virtue of these circumstances is compelled to sell the habitation and everything, that in him is, that any time to support the family, and then becomes or criminal as the unemployment benefit does not suffice even on payment ЖКХ, and on a feed(meal), the footwear and clothes does not remain practically anything. And such helpless on fault of the state of the people with each year becomes ever more and more. The state bodies of authorities admitting a high level of unemployment have no any moral right on preservation of the authority, therefore owe or accept urgent and resolute measures on its(her) liquidation, or leave in a resignation and concede the place to anothers, more qualified, ideologically sustained and morally steady experts capable to organize job in the country so that to involve resolutely all basic resources in the country, first of all human, natural, industrial both non-productive basic and circulating capitals for release of commodity production in volumes and quality ensuring need(requirement) of all population of the country. The economists of many countries of the world already for a long time and repeatedly enough is proved asserted(approved), that the presence even of insignificant unemployment speaks about inability and the state to operate economy of the country. And in it our state is high time and his(its) administrative structures with Olympic calmness look at mass growing disaster of a significant part of the population and prepare the new reports and messages to the people about growing well-being of a nation. That can be even worse, than growing rate of unemployment and huge weight of a manpower of the country in its(her) base branches and regions ensuring an industry and the population by a heat, light, products of a feed(meal), footwear, clothes, habitation, home appliances, electrical energy both other goods and services ensuring normal conditions of ability to live of the population.the country, richest natural resources and huge means of manufacture created per the previous centuries to admit(allow) highest in the world a rate of unemployment is it is necessary to note as outstanding "achievement" in sphere of management of a national economy. Thus it is necessary to remind, that who has not tested on itself of a rule (situation) of the unemployed, that never will understand of all tragedy of the usual hardest rule(situation) in economy and in social sphere of ability to live of coal and other industrial regions of the country. Thus also occurs almost not appreciable on the first sight (especially on the part of elite layers of the society(community) which has secured the material rule(situation) at the expense of assignment of property - of the deputies, senators, officials, magnates and other supplied layers of the population, so-called, transition from manufacture to a manpower and population - last source of preservation of ability to live in the country. Unless it is possible to close eyes and to not see that after growth of unemployment by higher rates the criminality, including criminal, mass and teenage grows. A society(community), in which crime rate and the quantity(amount) of the persons ready to make of a crime exceeds an allowable limit of a parity(ratio) of criminals and ready to their fulfillments with a level of the legislative citizens itself on economic, moral and intellectual. And unless such tendency of development and material rule (situation) in the country is not practical realization of the widely known program of the former director ЦРУ and also in the recent past of the former prime minister of Great Britain (former state secretary of USA population, calling for reduction, in Russia by 2050 up to 50 ml. The man, including radical Russian - up to 15 ml. The man for service of needs(requirements) of the American economy). And how to coordinate ideology of aggressive circles of USA and world (global) elite to ideology in the Russian society(community).past 20 years of reforming of economy and public life in Russia already need(requirement) and necessity for declaration for a long time has ripened as priority national idea maintenance in the prime order of health, safety and well-being of a nation in a harmonious and close combination to the further development of intelligence (first of all professional trainings) and a nation, meaning under first of all education, preservation and development of such moral qualities as validity, honesty, decency, respect for work (main source of preservation of a nation), and also to the old men, women and children. Already enough has ripened and it is time to realize, to understand and to accept to execution(performance) realization real and already of operative measures on an output(exit) from financial, economic and social - political crisis, so is unexpected (in spheres of management of the country and regions) struck economy of our country, in spite of the fact that there are a lot of domestic economists convincingly enough and is proved predicted inevitability of approach of crisis in USA and then in other countries, not excluding and Russia. Truly prophets no in the fatherland and principle - wanted as better, and has left as always, became the main principle of management of economic safety in the country. , filled notorious (difference) between a real rate of inflation and officially in 2008, 2009 and 2010 also appreciably has grown and has reached(achieved) a marginal level, which excess is inadmissible, differently can result to more, than unpredictable consequences. misunderstanding of danger of steady growth of inflation in a combination to preservation of a high level of unemployment and latent growth from such symbiosis of social intensity and mass criminality is even worse, than to not pay attention to a bomb of the slowed down action ready to