Информация по предмету Иностранные языки

• 81. Metaphor in its Broad Perspective
  Другое Иностранные языки

  ) the predicates characterizing the range objects and thus unequivocally containing the term of comparison (to ripen, fade, melt, flow, to bear fruit) [9;78].to consider the process of metaphorisation deeper, it is necessary to distinguish three main works on its linguistic nature: a metaphor as a way of existence of the meanings of words, as the phenomenon of syntactic semantics, as a way of conveying meaning in a communicative act.the first case, the metaphor is regarded as lexicological phenomenon. Accordingly, the representatives of this approach believe that the metaphor is realized in the structure of linguistic meaning of the word. second approach focuses on the metaphorical meaning, arising from the interaction of words and phrases in the structure of the proposal, the boundaries of metaphor more broadly it will be considered at the level of syntactic matching of words.third approach is the most innovative, examines the imaginative comparison as the mechanism of forming the meaning of the utterance in different functional varieties of speech. For this approach, the metaphor is a functional communicative phenomenon, realized in an utterance or text [13;56]., as the followers of the first approach can be attributed G.N. Sklyarovska, who while describing the process of metaphorisation, drew attention to the structure of the lexical meaning of a word that has the metaphorical imagery. While analysing a word its literal meaning and metaphorical meaning is compared. However, this approach can not answer the question about the mechanisms of formation of figurative meaning in different types of speech and, of course, involves only the study of linguistic metaphor. Psychological experiments showed that humans mind can not just instantly react to the imagery of speech, but also easy to understand these images, which suggests that the metaphor is not reducible to the use of tokens that have metaphorical value [17;44].of the second approach, including N.D Arutyunov, M. Black, A. Richards, consider the metaphor as a phenomenon of syntactic semantics. With this approach, the focus of attention is the formation of metaphorical meaning within phrases and sentences. At the heart of the mechanism of metaphor formation they see a categorical shift. Metaphor offers a new distribution of items into categories and then abandon it. The essence of metaphor is a transposition of identifying the (descriptive and semantic, diffuse) vocabulary designed to indicate the object of speech, the scope of predicates, intended to indicate its characteristics and properties. the metaphor the distant relationships between concepts are established. Named interaction theory [12;192]. Metaphor has two different subjects -main and auxiliary (A. Richards calls them «tenor» and «vehicle»). According to Black the mechanism of metaphor is that the subject is attached to the main system of associated implications related to the subsidiary subject. N.D Arutyunov sees metaphorisation as the essence of establishing a permanent trait characterized by the subject [3;535]. However, as pointed out by B. Shannon - representative of the third approach, "in reality, the metaphorical meaning is a result of the interaction relationships between the elements." Thus, it becomes evident the need to launch investigations beyond the syntactic structure, as the metaphorical sense, and with its help the reader or listener encounters the speech is much more complicated and is affected much more factors than the two-term metaphorical construction of syntactic semantics. Thus, the third approach can be functional-communicative, which is further subdivided into a pragmatic and cognitive theory. The basic position of the first lies in the fact that the metaphor does not arise in the semantic field of language but in the process of language use in speech. The scope of speech metaphors is not a clause but rather a verbal expression, that is full understanding of metaphor arises only in a specific act of communication (e.g: A mountain road is a snake; A mountain road is a tree-in experiment is a real communicative context can be perceived as metaphor and absurd claim . But in the real context of both examples can function as a metaphor) [9;194].theory is a prolongation of the pragmatic. At the heart of it lies a provision, according to which in mind, there are deep structural relations between groups of concepts, that allow to structure one concept in terms of others. This is an important theoretical position also supported by the historical study of language (the original anthropomorphic nature of human consciousness, which determined the formation of relations between the concepts of identity that relate to different areas of reality), and psychophysiological studies (a common property of all living creatures represent the external world as the image of its internal state, the ability to model using certain codes of life situations)[11;150].should be noted that in each of these theories, of course, there are disputed issues and questions that remain open. In any case, considering such a many-sided phenomenon as metaphor, it is necessary to take into account all the provisions. Another scientist Telia suggests his theory: he believes that the process of metaphorisation represents a three-term structure: I-R-In, where I is the initial word, the R - resulting word, the In - intermediate (birch-I, flexible-R, girl - In - birch compared with a girl). However, this scheme can not be understood literally, binding it with the dictionary definition of two words. Here it is rather the common associations, emerging on the basis of vague terms, to be operated on the human brain. Not accidentally it was pointed out that there are no mechanical rules, algorithms that allow to switch automatically from direct to the derived value. A T. Vianu (Romanian philosopher) pointed out that "metaphor implies the alternation in the minds of two series of representations: the similarity between the reality signified by their own meaning of the word, and indeed, metaphorically denoted the differences between these two realities" [10;59].

