Статья

• 401. Die Wahl des Bundeskanzlers. Das Mitrauensvotum
  Разное

  Um den Bundeskanzler abzuberufen, muЯ zunдchst ein Viertel der Bundestagsabgeordneten ein MiЯtrauensvotum beantragen. Zur Wahl kцnnen sich mehrere Kandidaten stellen. Gewдhit ist jedoch nur, wer die absolute Mehrheit erhдlt. Erhдlt diese keiner, gilt der MiЯtrauensantrag als abgelehnt. Eine solche Regelung schlieЯt praktisch eine Abberufung wдhrend der Legislaturperiode aus.

• 402. Die zentralen Bundesorgane: Der Bundesrat
  Разное

  Nach einem bestimmten Schlьssel (Art. 51 GG) entsendetjedes Bundesland drei bis fьnf Regierungsvertreter in den Bundesrat. Die Stimmen der Lдnder kцnnen nur einheitlich abgegeben werden. Seine Bildung, Zusammensetzung und Rechte verleihen dem Bundesrat einen eigenartigen Status. Seine Stellung im GesetzgebungsprozeЯ und die parteipolitische Blockbildung lassen den Bundesrat als eine zweite Kammer erscheinen. Da e rjedoch aus Ministem bzw. Senatoren der Lдnderregierungen besteht und nicht gewдhit wird, ist es ein zentrales Staats-organ besonderer Art. Im Bundesrat sind zumeist prominente Politiker von SPD, CDU, CSU und FDP vertreten. Seine Tдtigkeit wird deshalb von derjeweiligen parteipolitischen Konstellation in den Lдndem geprдgt.

• 403. Diffusion of slang
  Разное

  Slang invades the dominant culture as it seeps out of various subcultures. Some words fall dead or lie dormant in the dominant culture for long periods. Others vividly express an idea already latent in the dominant culture and these are immediately picked up and used. Before the advent of mass media, such terms invaded the dominant culture slowly and were transmitted largely by word of mouth. Thus a term like snafu, its shocking power softened with the explanation "situation normal, all fouled up," worked its way gradually from the military in World War II by word of mouth (because the media largely shunned it) into respectable circles. Today, however, a sportscaster, news reporter, or comedian may introduce a lively new word already used by an in-group into millions of homes simultaneously, giving it almost instant currency. For example, the term uptight was first used largely by criminal narcotic addicts to indicate the onset of withdrawal distress when drugs are denied. Later, because of intense journalistic interest in the drug scene, it became widely used in the dominant culture to mean anxiety or tension unrelated to drug use. It kept its form but changed its meaning slightly.

• 404. Directors’ rights, duties, and liabilities
  Разное

  b)Duty of Care--dirs must exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and diligent person in a like position, under similar circumstances. There is no liability (absent a conflict of interest, bad faith, illegality, or gross negligence) for errors of judgment (business judgment rule--the rebuttable presumption that action was taken on an informed basis, in good faith and exercising reasonable care), but the dir must have been reasonably diligent before the rule can be invoked (Shlensky)

• 405. Discovery of the New World
  Разное

  In 1492 the Italian Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic in a Spanish-backed attempt to find a new trading route to the Far East. While that objective went unfulfilled, subsequent voyages by explorers did much to reveal both the complexities of transatlantic navigation and the nature of the New World. Simultaneously, Portuguese seafarers led by Bartolomeu Dias had pushed southward to the Cape of Good Hope, mapping the entire western coast of Africa in the process and proving the existence of a sea