blow up in any (more often in most unpredictable) the moment is like of the declaration, incorporated still(even) in 1918, of a principle of self-determination of nations. The specified self-determination is really unexpected in 1990 has resulted in disintegration powerful on fine splinters, which consequences we and are compelled now to experience and to reflect on foggy and not iridescent prospects in nearest and long-term future. The truth prospects removed future(next) recently were a little improved at the expense of increase of term of powers of an elected management(manual) of the country from four till six years, but you see even with multiplication of this term to two terms is only drop in the sea, which at all does not allow even to dream of far prospects. Why at once to not establish terms of performance of high duties to the deputies and management(manual) of the country at once of years as it already was in former times, when corrected(ruled) till 20-30 of years and more. Corrected by the country and rather successfully 34 years, Peter? - 43 years are even more successful. So why to not adopt instructive experience last for our present time and future, you see then there would be a time and on a management(manual) of the country and its(her) economy, and not just on actually continuously being engaged in pre-election technologies and realization them in ours life. It is not necessary to overlook(forget) thus, that the country deprived of prospect or on a place, when other countries such as China and other Asian countries, and also European and is prompt forward to the planned purposes, or will be rolled to general(common) and irreversible crisis. , the further growth not only volumes, but also rates of a social stratification in a society(community) inevitably guarantees dangerous rapprochement of a risky rate of unemployment both growing number of the poor and poor population, first of all pensioners on the old age prematurely sent on so-called deserved rest (in spite of the fact that the majority of them would continue to work and to benefit a society(community) and profit to the new proprietors), invalids steadily growing number of elements, including for which the time of departure of short punishments became original rates of increase of thieves' and criminal qualification and growth of specialization in this sphere. The consequences of such symbiosis are even worse and more dangerously, than cocktail. Because the merge of poverty and unemployment with fall of morals and morals does not summarize negative consequences, and multiplies them.- fourth, the fall of intelligence and morals of growing up generation in dependence on a steadily growing level, foul language, smoking and other forms of moral fall and physical exhaustion inevitably and steadily conducts to spiritual, intellectual and physical backwardness of a nation annually updated on more, than one million young of the citizens, which most part already never can and will not work and to be useful to a society(community). And this prospect already not with each year, and literally with each quarter from far prospect steadily comes nearer to the nearest future and realization of the program, that requires(demands) acceptance of urgent and resolute actions on of fall of morals and morals, and, main, physical exhaustion and intellectual of growing up generation and more and more appreciable decrease(reduction) of a material rule(situation) almost half of population of the country which has been lead up to poverty and poverty. to estimate a degree both depth of a vital and spiritual level of a nation it is necessary to develop methodology and technique of an estimation of efficiency of the usual economic safety of ability to live of a nation for the present did not become irrevocably late. In these purposes it is necessary to develop criteria of an estimation of size of a level of economic safety of ability to live of a nation in coordination with the social standards, including with a working technique of account of a minimum level of wages, minimal of a level (not only food, but also in work of satisfaction of a steadily growing level of needs(requirements) in footwear, clothes, other subjects of the industrial goods, goods of cultural - household purpose(appointment), normative maintenance by qualitative and modern habitation, preservation and development of a non-productive social infrastructure of miner's regions in places of mass residing of miner's families etc., Which now or is not developed and for this reason does not work, or is under a signature stamp of extreme privacy and is latent from a public not only in a mass seal, but even and in the Internet). To the present time there was such situation, that remained anything more confidential, than material, intellectual and spiritual level of the population and ruling layer in a society (community). Even wages working, employee and administrative board at the enterprises, in cooperative and public organizations and in official bodies began to give out under the separate pay sheets to hide a growing difference in the incomes of the hired workers on the one hand both new proprietors and administration - with another. Such differentiation in a material rule (situation) of the population of the country inevitably conducts to growth of an inequality and intensity in public development, which approach of chronic hatred of bottoms with known consequences of social shocks inevitably follows. Whether so costs (stands) after the short period boundless above deceived by pleasures from the achieved results to try even to comprehend results of reorganization of the public attitudes(relations) and prospects of consequences of a growing inequality in a society(community). You see after a no controllable and boundless material inequality