• 82. My University
  Другое Иностранные языки

  KubSU offers 59 specialties in 16 Faculties. I study at faculty of management and psychology. The dean of faculty - Alexander Mihajlovich Zhdanovsky, the candidate of historical sciences, the senior lecturer, the honorable worker of the maximum vocational training of the Russian Federation. The faculty was a part of university in 1996. Before it existed as institute at university. Preparation of experts goes on following specialties: political science, psychology, the state and municipal management, management of the personnel, social work and management of the organization. I study on a specialty psychology. I consider{count} that my specialty very interesting. I very much like our teachers. As it is pleasant to me that each holiday is marked{celebrated} at our faculty. At us very good library. I consider{count} that specialties of our faculty the most demanded for today. I am proud of that that I study here.

• 83. Myth of managment
  Другое Иностранные языки

• 84. Nanotechnologies
  Другое Иностранные языки

  In everything I have been describing, I have stuck closely to the demonstrated facts of chemistry and molecular biology. Still, people regularly raise certain questions rooted in physics and biology. These deserve more direct answers. ° Will the uncertainty principle of quantum physics make molecular machines unworkable? This principle states (among other things) that particles can't be pinned down in an exact location for any length of time. It limits what molecular machines can do, just as it limits what anything else can do. Nonetheless, calculations show that the uncertainty principle places few important limits on how well atoms can be held in place, at least for the purposes outlined here. The uncertainty principle makes electron positions quite fuzzy, and in fact this fuzziness determines the very size and structure of atoms. An atom as a whole, however, has a comparatively definite position set by its comparatively massive nucleus. If atoms didn't stay put fairly well, molecules would not exist. One needn't study quantum mechanics to trust these conclusions, because molecular machines in the cell demonstrate that molecular machines work. Will the molecular vibrations of heat make molecular machines unworkable or too unreliable for use? Thermal vibrations will cause greater problems than will the uncertainty principle, yet here again existing molecular machines directly demonstrate that molecular machines can work at ordinary temperatures. Despite thermal vibrations, the DNA-copying machinery in some cells makes less than one error in 100,000,000,000 operations. To achieve this accuracy, however, cells use machines (such as the enzyme DNA polymerase I) that proofread the copy and correct errors. Assemblers may well need similar error-checking and error-correcting abilities, if they are to produce reliable results. ° Will radiation disrupt molecular machines and render them unusable? High-energy radiation can break chemical bonds and disrupt molecular machines. Living cells once again show that solutions exist: they operate for years by repairing and replacing radiation-damaged parts. Because individual machines are so tiny, however, they present small targets for radiation and are seldom hit. Still, if a system of nanomachines must be reliable, then it will have to tolerate a certain amount of damage, and damaged parts must regularly be repaired or replaced. This approach to reliability is well known to designers of aircraft and spacecraft. ° Since evolution has failed to produce assemblers, does this show that they are either impossible or useless? The earlier questions were answered in part by pointing to the working molecular machinery of cells. This makes a simple and powerful case that natural law permits small clusters of atoms to behave as controlled machines, able to build other nanomachines. Yet despite their basic resemblance to ribosomes, assemblers will differ from anything found in cells; the things they do - while consisting of ordinary molecular motions and reactions - will have novel results. No cell, for example, makes diamond fiber. The idea that new kinds of nanomachinery will bring new, useful abilities may seem startling: in all its billions of years of evolution, life has never abandoned its basic reliance on protein machines. Does this suggest that improvements are impossible, though? Evolution progresses through small changes, and evolution of DNA cannot easily replace DNA. Since the DNA/RNA/ribosome system is specialized to make proteins, life has had no real opportunity to evolve an alternative. Any production manager can well appreciate the reasons; even more than a factory, life cannot afford to shut down to replace its old systems. Improved molecular machinery should no more surprise us than alloy steel being ten times stronger than bone, or copper wires transmitting signals a million times faster than nerves. Cars outspeed cheetahs, jets outfly falcons, and computers already outcalculate head-scratching humans. The future will bring further examples of improvements on biological evolution, of which second-generation nanomachines will be but one. In physical terms, it is clear enough why advanced assemblers will be able to do more than existing protein machines. They will be programmable like ribosomes, but they will be able to use a wider range of tools than all the enzymes in a cell put together. Because they will be made of materials far more strong, stiff, and stable than proteins, they will be able to exert greater forces, move with greater precision, and endure harsher conditions. Like an industrial robot arm - but unlike anything in a living cell - they will be able to rotate and move molecules in three dimensions under programmed control, making possible the precise assembly of complex objects. These advantages will enable them to assemble a far wider range of molecular structures than living cells have done. ° Is there some special magic about life, essential to making molecular machinery work? One might doubt that artificial nanomachines could even equal the abilities of nanomachines in the cell, if there were reason to think that cells contained some special magic that makes them work. This idea is called "vitalism." Biologists have abandoned it because they have found chemical and physical explanations for every aspect of living cells yet studied, including their motion, growth, and reproduction. Indeed, this knowledge is the very foundation of biotechnology. Nanomachines floating in sterile test tubes, free of cells, have been made to perform all the basic sorts of activities that they perform inside living cells. Starting with chemicals that can be made from smoggy air, biochemists have built working protein machines without help from cells. R. B. Merrifield, for example, used chemical techniques to assemble simple amino acids to make bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, an enzymatic device that disassembles RNA molecules. Life is special in structure, in behavior, and in what it feels like from the inside to be alive, yet the laws of nature that govern the machinery of life also govern the rest of the universe. ° The case for the feasibility of assemblers and other nanomachines may sound firm, but why not just wait and see whether they can be developed? Sheer curiosity seems reason enough to examine the possibilities opened by nanotechnology, but there are stronger reasons. These developments will sweep the world within ten to fifty years - that is, within the expected lifetimes of ourselves or our families. What is more, the conclusions of the following chapters suggest that a wait-and-see policy would be very expensive - that it would cost many millions of lives, and perhaps end life on Earth. Is the case for the feasibility of nanotechnology and assemblers firm enough that they should be taken seriously? It seems so, because the heart of the case rests on two well-established facts of science and engineering. These are (1) that existing molecular machines serve a range of basic functions, and (2) that parts serving these basic functions can be combined to build complex machines. Since chemical reactions can bond atoms together in diverse ways, and since molecular machines can direct chemical reactions according to programmed instructions, assemblers definitely are feasible.

