Г. В. Плеханова английский язык учебно-методическое пособие

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Содержание

3.16. The Environment. Заполните пропуски в рассказе, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений подходящие по смыслу
3.17. Переведите рассказы с русского на английский язык
3.18. Ответьте на вопросы. Напишите сочинение на одну из предложенных тем, используя слова и выражения, приведенные ниже
4. Politics (политика)
Topical Vocabulary

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1 ... 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ... 53

3.16. The Environment. Заполните пропуски в рассказе, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений подходящие по смыслу:

Alternative sources, nuclear waste, research, cut down on, pesticides, rush hour, dramatic increase, polluting, subsidised fares, exhaust fumes, public transport, switch to, food chain, quality of life, traffic jams.

Our environment is being destroyed but we still have time to do something about it.

Every day during the 1... you can see cars stuck in 2... sending their 3... up into the atmosphere, 4... our environment. If we had an integrated 5... system with 6..., commuters would be encouraged to leave their cars at home and 7... a more efficient form of transport.

It is not only in towns that the 8... is being threatened. Although farmers say they have to spray 9... on their crops, some experts believe that these chemicals could get into the 10...., which will result in a 11... in the number of people affected by cancer and various allergies. More 12... needs to be carried out so that we can 13... the use of harmful chemicals but still produce the food we need.

Potentially the most dangerous threat to the environment is 14…

from power stations. Can it really be stored safely? By developing 15... of energy, such as wind and wave power, we can make our world much safer to live in.

3.17. Переведите рассказы с русского на английский язык:

1. Еще двести лет тому назад человек жил в гармонии с природой. Все виды животных и растений подходили друг другу в окружающей среде. Но благодаря научно-техническому прогрессу человеку удалось покорить природу. Что же случилось с окружающей средой? Природные ресурсы почти исчерпаны. Экологическое равновесие планеты нарушено. Загрязнение отрицательно влияет на природу. Мусор – пустые бутылки, жестянки, бумажки – загрязняет природное окружение человека. Идет процесс разрушения окружающей среды. Все это представляет собой экологическую угрозу. Нужно создать систему экологической безопасности, которая поможет сберечь мир для будущего.

2. Что такое окружающая среда? Окружающая среда – это то, что вокруг нас, кроме того, это – природа. От состояния и здоровья природы зависит экологическая обстановка. Нужно организовывать специальные экологически чистые районы, где люди бы пользовались только экологически безвредными продуктами и использовали только природосберегающие ресурсы. Самый главный природный ресурс – земля. Конечно, мы должны относиться к ней бережно, иначе Земля столкнется со страшной экологической катастрофой.

3.18. Ответьте на вопросы. Напишите сочинение на одну из предложенных тем, используя слова и выражения, приведенные ниже:

1. Have there been any natural disasters in your country (earthquakes, flooding, severe thunder storms etc)? If so, what happened? What damage was caused?

2. Can you think of any ways in which pollution is affecting the environment? What can be done about it?

3. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future? Why?

(Some years ago) there was....

A lot of buildings collapsed / were destroyed.

Several people were injured / lost their homes.

In the past … used to … but now …

In my opinion, more research should be carried out.

I believe dangerous pesticides should be banned.

In addition to this, I think ………

At the same time, ………

I suppose I'm quite optimistic about the future as…..

I'm afraid I'm rather pessimistic about what can be done.… because……….

4. Politics
(политика)

There are several types of government. When a state is ruled by a king or queen that is monarchy. There are also countries that have a monarchy, but the monarch is not the ruler, e.g. the United Kingdom. When a state is governed by representatives and a president that is republic, e.g. the USA or France. People who believe in this system are republicans. A system of government in which leaders are chosen by the people, e.g. France or the UK, is called democracy. People who believe in this system are democrats. People who believe in social democracy are social democrats. And a system of government in which one person rules the country (one person has total power) is dictatorship This person is called a dictator.