inevitably arises and the alienation and inequality moral, moral and ideological grows. Even already has arisen and language of dialogue in layers of new Russian and not Russian proprietors, businessmen, officials, deputies and businessmen functions new, so-called, involved on criminal and foul language. specified attributes as convincingly enough show sticking out from within decomposition in the top layers new, component to the present time already about 15-20 % from an aggregate number of the population of the country, still approximately 25-30 % of an average layers, and other population remained in poverty and poverty. Unless it now is the purpose of development of our society (community). Unless injurious operation of natural resources and export abroad of most valuable of them - petroleum, gas, diamonds, gold, color and black metals raw wood, and also boundless operation of a manpower, freezing of wages, mass dismissal of the most qualified staff simultaneously with liquidation of craft schools, schools ФЗО, average special establishments, public health services, science and the educations can apply be by national idea, purpose and main task of development of our society(community) while increase of well-being, of health and safety of a nation more and more and is more removed on a background. this reason the question on an estimation of efficiency of economic safety already now is extreme urgent and extremely important in all branches national (national economy already practically remained) facilities (economy) of the country. In what essence of economic strategy of new managing structures - in that to ensure (supply) the maximal profit to the new proprietors and at the expense of the maximal operation of a manpower and them together with the pensioners and invalids, and also production and sale abroad of most valuable natural resources in indissoluble communication(connection) with growth of corruption and criminality. But you see such simultaneously with it inevitably results in uttermost of intelligence and a nation, which consequences on some orders will be more appreciable, than famous waves in economic sphere. But in this case general(common) economic and spiritual crisis from a long-term future by rates exceeding a gain of inflation, promptly comes nearer to the nearest future and already begins to bite the current condition of an economic situation of basic weight of the population of the country. criteria it is necessary to estimate efficiency of economic safety of the country and its(her) population by. It is obvious, that first of all incomes of the citizens can not exceed, especially essentially exceed, difference in the intellectual, physical and professional acquired and inherent qualities and abilities. The excessive inequality of the citizens who have arisen because of illegally acquired state and the property by gamble by separate groups of "comrades" has resulted not only in an inconceivable stratification of a society(community) on poor and rich (that certainly and was an overall objective of "reforms"), but also has resulted in sharp fall of morals and morals, and after this also of intellectual level new, sharp fall and mass liquidation of scientific researches - this major factor of development of economic potential of the country. In this connection the conversations on modernization of industrial manufacture remain only conversations, as any resolute economic measures is not accepted and there is no hope, especially of reliance, that they will be carried out. Therefore quite reasonably there is a fair question - criterion by criteria, and what concrete measures can deduce (remove) the country from the current crisis and to prevent approaching general (common) crisis, or else of all economic and political system in the country. this connection it is necessary to consider and to accept prime steps in a direction of alignment of the usual skews and not so much in break of the incomes between elite and basic weight of the population, how much in ordering first of all in financial and simultaneously with it in economic sphere of activity at the expense of realization of the following concrete measures:nationalization of banks with simultaneous transferring of accounting services, which now are in one with the proprietors and administration of the enterprises, from the companies and enterprises is direct in state banks and payment of their work at the expense of the state, instead of at the expense of the incomes of the enterprises and proprietors, which they serve. The independence of financial and accounting services of administration both new owners of the enterprises and companies (switching ОАО, ЗАО, ООО and other structural divisions) should be guaranteed legislatively and is carried out. The state should not depend on banks and at each financial failure of commercial banks. Only in this case state bodies of authority will receive real levers of management of economy in the country and in its (her) regions and the transparent state politics in economic and industrial spheres of activity can be supplied;nationalization of the enterprises of base and key branches, including all natural monopolies first of all engaged in injurious operation of natural resources with the purposes of export all most valuable natural and of raw material in foreign countries and reception at the expense of it vast, that derivates not only poverty and poverty of the population, but also results in aspirations on satisfaction of the inconceivable before perverted needs(requirements) of the new employers. The mass and unattended export of the capital abroad, first of all in USA, under doubtful percents(interests) instead of modernization, modernization and reconstruction of the working enterprises has turned from single measures to the steady tendency