• 85. National Health Service in Great Britain
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Weak points of the NHS

  1. One of the most important failures of the NHS lies in its artificial administrative division into the three branches of the hospital services, general medical services, and public health, without any integration at any level. There is very little relationship between the consultant in the hospitals, the general practitioner and the public health officer. This often leads to misunderstanding and mutual ignorance. In the end it is the patient who suffers in this artificial no mans land between the three divisions.
  2. Animal experimentation is under the control of the civil servants of the Home Office, who sometimes has little or no knowledge of hospital problems, medical care or of medical research. Any experimentation involving the use of animal requires a written application to the Home Office. Permission is usually given without difficulty but still there are exceptions.
  3. The private charitable and the voluntary welfare associations have been chocked and replaced by the cold, slow and impersonal machinery of the various government bodies.
  4. Since the actual number of young physicians prepared for consultants posts is too great there is strong competition for these, as well as competition between consultants for the special awards, with all the unwelcome features attendant on these struggles.
  5. Because of the number of certificates required and the impersonal character of hospital care, professional secrecy and discretion are in many instances things of the past.
  6. Surgeons are paid by operating sessions and receive the same payment whether they do one appendectomy per operating session or four gastrectomies.
  7. In the care of the aged, tuberculous patients, the chronically sick, the infirm and the patients with infected tonsils the situation is so bad that there is a waiting period of non-urgent cases of 6 months to 2 years before admission to the hospital and during that time the patient becomes a burden on the general practitioner.

• 86. National varieties of English
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA) is the variety <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)> of English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language> spoken in Canada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada>. English is the first language <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language>, or "mother tongue", of approximately 24 million Canadians <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians> (77%), and more than 28 million (86%) are fluent in the language. 82% of Canadians outside Quebec <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec> speak English natively, but within Quebec <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec> the figure drops to just 11%. Canadian English contains elements of British English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English> and American English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English> in its vocabulary, as well as many distinctive "Canadianisms". In many areas, speech is influenced by French <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_French>, and there are notable local variations. Canada has very little dialect diversity compared to the United States. The phonetics <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics>, phonology <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology>, morphology <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)>, syntax <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax>, and lexicon <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon> for most of Canada are similar to that of the Western <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_American_English> and Midland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_American_English> regions of the United States <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States>. The Canadian Great Lakes region <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)> has similarities to that of the Upper Midwest & Great Lakes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Midwest> region and/or Yooper dialect <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooper_dialect> (in particular Michigan which has extensive business ties with Ontario), while the phonological system of western Canadian English is virtually identical to that of the Pacific Northwest <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English> of the United States, and the phonetics are similar. As such, Canadian English and American English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English> are sometimes classified together as North American English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English>. Canadian English spelling is largely a blend of British and American conventions. The term "Canadian English" is first attested in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in an address to the Canadian Institute <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institute> in 1857. Geikie, a Scottish <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland>-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglocentric> attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next hundred years when he referred to the language as "a corrupt dialect," in comparison to what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain>. Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries. The first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of Loyalists <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)> fleeing the American Revolution <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution>, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_States> - as such, Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_English>. The historical development of CanE is underexplored, but recent studies suggest that CanE has been developing features of its own since the early 19th century, while recent studies have shown the emergence of CanE features. The second wave from Britain and Ireland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland> was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812> by the governors of Canada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Canada>, who were worried about anti-English sentiment among its citizens. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence, but they did make Canada a multicultural <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism> country, ready to accept linguistic change from around the world during the current period of globalization <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization>. The languages of Aboriginal peoples in Canada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada> started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the French <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_French> of Lower Canada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada> provided vocabulary to the English of Upper Canada <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada>.The primary aspect of the Canadian English accent is a feature called "Canadian raising", where diphthongs are raised before voiceless consonants. The stereotypical aboat pronunciation, lampooned in the American television series South Park is unusual; the stereotype may derive from an interpretation of the aboot pronunciation as heard by someone who is used to the much lower abawt pronunciation, or from a misinterpretation of the spelling of the "word" aboot. Ironically, a monophthongized pronunciation of aboat is quite common in parts of the U.S. Upper Midwest, such as Minnesota. Anecdotally, the abuhwt vowels are heard in Ontario and further west, and the aboot vowels are heard in the Eastern provinces. etymologically appropriate, even where the contrast is lost in the consonant itself. Also heard is the variation in the pronunciation of the word can't, in Ontario, it is said almost as canned, whereas in the west, it becomes more like kahnt. The Northern cities vowel shift that is happening in Michigan also is heard to an extent in Southwestern Ontario.A recently identified feature (1995) found among many Canadians is a chain shift known as the Canadian Shift. This is not found in the Atlantic Provinces, east of Quebec; it is only found in Ontario and further west. For people with this shift, cot and caught merge in rounded [?] position. The /?/ of bat then moves down to [a], while the /?/ of bet becomes [?], which is short-a in other accents. This shift is still a relatively new phenomenon, so not all Canadians have it. Of the ones that do, not all have the last stage. Canadians without the Shift typically pronounce cot and caught as an un-rounded [?], as in the western United States. Like American English, Canadian English is largely rhotic. This means it maintains the pronunciation of r before consonants. Rhoticity has been largely influenced by Hiberno-English, Scottish English, and West Country English. Americans sometimes claim to be able to recognize some Canadians instantly by their use of the word eh. However, only a certain usage of eh (detailed in the article) is peculiar to Canada. It is common in southern Ontario, the Maritimes and the Prairie provinces. In some parts of the United States, American English exhibits features of Canadian English, including Canadian Raising and the use of eh. Canadian accents are sometimes detected among Michiganders, Minnesotans, Western New Yorkers and their northern fellows. West/Central dialect is one of the largest and the most homogenous dialect area in North America. It forms a dialect continuum with the accent in the Western United States, and borders the dialect regions of North, Inland North, and North Central. While it is the most homogenous in that the regional differences inside the dialect area are very small, it has very few features that are unique. It is also fairly similar to General American English. While the West Central dialect is mutually intelligible with many dialects of English spoken in England, especially Received Pronunciation, in general it preserves more archaic features that existed before the dialects diverged.

