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Информация по предмету Иностранные языки

  • 41. Financial Institutions in Turkey
    Другое Иностранные языки
  • 42. Finland
    Другое Иностранные языки

    In 1991, Finland fell into a severe depression caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets and the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union. More than twenty percent of Finnish trade was with the Soviet Union before 1991, and in the following two years the trade practically ceased. The growth in the 1980s was based on debt, and when the defaults began rolling in, an avalanche effect increased the unemployment from a virtual full employment to one fifth of the workforce. However, civil order remained and the state alleviated the problem of funding the welfare state by taking massive debts. 1991 and again in 1992, Finland devalued the markka to promote export competitiveness. This helped stabilise the economy; the depression bottomed out in 1993, with continued growth through 1995. Since then the growth rate has been one of the highest of OECD countries, and national debt has been reduced to 41.1 percent of GDP (fulfilling the EU's Stability and Growth Pact requirement). Unfortunately, the unemployment has been persistent, and is currently at about 7 percent.

  • 43. Florida state university
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Florida State University is located in Tallahassee, Florida. There are branch campuses located in Panama City and Sarasota in Florida, and an international branch in the Republic of Panama. Florida State University was founded in 1851 as a small public institution., became a 4-year school in 1901, and received university status in 1947. The University has existed in many different forms prior to becoming a university, including a separate male and female colleges. The University now awards associate, bachelors, masters, doctoral, and professional degrees. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

  • 44. Folk etymology
    Другое Иностранные языки

    The term "folk etymology", as referring both to erroneous beliefs about derivation and the consequent changes to words, is derived from the German Volksetymologie. Similar terms are found in other languages, e.g. volksetymologie in Dutch, Afrikaans volksetymologie, Danish folkeetymologi, Swedish folketymologi, and full parallels in non-Germanic languages, e.g. Hungarian népetimológia, French étymologie populaire and Israeli Hebrew etimológya amamít (popular etymology). Examples of alternative names are Italian pseudoetimologia and paretimologia (<paraetimologia), as well as English etymythology. The phenomenon becomes especially interesting when it feeds back into the development of the word and thus becomes a part of the true etymology. Because a population wrongly believes a word to have a certain origin, they begin to pronounce, spell, or otherwise use the word in a manner appropriate to that perceived origin, in a kind of misplaced pedantry. Thus a new standard form of the word appears which has been influenced by the misconception. In such cases it is often said that the form of the word has been "altered by folk etymology". (Less commonly, but found in the etymological sections of the OED, one might read that the word was altered by pseudo-etymology, or false etymology.) Pyles and Algeo give the example of "chester drawers" for "chest of drawers"; similarly, "chaise lounge" for "chaise longue".

  • 45. Formation and development of political parties in the Republic of Belarus
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Not all parties are able to develop a scientifically based, socially balanced, constructive program of activities. Policy documents of many parties do not contain a clear vision of the political, socio-economic and spiritual development, characterized by eclecticism ideological conclusions, vagueness, uncertainty about the future society. Despite the fact that most parties favor a transition to a market economy, democracy and the rule of law, the sovereignty of Belarus, in their programs there is no mechanism for such a transition, balanced and professional assessment of the situation, competitive proposals, the development of specific measures and ways to achieve goals. Program number of political parties are obsolete and do not correspond to the realities of our time. With many of the provisions of the party documents can not agree. Proposals are available in the arsenals of a number of parties, need to be analyzed to determine their suitability in terms of historical experience.

  • 46. Formation in England
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    The private schools of Britain can be mixed and unisexual (that there is only for the girls, only for the boys), they can be also urban and out-of-town, specialized and general profile, by preparatory (for the children from 7 to 13 years) and the highest step (from 14 to 18), internatnogo type and only day instruction. In the boarding schools, or, as them call, boarding of schools, which in Britain it is counted today into 800, are trained 80 thousand children, which is altogether only one percent of the total number of British schoolboys. Of 7% of studying quotients stake is formed half of all students of British universities. 9 of 10 graduates of private schools obtain the desired university start in life. The difference in the educational standards of the state and independent from the state private school clearly demonstrates the following the number: 11-year age examinations for the preparatory or initial classes successfully pass 90% of studying private schools and only 62% of the schools of state. However, that. however, is determined difference? First of all where stronger materiel of rich private schools, is thoroughly the exacting select sionirovannyy teaching staff, and also difference in school programs. Indeed, besides the financial independence from the state, private schools are independent also in their educational programs, these programs, in contrast to the public schools, do not get down directive on top, but they are developed on the spot, taking into account the special features of this concrete educational institution. In the solid private schools is as a rule, studied considerably more objects, than in the schools of state. Here usually study Greek and Latin, history, skill and religion, classical civilizations and contemporary foreign languages, exact science and applied skill, music, dramaturgy and information texnologies. So in the renowned Itonskiy college mathematics and Latin, earliest history and information texnologies teach in the upper classes at the level of the requirements of Cambridge university. One of the laths of famous Radli of cheek-bones - so to ensure all graduates - the knowledge of information texnologies at the level of the requirements of Cambridge. And this by no means utopia, and accessible reality: to sufficiently say which to 600 students Of radli is necessary 110 computers with the output in Internet. In the same school it is found by one of the richest libraries of Britain through the meeting of classical literature. High(ly)-class artistic workshops, where are mastered almost all conceivable applied skills, here exist. Also here there are the remarkable design studios, equipped with [v] to the last word of technology. Finally - here there is everything that it is necessary to adolescents for the physical development - gymnastic hall and stadium, several swimming pools, 20 tennis Korts, golf course and its own stable with its own kennel in order to train for the dear national sport of Englishmen - hunting. So, if not more, are luxurious the material bases of other renowned private schools - such as Eaton, To kherrou… As it is not difficult to surmise, to public schools to be pulled with them is not easy. However, besides all those enumerated above, advantages of quotient over the quotient state in school there is one additional privilege - to carry out the selective selection students, i.e., to enroll in the numbers of its students bright, capable and gifted. Reason, private schools to private schools dissension, but in this case the speech of idet about strong and serious of them. But how does occur the selection of students into most prestigious of public of schools in Britan? For example in order to fall in Eaton - to it is more accurate say in order to obtain chance into it to fall - it is necessary to be written down into this school after… 10 years forward - i.e., at the age of three years. Moreover this at the worst. However, it is betterIn total to enter the name since a birth. The list of competitors is huge, and "waiting list" guarantees nothing. To find those who is capable to think and think, think non-standard and creatively. In a word, it is necessary high IQ. If testing reveals its presence then the competitor is waited with the invitation to the final test which takes place in two years.