of development of economy in foreign countries to the detriment of domestic economy; and realization in the urgent order of the branch and state programs on liquidation of unemployment at the expense of restoration of the destroyed domestic manufacture and creation of the new enterprises on a modern technological level so that within 3-4 years to exclude completely delivery of the import goods and foodstuffs, which quality does not answer needs(requirements) of the population. In essence, our foreign "friends" dump(reset) to us all that production, which has ceased to be in demand in their countries because of the delayed terms of a storage, and also technically and technologically out-of-date with the large constructive lacks and made from poor-quality raw material;restoration liquidated craft, railway, miner's, building and other professional direction of schools and average special educational institutions, and also research organizations, which bring as a result of their introduction in manufacture huge profit, not commensurable with the incomes of an investment of the investments even in the most effective projects;attitude(relation) to a science, public health services and education as to spheres of commercial activity requires(demands) radical change, as the oath is not compatible to treatment for money, and quality of treatment depending on thickness of a purse of the patient not only is not humane, but also causes steady potential neglect to the honor and hardworking citizens not capable to give of a bribe (and not only by the material opportunities, but also from moral principles) on the one hand and accordingly plain and inadequate answer-back negative reaction of the population to corruption and extortion. And a science directly conducts to complete loss of objectivity of results of scientific researches and preparation of conclusions in conformity with wishes of the customers and sponsors. In sphere of education already for a long time children of the rich parents are in a privileged rule (situation), first of all at an estimation of knowledge, as results knowledge of such youngs. Here it is necessary to note an obviously primitive rating scale, is especial in a higher school, where from five numbers two are actually involved only (4 numbers and 5 numbers) and partially 3 numbers, which presence is more, than in two subjects results in deprivation of the grant, owing to what such estimation becomes the large rarity. Is asked why instead of such clumsy system of an estimation of knowledge of the students and schoolboys to not use for a long time system of an estimation of results of economic activity of the industrial enterprises on 100-ball system.short-sightedness preservation of primitive system of payment of habitation and municipal services. After reception of pensions of millions pensioners and other population hurry up in banks to give back almost half of received grant (manual) for given to him(it) (more often poor-quality) service in water supply, water drain, and also other finer charges for export of dust, for the teleaerial, contents of lifts and miscellaneous costs. In these purposes the banks are compelled to employ on job of hundred thousand accounting workers only for performance of this primitive operation. Is asked why to not simplify this primitive circuit and to reduce the sizes of pensions and payment of work by payment of normative habitation and the appropriate sizes (taking into account, that the pensions in Russia are below of a level it be necessary in general to remove(take off) from them this burden, having released(exempted) thus thousand bookkeepers from unnecessary job, the payment of which work is comparable to the sizes of money resources, withdrawn from the population, on these purposes), having saved payment of above permitted standard habitation and municipal services, and also with the purposes of elimination of the not labor incomes at the expense of delivery in rent of habitation (which operation by the tenants as a rule is not paid at all raising thus tariffs for habitation and services), to pass surpluses of habitation at disposal of local municipalities, that will allow substantially to facilitate and, at last, completely to decide(solve) housing problem not waiting of the end of light basically for this reason;parity(ratio) of the manufacturers of commodity production and its(her) consumers steadily grows for the benefit of last instead of steadily being reduced up to an optimum level.for example, in the labor code there is clause 178, in which is spoken, that (during staff redundancies) is paid to the dismissed worker the target grant(manual), and also behind it(him) the average monthly earnings for the period of employment, but not over two months is saved from the date of dismissal (including the target grant(manual)). It would seem to any competent worker clearly, that besides the target grant(manual) as a payment for mental cruelty in connection with violent dismissal and as gratitude for long-term work at the given enterprise, him is still given out bi-monthly earnings for search of job. However, not here that was, the officials at once have grasped the additive in brackets to treat the target grant(manual) as a payment for the first month of search of job. The absurd of such treatment, and after her and failure(refusal) in payment of the target grant(manual), but to prove to the officials limitation of their thinking, when before them the real opportunity to appropriate(give) to itself this grant(manual), is useless. Not everyone will go to prove the correctness in court, where years skill of enrichment at the expense of the injured. It is necessary immediately to clean(remove) the provocative additive in brackets in order to prevent ambiguous interpretation, as it mentions significant