• 87. Nature and value of the enterprise infrastructure
  Другое Иностранные языки

  An infrastructure management business, today, is the least studied problem in logistics. In terms of EV Krykavskoho logistics infrastructure of the enterprise - a set of elements that perform important logistical tasks and ensure the implementation of logistics processes. Logistic processes occurring in the business - sales, purchasing, production, provision of certain services, sales, transportation and logistics operations - unloading, loading, storage and others. Very closely related to elements of infrastructure. Logistic infrastructure should be classified into: internal logistics infrastructure company and external logistics infrastructure of the enterprise. (Appendix 1). Before you define the problem correctly will reveal the essence of the concept of "management of logistics infrastructure." Thus, under the management of logistics infrastructure company will understand the process of bringing the infrastructure of the enterprise to a state of equilibrium or the objectives of providing efficient service and logistics processes and operations at the facility. It is clear that achieving equilibrium infrastructure is difficult enough task in deciding which problems arise, which often face the company, through which decreases the efficiency of logistics infrastructure, hampered perform basic tasks, which puts the company, resulting in substantial unnecessary costs and time. In the system of logistics infrastructure highlights the following issues, subject to [3, p.. 273]: - The general question of logistics infrastructure (own fleet of rolling - Composition, repair and maintenance equipment, storage facilities, handling equipment - Management of own transport economy (dispatch service units in planning combinations of movement, etc.).. Internal logistics infrastructure of the industrial enterprise, which will have a presence in virtually all elements of logistics infrastructure necessary for the maintenance of all logistics processes and transactions related to certain material flow should be worked both internally and externally, on the logistics system. Therefore, the system of logistics infrastructure will look different (Appendix 2). Thus, the overall system of logistics infrastructure companies look at how a set of two subsystems that have certain connections and relations between them: 1. external subsystem of logistic infrastructure companies (fleet of rolling stock, repair and maintenance equipment, storage facilities, handling equipment and other facilities and providing facilities that are not included in the internal environment of the logistics system that is studied, throughout the supply chain); 2. Subsystem internal management logistics infrastructure enterprises studied (own transport, mining, storage, packing services, equipment, units for servicing and other logistic processes that are internal logistics system environment). [3, p.. 274-276] The control system of logistics infrastructure business has set itself the following tasks: - Choice of alternatives to the strategy development of logistics infrastructure; - Calculation of performance indicators logistic infrastructure elements; - Distribution of functions, duties, responsibilities of employees engaged in maintenance logistics processes and operations; - Motivation to work, staff training, retraining; - Ozrobka norms and standards of labor and material - technical development; - Creation of information infrastructure; - Reducing the cost of maintenance of material flow; - Through planning and control of all participants in the logistics chain. Today, the complexity in implementing the above tasks associated with the emergence of problems in the management of logistics infrastructure, which most businesses do not consider attention. The emergence of these problems affect the competitiveness and efficiency of the whole enterprise. [13, p.. 79] Yes, one of the common problems is the problem of location of infrastructure. There are two manifestations of this problem, in - First, most companies have in their internal infrastructure of some elements, such as lack of personal and technical means, the vehicle fleet, and others. Because companies are beginning to interact with other organizations and companies that can provide all necessary services to maintain logistic processes and operations, the location of which is often not economically profitable for the enterprise; on - Second, companies may have their own structure in all the above listed items of infrastructure, but these elements (warehouses, transport companies, etc..) well located geographically unprofitable, hence increasing the cost of time and financial resources of the enterprise as a whole. And in the first and second case, we are faced with the problem of location decision which has long-term. Convenient location - not a guarantor of a successful business, but it is a necessary condition. Starting form the logistical infrastructure necessary to determine the number and location of each type of unit (facilities) required to perform logistics functions. In addition, you must determine how many and which