In a democracy, people vote for the political party that they want to form the government. They do this in an election, and in many countries elections take place every four or five years.

What does it mean to be a socialist or a conservative? Often, it means different things in different countries, but in Britain we often talk about someone's political position like this: ‘left-wing’ is socialist, ‘in the centre’ is liberal and ‘right-wing’ is conservative.

Political systems are different all over the world. In the UK, when a political party wins a majority of seats in an election, they become the government of the country, their leader becomes Prime Minister and they are in power. The government must have policies to run the country. This means, for example, an economic policy, and a foreign policy.

Political science is the study of the structures and activities of government. Any government is formed by political parties.

Political parties are groups of people who come together out of a desire to obtain political power. The obvious way to obtain such power is to gain control of the government, but political parties also exercise power by influencing the policies of governments not under their control. Actual control, however, is the primary aim, and political parties are oriented toward that goal and attempt to realize it by elections, picketing and demonstrations (which is legal), or revolution (which is illegal). The purposes behind the desire for power are as different as the individuals belonging to parties. Parties exist, however, for several basic purposes: to promote an ideology, such as fascism and communism; to promote an individual or a family; and to promote a special interest of a nation. Some parties are also job oriented and serve as mechanisms by which individuals may enjoy power.

There are several competitive political parties in a democratic society. The functions of political parties in democratic societies include the nomination of candidates for the offices of government; the presentation of alternative sets of policies to cope with the major problems of the nation; the political education of the electorate through public debates. The party that wins the election is usually responsible for running the government for a specific period of time until the next election. The parties that lose the election are responsible for organizing a loyal opposition.

Topical Vocabulary

policy	политика (проводимая правительством)
politics	политика (вообще)
political	политический
politician	политик
domestic	внутренний (о политике)
overseas	внешний (о политике)
power	власть
to obtain the power	добиваться власти
to enjoy the power	пользоваться властью
a state	государство
a republic	республика
monarchy	монархия
a monarch	монарх
a king	король
a queen	королева
a tsar	царь
democracy	демократия
a democrat	демократ
dictatorship	диктаторский режим
a dictator	диктатор
dictatorial	диктаторский
fascism	фашизм
a fascist	фашист
communism	коммунизм
a communist	коммунист
socialism	социализм
a socialist	социалист
conservatism	консерватизм
a conservative	консерватор
independence	независимость
government	правительство
governmental	правительственный
to govern	управлять
to rule	управлять
to reign	управлять
to form	формировать
the president	президент
vice-president	вице-президент
presidency	президентство
presidential	президентский
the prime minister	премьер-министр
ministry	министерство
to run	управлять (страной, компанией)
Cabinet	Кабинет (министров)
Ambassador	посол
embassy	посольство
а seat	место в правительстве
statesman	государственный деятель
a mayor	мэр
Parliament	Парламент
Member of Parliament (MP)	член Парламента
Chamber	Палата (государственного органа, Думы)
the lower / upper house	нижняя/верхняя палата
legislative	законодательный
elections	выборы
elector	избиратель
to elect	выбирать
to vote	голосовать
voting paper	бюллетень для голосования
ballot box	урна для голосования
polling station	избирательный участок
to split	разделиться
an alliance	альянс, союз
to stand for = run for	избираться
a referendum	референдум
constituency	избирательный округ
majority	большинство
minority	меньшинство
candidate	кандидат
opposition	оппозиция
right-wing	правые
left-wing	левые
in the centre	центристы
society	общество
a representative	представитель
a term	срок (полномочий)
an activity	деятельность
desire	желание
to gain control	получить контроль
to exercise power	пользоваться властью
to influence	влиять
an aim	цель
a goal	цель
a purpose	цель
legal	законный
to belong to	принадлежать к
to promote	содействовать, поддерживать, поощрять
competitive	конкурирующий, соперничающий
nomination	назначение, выставление кандидатуры
to cope with	справиться с

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