weights for a threshold of the native enterprise, especially, if they there have worked not one ten years; trade unions at hiring and dismissal of the workers excludes expediency of their functioning, therefore it is necessary to restore the right of trade union to forbid employment or dismissal of the members of trade union without the consent of general(common) trade-union assembly, and also to restore the rights of trade unions under the control of economic activity of administrations of the enterprises. Besides fiscal payments of member payments at complete of professional unions of the workers of the enterprises and organizations completely loses logic and sense of withdrawal of the specified payments from the workers;an estimated parameter of a level of economic activity for the not clear reasons instead of a standard of well-being of basic weight of the population and pensioners the total parameter is accepted. The scientific economists already for a long time have proved senselessness of an estimation of a level of ability to live of a nation on total parameters, nevertheless most ridiculous and primitive parameters hiding actual successes and failures in development of economy till now are applied;size of pension should be measured not by the intricate circuits with numerous them and actual labor experience multiplied on appropriate branch factor from 1,5 up to 2,5 % from an average level of the salary in the appropriate branch;employment and preservation at job of the persons in the age of more than 48-50 years actually became the large rarity. The new employers (administrative, so-called managers - clumsiest expression from the foreign dictionary) refuse even to consider(examine) a professional level advanced in the age of the persons aspiring to get a job, and the constitution in ignorance. Whether it is time to wake them or to call for the order. A trouble, that there is nobody it to make; a long time already has ripened expediency and industrial necessity instead of 46 existing taxes to enter Uniform at a rate of 25-33 % from the proceeds for realized production with liquidation of tax services and tax inspection under condition of realization of accounts on realization of production through the State Banks, however even the reasoning on this theme in a seal are not supposed. Thus the usual practice in MASS-MEDIA willingly printing everyone the significant fees amazes but for scientific clauses on burning questions from the science officers instead of the deserved fee for the done job the editors, including main, require(demand) an advance payment from the authors, which not always have money even on the transport charges before edition. By unique(sole) surtax to Uniform it would be expedient to enter the parental tax, as in the majority the parents, bringing up children, have appeared now thrown liked smokes, as a result of violent introduction in their consciousness of market ideology excluding moral principles and a duty to the parents; generated in last years, switching and fine, the parties(set) already for a long time do not answer interests neither people, nor the states and should be liquidated as superfluous as well as parliament in such excessively huge quantity(amount) of overwhelming number of the illiterate deputies and senators. At the state and the people can not be of other purposes except for a safety, health and well-being of a nation in a harmonious combination to preservation and further development of intelligence (first of all professional trainings of the staff in various spheres of activity). Institutes with others what for are necessary, including by the purposes, hostile to a society (community), and to express uniform idea of such quantity(amount) at all it is not required, that for the sake of then to contain at the expense of the state budget so much at such slow movement in a uncertain direction without the precise purpose, without a rudder and without "ветрил". Certainly, what is it not complete list of all necessary measures for an output(exit) from crisis, however and realization of this list of measures it is quite enough, that the precise rate on steady progress forward - was designated as it is possible further from that condition of economy, in which have resulted forced "reforms" under the foreign recipes. As Russian king " … at Russia spoke no and never was of the friends except for the army and fleet ". Now it is possible to add still "except for both rocket armies and love to the Native land. Then what for a tail and so low to bow to that already for a long time and steadily degenerates without assistance, and the recent attempts of last president in Staffs(states) remind of a perishing civilization, than revival economy in a fog boundless and schemers, any more one century on work, sweat and blood foreign more. Certainly as well that the performance only one measures from the stated above list of operative measures does not decide (solve) a problem as a whole. The resolute and complex approach and balanced strategy of a conclusion of a national economy from crisis is necessary. Undoubtedly only that a string of a conclusion of the country from crisis is maintenance of economic safety closely connected from technical and technological modernizations, by reconstruction and modernization not only and not there is a lot of technological level of a technological complex, and intellectual and spiritual level of a nation. Therefore role of a science and scientific staff, first of all of advanced age which has reached (achieved) necessary experience in this business, is important and is urgent as never. Yes the mentioned above kind wishes will come true before economic, technical, technological, organizational both social - political general (common) and complete in economy and public life of our country.