stocks should be kept in each object and where customers place orders for supplies. [1, sec. 345]. When choosing the location of the elements necessary logistics infrastructure, consider the following factors: - Location of customers (location near to the users reduce costs and transportation); - Location of suppliers and materials (for manufacturers advantageously located near suppliers of materials and raw materials for prey); - Culture (when placing your business must take into account cultural values, laws and way of life of the territory on which planned location); - The ratio of government and their plans (acquaintance with the peculiarities of the legal framework and take into account the possibility of local investuvan); - Direct and indirect costs (taking into account the peculiarities of local taxes, pension and payroll taxes, the percentage of salary in the region, constantly monitor their own financial position); - The ratio of the society (ie the different relations of the society to the achievements of the team, to methods for the provision of high productivity); - Operation (range trends decisions on operations, taking into account local conditions or implementation of its rules of performance to facilitate control and increased productivity); - Transport accessibility area (analysis area equipped with means of transport, which depends on the availability as well as for its own staff and for clients); - Competition (research and analysis of competitors, number, location, characteristics of business); - The situation in the local labor market (labor market analysis: number of employees, their qualifications, performance) and others. [1, sec. 350] Taking into account the above factors are not talking about a complete solution to this problem, solving the problems of placement and optimal variant layout logistics infrastructure is impossible without the use of mathematical and heuristic methods. The second problem of logistics infrastructure - is inefficient use of company assets (buildings, structures, equipment), which is a consequence of increasing costs. The main reasons for this problem are: the disproportionate relationship between labor and fixed capital, simple equipment, without intensive use of equipment, not the rational use of production area, reducing capital investment and other capital assets. The third problem that should be mentioned in this - the high cost of equipment and technological infrastructure. As they say, professionals, costs of equipment too large, so we recommend that the main financial flows directed to the objects and tools [4, p.. 393]. Today, to fill a competitive position in the market of certain products and services to quickly respond to any changes and user requirements. Often, to improve the enterprise, falls constantly improve, and in some cases, completely change the traditional technologies and methods of logistics functions. These changes are accompanied by significant costs to upgrade equipment and purchase of new technological tools necessary infrastructure. Today, when the logistics begins to develop at a faster speed, expand foreign - economic relations, and thus begins to blossom and business enterprises increasingly require different types of services, such as transport, warehousing, information. Clearly, for the enterprise, from business point of work - interest, beneficial in its infrastructure have all these subsystems serving, but it's too expensive, and requirements and they are too high. The fourth problem concerns the training of personnel involved in management of logistics infrastructure, methods of operation, equipped with modern technological facilities and equipment, infrastructure management methods. The problem of professional personnel, but rather a problem of lack of professional logistics staff, really important for companies that have decided to build its operations, using logistic approach. This is due to the fact that in our country logistics are just beginning to develop, so most experts still do not understand some of the tasks of logistics functions and duties. The last of the problems, which should attract attention - a low level of enterprise information infrastructure, lack of integrated information center Continue entire logistics chain.

• 88. Nicole Kidman
  Другое Иностранные языки

  In February 2001, Cruise stunned Hollywood by filing for divorce; the reasons are still murky. Cruise would only say that Nicole "knows why", while Kidman let it be known that she was pregnant by Cruise when he left her just before their 10th wedding anniversay, and had just miscarried the child. Some speculated that Cruise left Kidman because he didn't think he was the father, while some questioned the timing, noting that, since the couple did not have a prenuptial agreement, Cruise would have had to pay Kidman many millions if they divorced past the 10 year mark. As it was, he reportedly paid her $65 million. Industry insiders commented that the primary cause of the divorce may have been Nicole's refusal to allow Isabella and Connor to be raised in Scientology, which Cruise is a devoted practitioner of; she wanted them to be raised Catholic instead.

