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Г. В. Плеханова английский язык учебно-методическое пособие

Вид материалаУчебно-методическое пособие

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8.9. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений подходящие по смыслу и употребив их в грамматиче
9. Moscow (Москва)
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8.9. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений подходящие по смыслу и употребив их в грамматически правильной форме:


Scarcity, repeal, cause, enterprise, affect, claim, decline, equal, total, decline (v), legal actions, ownership, currency, add, framework, rate, inflation, suffer from, inflationary, per, investments.

l. Average cost is ..... both by the prices of inputs and by their productivity.

2. ........ is defined as the unit of ownership and control.

3. Our new bottling machine can fill l000 bottles .... hour.

4. The poor performance of the collective farms in the USSR in the early years of centralisation appears to have been an important fact in the decision to maintain some private … of land.

5. These studies seem to indicate that the size ..... of plants in British industry is such that they are able to take a advantage of such scale economies as are available.

6. The sales director ..... to have found three new customers.

7. Other things being ....., an increase in wage rates will increase the cost of labour relative to the costs of the other factors.

8. The demand for bread has been ..... in Western Europe for several years.

9. If a country is ......... inflation, a floating ..... may remove some of the pressure on the government to deal with the problem.

10. In times of ..... the governments can use price controls to regulate the prices for such items as foodstuffs and gasoline.

11. If goods are faulty when you first inspect or use them, go back to the shop, say that you ...... the purchase and ask for complete refund.

12. The degree to which changes in price ...... changes in quantity demanded is called elasticity of demand.

13. In case of abuses governments take.......to restrict or halt illegal business activities.

14. 29$ million were ...... back from ...... and GKN's share of profits in related companies.

15. To help predict expansion or … of the economy, government economies identified a number of indicators.

16. Even when the additional government spending is financed from the taxation the effect may still be … .

17. The … performance of the economy is now accepted as a major responsibility of the government.

18. The depreciation of the … will make import dearer, and if the demand for them is inelastic, this could give rise to cost-push … .

9. Moscow
(Москва)


Moscow is the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation and capital of Moscow oblast. It lies near the geographic center of European Russia and the Great Russian Plain. Its population is about 9 mln, and it covers an area of 879 sq./km. . The city is situated on the Moscow River.

The date of Moscow’s settlement is unknown. In 1147, when Moscow began to figure in Russian history, it formed part of the principality of Suzdal. The little village began to develop into a city since 1295, when it became the capital of the newly established principality of Moscow. It grew especially rapidly during the first half of the 14th century. That period was marked by increasing power and wealth of the principality. In 1325 the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox church transferred his seat to Moscow. That made the city the national religious capital. It became the national political capital during the reign (1462-1505) of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich, who unified the Russian principalities. The seat of the Russian government was removed from Moscow to St Petersburg in 1712.

Moscow has survived many disasters, including fires, plagues, riots, revolts, sieges, and foreign occupation. In September 1812, during the Napoleonic Wars, the city was occupied by the armies of Napoleon. Russian patriots set fire to the city soon after his entry, and it contributed greatly to Napoleon's downfall. The Moscow populace figured significantly in the Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917. In the latter year Moscow was made the Soviet capital. Large sections of the city were rebuilt and modernized after the Bolshevik victory. In December 1941, during World War II, powerful German armies were decisively stopped at the approaches to Moscow.

For most of the 20th century Moscow's status in the world stemmed from its role as capital of the USSR and headquarters of the world communist movement. It was the political and economic center, not only for the Soviet Union and its republics, but for all of Eastern Europe. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the earlier dissolution of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, Moscow lost its position as capital of an empire, but it remains the seat of the Russian government and one of the world's major cities.

Until the late 1980s, Moscow's city government was for all practical purposes controlled by the city and regional organs of the Communist party. In 1991 the city elected its first mayor; at the same time its boroughs were reorganized. It is now divided into 10 administrative regions (okrugs), each headed by a prefect appointed by the mayor. The okrugs are further divided into municipal districts (rayons), of which there are 134 in Moscow.

Moscow developed over the centuries as a series of circular fortifications, with each new circle encompassing the previous ones. The center of this series of circles is the Kremlin (Russian: fortress), situated atop Borovitsky Hill, with the great Red Square and Saint Basil's Cathedral just outside its walls. The historic city of Moscow is contained within the first three rings encircling the Kremlin: the Kitai Gorod, dating from the 14th century; the Bely Gorod (White City), bounded by the Boulevard Ring; and the outermost portion, bounded by the Sadovaya (Garden) Ring, which is the city's most important transportation artery. Until 1960 the Kamer-Kollezhky Rampart beyond the Sadovaya Ring marked the city's limits. At that time the Russian government, faced with a severe housing shortage, extended the city limits to include the former suburbs of Tushina, Babushkina, Perova, Lyublina, and Kunsteva. These former towns became the focus of rapid residential construction and today house a large portion of Moscow's population. The last ring around the city, the Moscow Circular Motorway, marks the present city limit, although residential districts beyond it are now being incorporated into the city.

Moscow's present appearance is largely the result of massive reconstruction projects carried out under Stalin in the 1930s, which involved the destruction of many historic monuments (including more than half of the city's churches) and a radical alteration of the urban center. The Soviet reconstruction plan was characterized by buildings of monumental design and grand scale. Today Moscow's skyline is dominated by seven ornate skyscrapers known as the "Stalin Gothics," the largest of which is Moscow University in the Sparrow Hills.

Vocabulary


the capital столица

a settlement поселение

to figure фигурировать, войти в историю

a principality княжество

a village деревня

to mark отметить

to transfer перевезти

a seat местопребывание, штаб-квартира

wealth богатство

reign правление

to unify объединять

to remove переезжать, переехать

to survive выжить, выживать

a disaster катастрофа

a fire пожар

a plague чума, бедствие

a riot мятеж, бунт, беспорядки

a revolt революция, восстание

a siege осада

to occupy здесь оккупировать

entry здесь вторжение

populace народные массы, чернь

significantly значительно

decisively решительно

to stem происходить, произойти

headquarters штаб-квартира

a borough район

a series серия

circular кругообразный, круговой, круглый

a circle круг, окружность

a fortification укрепление

to encompass окружать, заключать (во что-то)

previous предыдущий

a fortress крепость

outermost самый дальний от центра

a rampart крепостной вал, парапет

a severe housing shortage острая нехватка жилья

to house размещать, давать жительство

residential districts жилые районы

to incorporate присоединять

a cathedral собор

alteration изменение

urban городской

scale масштаб

skyline силуэт, горизонт

ornate богато украшенный, витиеватый, цветастый

a skyscraper небоскреб