• 431. Egyptology
  Разное

  A person versed in Egyptology, an Egyptologist, can participate in or even head archaeological digs in Egypt, but unless he also had some training as an archaeologist, he will normally not be the person doing the actual digging. An archaeologist may be specialised in Egyptian archaeology, but he can apply his skills in many other countries and for many other cultures as well.

• 432. Einfuhrung german
  Разное

  Aber auch in anderer Weise lernen die Ingenieure von Naturformen. Da ist zum Beispiel in der Sowjetunion das Modell Pinguin entwickelt worden, ein schneegngiges Fahrzeug, das nichts mehr mit einem Schlitten und nur noch wenig mit einem Automobil zu tun hat. Bei seiner Konstruktion wurde das Pinguinprinzip angewendet. Dieser originelle Vogel bewegt sich im lockeren Schnee, indem er auf dem Bauch liegt und sich mit den flgelartigen Flossen wie auf Skistcken abstt. Dieses Gleitprinzip ist fr das neue Fahrzeug bernommen worden. Es liegt mit dem Boden - dem Bauch - auf der Schneeflche, und zwei Radschaufeln stoen es vorwrts. Es gleitet mhelos ber lockeren, hohen Schnee, sinkt nicht ein, ist leicht lenkbar und erreicht eine Hchstgeschwindigkeit von 50 km/h. Es bertrifft bei weitem die motorisierten Scheefahrzeuge alter Art und wird zur Zeit mit groem Erfolg auf unseren antarktischen Stationen verwendet.

• 433. Einhard
  Разное

  Looking at Einhards career one can see that he assumed a lot of different roles. Einhard was a high advisor of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. He was also a lay abbot of properties in Michelstadt, and Seligenstadt. Einhards contemporaries describe him to be always busy, and preoccupied with the courts business, running around with books. “The letters show us Einhard acting as an agent of the emperor, as a local patron, as a lay abbot, as the holder of properties, as an influential referee, as a marriage broker, and as an intellectual friend.” In the court of Charlemagne we see Einhard being involved in different high state affairs. One of those was Charlmanges partition of the kingdom among his sons. Royal Frankish Annals states: “All these things were set down in writing and conveyed by Einhard to Pope Leo III, so that he might assent to them with his own signature” Another time Eihanrd took part in state business with Charles was in 813 at the diet of Aachan when he spoke in favor of elevating of Louis the Pious to co-emperor status. As Ermold the Black recorded it Einhard characterized Louis the Pious as a very able person for kings throng: “….You have a son with an extremely fine character, who, because of his merits, is able to hold your kingdoms.” These are the two times when Einhards officially involved in making of Frankish history, although it wasnt a big part he played. But if we look at the writing of fellow courtiers it is evident that he and the king were very close. It may be possible that this close friendship that they both shared might have shaped Charlemagnes decisions. It is only an idea, which is not evident and not necessarily true, but nevertheless should be considered when ones analyzing position of Einhard in the court of Charles the Great. Thus it may well be a fair assumption to say that Einhard did have a bit of influence and power in that court when compared to other courtiers.