• 89. Observant functions of Fund of guaranteing of holding of physical persons in Ukraine
  Другое Иностранные языки

  1998, the President of Ukraine signed the Decree "On measures to protect the rights of individuals - Depositors of Commercial Banks", which was approved by the Regulations on the establishment of the Guarantee Fund of individuals, formation and use of resources. September 20, 2001 Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law on the Guarantee Fund of individuals' assets, which entered into force October 24, 2001. The Fund is a specialized state agency that performs functions of state administration in the Deposit Guarantee. The main objective of the Fund in Ukraine is to protect the rights and interests of individuals - depositors of banks, branches of foreign banks. Kerivnym Authority Governing Board of the Fund is that formed by delegating to its two representatives of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, two representatives of the National Bank of Ukraine and one representative association of banks. Fund deposits of citizens which are placed in participants (temporary participants) of the Fund in local and foreign currency, including interest at the rate of deposits, but no more than 150 000. on deposits in each bank, foreign bank branches on the day become unavailable. Contributions to a rate not compensated. Investors acquire the right to receive consideration for a guaranteed amount of deposits due to shortfalls in the Fund's monetary unit of Ukraine from the day the nedostupnosti 'assets. In Ukraine the participants of the Fund are banks, branches of foreign banks, which have a banking license for the right to exercise banking activities and certificate Fund participant. OJSC "State Savings Bank of Ukraine is not a member of the Fund. Participants should CERTIFICATE Fund participant In case of violation of the participant of the Law of Ukraine "On Guarantee Fund of individuals' bank, foreign bank branch is transferred to the category of a temporary member of the Fund temporarily confirmed by Help the participant. Banks - Help tymchasovi members have a temporary member of the Fund The Fund does not reimburse the guaranteed amount for deposits of individuals in the bank, foreign bank branch transferred to the category of temporary member of the Fund, if these deposits were attracted him to give notice of his transfer to the category of a temporary member of the Fund. After transferring to the category of temporary participant bank, foreign bank branch must be warned in writing of individuals at the conclusion of agreements with them to attract new deposits, the fact that the Fund does not guarantee reimbursement for these deposits. Twice a year the Fund publishes in the official media registry participants (temporary participants) of the Fund. Information about changes in the roster publikuyetsya additionally within 14 calendar days after a change.

• 90. On some problems of classification of political parties
  Другое Иностранные языки

  For example, a textbook on the history of political parties of Russia in 1994 the publication pointed out that the classification of parties is carried out "on all of the inherent characteristic features: a social framework, political program, strategic and tactical principles. The authors insisted that the basis for the classification of parties must be shown the entire set of factors (social class, political, national, moral and ethical, religious, etc.). However, they noted that, depending on the goals and objectives of the analysis of political parties is one of many criteria could speak to the fore, while the other plays a supporting role [7, p.8-9]. Then as in the textbook were identified: a) All-Russia party and the national b) the monarchy, the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois and separately Bolsheviks [7, p.11].

• 91. Oscar Wilde "The picture of Dorian Gray"
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Wilde also attempted to moderate some of the more homoerotic instances in the book or instances whereby the intentions of the characters may be misconstrued. In the 1890 edition, Basil tells Henry how he «worships» Dorian, and begs him not to «take away the one person that makes my life absolutely lovely to me.» The focus for Basil in the 1890 edition seems to be more towards love, whereas the Basil of the 1891 edition cares more for his art, saying «the one person who gives my art whatever charm it may possess: my life as an artist depends on him.» The book was also extended greatly: the original thirteen chapters became twenty, and the final chapter was divided into two new chapters. The additions involved the «fleshing out of Dorian as a character» and also provided details about his ancestry, which helped to make his «psychological collapse more prolonged and more convincing.» The character of James Vane was also introduced, which helped to elaborate upon Sibyl Vane's character and background; the addition of the character helped to emphasise and foreshadow Dorian's selfish ways, as James sees through Dorian's character, and guesses upon his future dishonourable actions. Another notable change is that in the latter half of the novel events were specified as taking place around Dorian Gray's 32nd birthday, on 7 November. After the changes, they were specified as taking place around Dorian Gray's 38th birthday, on 9 November, thereby extending the period of time over which the story occurs. The former date is also significant in that it coincides with the year in Wilde's life during which he was introduced to homosexual practices.

• 92. Patriarchy theory
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Because Marxism recognises that class divisions in society are fundamental, that womens oppression arises from the particular way capitalism developed, it locates the way forward in the struggle against the very society itself. Men do behave badly, do act in sexist ways, do beat and rape women in the home. Feminists interpret this as the enactment of male power. The Marxist reply is not to simply say these are the actions of men shaped by the society they grow up in. That is only one side to the argument. The other is to point out, as Marx did, that «men make their own history». While humans are the products of society they are also conscious, thinking beings. As I showed, ideas propagated by the ruling class are not simply taken up by workers in a straightforward way. They are refracted through working class experience and interpreted in various ways. The middle class women who fought for the family did so by arguing that women should be «feminine» and restricted to the role of housewife and mother. Working class men saw in the family the prospect of improved living conditions, so they argued for a family wage on the grounds it would improve womens lot.