  • 47. Frame analysis
    Другое Иностранные языки

    can provide valuable tools for the linguistic and conceptual analysis/ Frame analysis has bee successfully applied to research into semantic and grammatical (mainly syntactic) issues as well as some important problems in contrastive linguistics, translation studies, artificial intelligence, text comprehension, studies.working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame. The frame notion has already been used for detailed semantic analyses of a number of verbs (e.g., speak, talk, say, tell; risk ) and this has developed into the project of a frame-based dictionary.frame approach presents a unified work of syntactic patterns. A sentence can be analyzed as an instance of the event-frame (event-frame analysis).Talmy [1991] dealt with conceptualization of various types of events and the language we use to talk about them. For instance, six cognitive components are distinguished in the conceptual structure of a motion event, namely FIGURE, GROUND, PATH, MOTION, MANNER, CAUSE. All these components occupy typically specific positions in sentences, as shown in the following examples.MOTION MANNER PATH GROUNDpencil rolled off the table.pencil lay on the table. MOTION CAUSE PATH GROUNDpencil blew off the table.pencil stuck on the table.six components are not of equal importance. It is perfectly possible to conceptualize a motion event whose CAUSE is unknown. Similarly, and of course this is particularly frequent for locative events, the manner, in which an object moves often is not expressed. By contrast, it is impossible to think of a motion without invoking each of the other four components, figure, GROUND, PATH, and MOTION. The outcome of these observations is that figure,-ground, PATH and MOTION are felt to belong together as the central and defining elements of the motion event. Taimy extends this idea of аn identifying core structure of an event to other event types and arrives at the definition of the notion of event-frame: a set of conceptual elements and relationships that are evoked together or co-evoke each other can be said to lie within or constitute an event-frame, while the elements that are conceived of as incidental whether evoked weakly or not at all - lie outside the event-frame.the basis of this definition L.Taimy has identified the following five types of event frames: motion event-frames, causation event-frames, cyclic event-frames, participant-interaction event-frames, and interrelationship event-frames.of the central elements of the motion event PATH may be expressed through the verb, as in French entrer and Spanish entrar. In work of this, French and Spanish are verb-framed languages. Conversely, PATH can be rendered by a preposition, as in English go into, or by a verbal prefix, as in German hineingehen. Hence, English and German can be called satellite-framed languages.. Talmy has argued that probably all languages of the world can be categorized in terms of verb-framing and satellite-framing. The group of verb-framed languages includes all Romance languages, Semitic languages (as Arabic and Hebrew), Japanese and many others. Satellite-framed languages besides English and German are all Indo-European languages (apart from the Romance languages), Finno-Ugric languages and Chinese.applying event-frame analysis to the comparison between different languages and between different narrative texts researchers make some interesting observations. Apparently, a satellite-framed language such as English is better suited for descriptions of MANNER, and elaborate PATH descriptions including dynamic descriptions of locations along the PATH. The reasons are that in satellite-framed languages MANNER is often incorporated in the verb meaning, and the information on the PATH and setting can be expressed in the same clause as the motion event by opening attentional windows. Since Spanish is a verb-framed language, descriptions of motion events tend to be restricted to the motion itself. Often the description of MANNER is only possible at the cost of extended and rather awkward constructions. Similarly, if details of the PATH and the setting are to be given, they are expressed in additional clauses. As this will sometimes slow down the pace of narratives considerably, Spanish speakers may opt for fewer MANNER and PATH details in favour of a more vivid MOTION description.is not the only discipline where frame analysis has been applied with quite impressive results. Another important field of research has been artificial intelligence that studies the ability of computers to behave like human beings. Here, the frame notion has been used in a more general, though also more technical, way than in linguistics. In this use of the term, the relevance of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and cognitive unitsnotion of frame was introduced into artificial intelligence as an attempt to equip computers with with necessary world knowledge. The computer scientist Marvin Minsky defined a frame as a datastructure for representing a stereotyped situation. This is a remembered framework to be adapted to fit reality by changing details as necessary.idea is that a cognitive category PLANE, for example, would activate a whole bundle of other categories which belong to the same [flying on the plane] frame., for example PILOT, FLIGHT ATTENDANT, LIFE VEST, SAFETY BELT, FIRST CLASS, ECONOMY CLASS and so on. All these categories and the specific relations that exist between them are part of the frame and must somehow be fed into the computer. In addition to this rather general frame there are many so-called subframes which capture the knowledge of still more specific situations of a flight.[FLYING ON THE PLANE] frame exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in which one stage is often a prerequisite for the next stage. If we work the flight from such a sequential perspective, we go beyond simple frames and move into the so-called scripts, i.e. knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.