• 434. Elizabeth II, Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria
  Разное

  I'd like to speak about Elizabeth 1 and Queen Victoria. Elizabeth 1 came to throne in 1558. She had many of her father's qualities including common sense and the strength of character. Like him, she understood the people. She loved hunting and dancing. She traveled a lot round the country. She wanted to know her people and to be known by them. Her soldiers and sailors admired her courage [мужество]. The universities were surprised at her leaning, for she could speak Latin, Greek and several modern languages. She enjoyed a joke. During her reign Queen Elizabeth solved her first problem, the Church. The Anglican Church under Elizabeth followed a middle course. Most people in Britain wanted what her father, Henry 8, had given them: a reformed Catholic Church that used the English language and was free from foreign influence. And they got what they wanted. Elizabeth's next problem was to keep her enemies quiet until her country was strong enough to defend itself. The greatest danger came from Spain. In July 1588 the Spanish Armada of 130 Spanish ships arrived in the Channel. The English ships were faster than slow Armada. The English guns could shoot farther. After the battle less than half of the proud Armada came back to its home ports. This defeat of Spain was very important for England, though some people said that the Spanish Armada was defeated more by bad weather than by English guns.

• 435. Elsheimer, Adam
  Разное

  He was born in Frankfurt, where he absorbed the Coninxloo tradition, and moved to Italy in 1598. In Venice he worked with his countryman Rottenhammer, then settled in Rome in 1600. His early Mannerist style gave way to a more direct manner in which he showed great sensitivity to effects of light; his nocturnal scenes are particularly original, bringing out the best in his lyrical temperament, and he is credited with being the first artist to represent the constellations of the night sky accurately (The Flight into Egypt, Alte Pinakothek, Munich, 1609). He painted a few pictures in which figures predominate, but generally they are fused into a harmonious unity with their landscape settings. They are invariably on a small scale and on copper (the only exception is a self-portrait in the Uffizi, Florence, of doubtful attribution), but although exquisitely executed they have a grandeur out of all proportion to their size.

• 436. Employment
  Иностранные языки

  Most people like to think that personality can change, particularly the more negative features. But date affected over 50 years gives a clear message: still stable after all these years. Personal crises can affect the way we cope with things: we might take up or drop drink, drugs. Skills can be improved, and new ones introduced, but at rather different rates. People can be groomed for a job. Of course, people can be sent on training courses, diplomas, but better to select for what you actually see rather than attempt to change it.

• 437. England
  Разное

  In general, the South is wealthier than other areas of Britain. Work of all kinds is provided on the land, in trade and industry. British Aerospace has factories building aeroplanes in several parts of the South. Lots of people are involved in service industries including financial, business and government services, computer services and information systems. There are science-based companies and research organizations.

• 438. England Under Foreign Kings
  Разное

  The Danes returned again and again to attack England. The English people had to pay tribute. But the Danes wanted to rule over the country and after many battles took the crown from the English. They held it for twenty-four years. Three Danish kings, one after the other, ruled over England. One of these kings - Canute was at the same time king of England, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The rule of Danish kings over England came to an end soon after Canute's death in 1035.

• 439. English - topics
  Разное

  MPEI is well-known as one of the largest Technical Universities of Russia in the fields of power engineering, electrical engineering, electronics, informatics, computer science. It has modern educational and scientific laboratories, large experimental facilities, educational-scientific heat station, educational-scientific TV centre. It has the Special Design Bureau which deals with deep space communication systems, several centres of deep space communication in different regions of Russia. More than 1500 computers (large, medium and personal) and modern technological equipment are distributed through the MPEI Departments. MPEI is training the specialist for the foreign countries during 50 years and now the students of 68 countries are trained in MPEI. For large successes in training of high-qualified engineers and scientific researchers MPEI was () officially awarded by two Russian orders and six orders of different foreign countries.

• 440. English character
  Разное

  English people are famous for their habit of politeness. It is considered polite to give up one's seat to a woman who is standing, to open a door for her, carry things for her, and so on. Most British people expect the person in front of them to hold the door open for them. People think you are rude, if you don't do this. Most British people queue when they are waiting for a bus or waiting to be served in a shop. But during the rush hour, when a bus or train arrives, people often push forward to make sure they get on. This is called jumping the queue. British people keep their old traditions and are very proud of them. They are famous for their sense of humour. English people show great love for animals. And, of course, English people are fond of sports. Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a game. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider something unfair, they say "That isn't cricket".

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