• 93. Peculiarities of prose style
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Such work in stylistics reflected a larger trend occurring within literary criticism as a whole during this period. Riffaterre's particular interest in a systematic, formal description of literary style mirrored a growing awareness among literary critics in general of the possibilities provided to literary study by trends and theories available from formal linguistic study. The discovery of linguistic work by Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, and structural linguistic theory in general all formed part of the rapid flowering of critical work closely related to, if not directly based upon, particular methods of linguistic analysis. It was not a link between literary stylistics and structural linguistic analysis that marked the real establishment of stylistics as a discipline within the United States, however. It was the transformational-generative grammar of Noam Chomsky that signaled the arrival of stylistics as a discipline with independent, self-defined goals, if not yet a real autonomy from either linguistic or literary-critical approaches to language analysis. The rapidly established importance of Chomsky's linguistics within his own discipline provided a strong argument for the importance of transformational-generative grammar within literary stylistics as well. But beneath that academic, institutional cause lay particular features of the theory that explain further the explosion of stylistic work using transformational-generative grammar. The grammar's focus on syntax, its distinction between deep and surface structures, and the resulting dynamism in its descriptive procedures all contributed to a methodology that allowed for a much wider discussion of the possible forms (and by implication styles) available to the user of language. At the same time, the declared mentalism of Chomsky's grammar was seen by many as providing literary stylistics with a means of uniting a still lingering Romantic sense of creativity with the formal linguistic description needed to provide the analysis with a now-requisite air of scientific study. Many critics found not only an implied linkage between language and mind within Chomsky's grammar but an actual justification for tying intention to structure. Whichever aspect of Chomsky's grammar provided the impetus for a particular study, the general influence was huge, and the numerous studies that appeared during the years 1965-75 testify to the boost that Chomsky's thinking on language gave to the era, one of the most hectic and dramatic in the formation and growth of stylistics.

• 94. Place and role of political relations in the aggregate of public relations
  Другое Иностранные языки

  forms of social relations - economic, political, ideological, legal, moral, domestic, etc. - to distinguish on the basis of their objects. Thus, economic relations - a relationship that consists of about ownership of the means of production, during the manufacture and distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Political relations made about power in society and in its operation. Ideological relationship is about ideas and opinions that reflect the specific social interests. Legal relations made on legal norms, moral - about the standards of morality and so on. The subjects of these social relations can be individuals, social community, various organizations and others.other kinds of social relations the main feature of social relations is that they are distinguished by their subjects - individuals and social communities of people as those formed objective process of historical development. Variety of social relations is the class, national, demographic and other relations. They may comprise about different objects - property, power, ideas of law and more., these important social relationships that constitute the main contents of the main areas of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual. This economic, social, political and socio-cultural (ideological, moral, aesthetic, religious) relations. They are closely related and are in a certain dependence, which is interpreted differently [3].materialist understanding of social relations is that they are divided into primary - material, basic and secondary - ideological, nadbudovchi. Main, determinant recognized material - economic and industrial relations. Determined the nature of their productive forces of society and does not depend on the will and consciousness of people. Ideological social relations - political, legal, moral, etc. - appear at the material social relations and are designed as add-on them, previously passed through the mind of people.relations are not directly determine policy, and through social, first class, relations. Social relations are the closest to the political, because politics is primarily their purpose the coordination of social interests. Political relations, in turn, are crucial to social and cultural - ideological, moral and so on. Economic - social - political - social and cultural relations - in that order they are defined in the Marxist interpretation. However, Marxism recognizes and reverse the impact of public relations, which, however, is not determinative, and the close relationship all their varieties.'s opponents deny this dependence of public relations and emphasize the special role of political and moral relations. M. Weber, for example, in work "The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism" (1905) I brought the characteristic features of capitalist production relations of the features of the Protestant ethic.interpretation of social relations is the interaction, in particular, that underlines the special and decisive role of economic relations. Is evident, for example, the dependence of democracy on the level of society in economic development. Representatives of the so-called developmentalistskoho (from France. Developpement, Eng. Development - development) directly believe that underdeveloped economy objectively determines the centralization of power, strengthening authoritarian tendencies, while economic growth contributes to pluralistic democracy.if the negative attitude towards Marxism should recognize that the relationship of means of production, which are crucial in the economic relations are the basis of division of society into classes, and class division, in turn, has considerable influence on policy. Thus, the absolute majority of the capitalist countries is the main political opposition between bourgeois and workers' parties. Requirements of the appropriate types of services to meet the ideology of [2, 168-169].

• 95. Poland and Hungary are in Transition
  Другое Иностранные языки

• 96. PR and Journalism
  Другое Иностранные языки

  The influence of the PR industry appears in many different shapes in daily life. It involves anything from traditional press conferences and press releases to various more or less successful long-term agenda-setting-related activities. Among other things, strategies for controlling the news agenda are based on producing and serving the media with material that promotes the instrumental purposes of the senders' interests. This type of media influence and strategies for controlling the news agenda are today often referred to by the concept news management. Meanwhile, news material from sources outside the media may also be seen as a contribution to journalistic work and as a way of cutting costs. Observations in line with this point of work have made way for the theory of information subsidy, meaning efforts by policy actors to increase the consumption of persuasive messages by reducing their costs. A reasonably large proportion of published articles originate from external sources - in fact, more than half of the studied published articles stem from material originating from outside sources.

• 97. Pravomonarhist movement
  Другое Иностранные языки

  In general, all pravomonarhicheskie organizations of Belarus, despite some differences, stood on the positions of "zapadnorusizma", believing that the Belarusians, together with the Great Russians and Little Russians are part of a three-pronged Russian people. Not recognizing the existence of a separate independent nation of Belarus, the ideologues Black Hundreds, at the same time pointed out some cultural specifics of the Belarusian people and the political, ethno-cultural and spiritual development associated with the strengthening of Belarusian Russian nation, which was supposed to be a dominant empire in Russia, the dominant position. The main threat to this in the western provinces, in their opinion, acted Polish element, whose influence is strongly felt in all spheres of public life. In this regard, in an open letter to members of the State Duma and the Russian society is one of the most active members of the right movement in Belarus DV Skrynchenko noted: "This is not left" tuteyshego "no nobility, no petty gentry or merchant class, which would not be okatolicheny and opolyacheny. There are only a few newly arrived Russian landowners.russian is really just "pop da slave. And opolyachennye the local nobles, headed by fanatical priests, hurrying to finish here what they had done the old aristocratic Poland, ie okatolichit and opolyachit peasantry " [6, pp.4]. As the principal means of combating the growing influence of the Polish-Catholic, he sees the policies aimed at ensuring that "the Belarusian people to return to his Russian Orthodox... consciousness. Such a policy is in its essence, according Skrynchenko, there is no Russification, and depolonizatsiya. "For its part, say - goes on to say in his message - that local people return to it from time immemorial Russian national consciousness is not the policy of" Russification ". Do not use this bugbear to our side: this term is offensive to the local Russian population - the Belarusians. Here in ancient something more fundamental Russia than, for example, in Penza, and she is covered by the Polish lacquer. And the whole question of "Russification" here boils down to in order to clear the Polish lacquer " [6, pp.7]. Among the measures designed to strengthen Russian influence in Belarus, DV Skrynchenko calls to establish knowledge of the history of the local region, the publication of relevant literature, the appointment to all positions in the local civil and military administration solely those of the Orthodox religion, the establishment of special protivokatolicheskih missionaries. Also offered throughout the province to introduce compulsory education in the Russian Orthodox-national basis [6, pp.14 - 15].

• 98. Problem of meaning ambiguity in a language
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Sometimes one meaning of a word is derived from another. For example, the cognitive sense of 'see' seems derived from its visual sense. The sense of 'weigh' in 'He weighed the package' is derived from its sense in 'The package weighed two pounds'. Similarly, the transitive senses of 'burn', 'fly' and 'walk' are derived from their intransitive senses. Now it could be argued that in each of these cases the derived sense does not really qualify as a second meaning of the word but is actually the result of a lexical operation on the underived sense. This argument is plausible to the extent that the phenomenon is systematic and general, rather than peculiar to particular words. Lexical semantics has the task of identifying and characterizing such systematic phemena. It is also concerned to explain the rich and subtle semantic behavior of common and highly flexible words like the verbs 'do' and 'put' and the prepositions 'at', 'in' and 'to'. Each of these words has uses which are so numerous yet so closely related that they are often described as 'polysemous' rather than ambiguous.

• 99. Problems of the children and the youth
  Другое Иностранные языки

  Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged 15, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until 3 or 4 in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he will be spending it indoors surfing the Internet. Russell has recently joined at Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr. Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says, "People do not realize that being online for more than 4 hours a day amounts to addiction and they have a serous problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within 3 years.

• 100. Racism and labor movement
  Другое Иностранные языки

  The Archibald paradox is simply the paradox of being colonial…. The Bulletin's republicanism and nationalism flowered out of the paradox. The republicanism worked as inspiriting argument for a time; but nationalism supervened. It was expressed strongly, through the late 1880s especially, as viciously chauvinistic racism directed especially, but not only, against the Chinese. In this the editor, with all his compassionate, world-ranging perspectives, was not alone; but he was responsible. The Bulletin would have seemed at the time simply to be playing out the stern logic of its economnic realism, and standing in necessary opposition to the laissez-faire tolerance of the pontifical daily press. The old world was murderously oppressive; the new must be just and free, untainted not only by poverty and caste but also by strangeness. Thus the paradox worked: the dominant culture, which in one breath The Bulletin lampooned and disavowed, was upheld vigorously in the next. The prospective Utopia, the dream of «Australia» federated, republican, democratic was landscaped for white men only. The internationalist humanism, enacted so brilliantly in the journal's range of reference and its open-pages policy, was denied in the racist argument; it was also undermined and disfigured perennially in much of the Bulletin's discourse on women.

• Назад
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• Далее
• На последнюю страницу