  • 48. Francium
    Другое Иностранные языки

     

    1. Actually the least unstable isotope, Fr-223
    2. Some synthetic elements, like technetium, have later been found in nature.
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    5. Winter, Mark. "Electron Configuration". Francium. The University of Sheffield. http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fr/eneg.html. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
    6. Kozhitov, L. V.; Kol'tsov, V. B.; Kol'tsov, A. V. (2003). "Evaluation of the Surface Tension of Liquid Francium". Inorganic Materials 39 (11): 11381141. doi:10.1023/A:1027389223381.
    7. Pauling, Linus (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd Edn.). Cornell University Press. pp. 93.
    8. Allred, A. L. (1961). "Electronegativity values from thermochemical data". J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 17 (34): 215221. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
    9. Andreev, S.V.; Letokhov, V.S.; Mishin, V.I., (1987). "Laser resonance photoionization spectroscopy of Rydberg levels in Fr". Physical Rework Letters 59: 127476. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1274.
    10. Hyde, E. K. (1952). "Radiochemical Methods for the Isolation of Element 87 (Francium)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (16): 41814184. doi:10.1021/ja01136a066.
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    13. Winter, Mark. "Uses". Francium. The University of Sheffield. http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fr/uses.html. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
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    18. Haverlock, TJ (2003). "Selectivity of calix[4]arene-bis(benzocrown-6) in the complexation and transport of francium ion". J Am Chem Soc 125: 1126-7. doi:10.1021/ja0255251. PMID 12553788.
    19. Gomez, E; Orozco, L A, and Sprouse, G D (2005-11-07). "Spectroscopy with trapped francium: advances and perspectives for weak interaction studies". Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 (1): 79118. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/69/1/R02.
    20. Peterson, I (1996-05-11). "Creating, cooling, trapping francium atoms". Science News 149 (19): 294. http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1996/149-19/14919-06.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
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    22. a b c d e Fontani, Marco (2005-09-10). "The Twilight of the Naturally-Occurring Elements: Moldavium (Ml), Sequanium (Sq) and Dor (Do)". International Conference on the History of Chemistry. Lisbon. pp. 18. Archived from the original on 2006-02-24.
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  • 49. Genocide in Australia
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Throughout the nineteenth century, massacres, disease and malnutrition took a heavy toll, leading to a serious decline in the full descent Indigenous population. However, the mixed descent population was increasing, due no doubt to the widespread practice of the rape of Aboriginal women and girls by white settlers. These developments led to a somewhat different approach from the authorities. In social Darwinist “survival of the fittest” terms, the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders were “doomed races”, destined to extinction because they couldnt compete with a more “advanced” society. The task of government and missionaries was therefore to “smooth the dying pillow”. Indigenous people of mixed descent, however, were to be absorbed into European society and forced to join the workforce. This policy of “merging” would both save the government money and provide cheap labour for the developing capitalist economy, and it made the removal of children an even more vital part of the process, to keep full descent and mixed descent Aborigines apart.

  • 50. Global and worldly Englishes Discommunities and subcultural empires
    Другое Иностранные языки

     

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    10. Crystal, David. 1997. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  • 51. Guevara and Cuba
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Thе fаіlurе оf thе rеvоlutіоn tо sprеаd prоvеd tо bе cаtаstrоphіc fоr thе Russіаn rеvоlutіоn, fоr еvеn іf іt survіvеd thе аssаult оf thе whіtе аrmy, 14 оthеr іmpеrіаlіst аrmіеs, аnd thе cоnsеquеncеs оf thе cіvіl wаr, іt dіd іt аt а hіgh cоst. Much оf іndustry wаs dеstrоyеd (еcоnоmіc оutput wаs rеducеd tо 13% оf thе 1913 prе-Wоrld Wаr І fіgurеs), hungеr аnd dіsеаsе wеrе wіdеsprеаd, thоusаnds flеd thе cіtіеs fоr thе cоuntrysіdе, аnd thе wоrkіng clаss wаs dеcіmаtеd (St. Pеtеrsburg sаw іts wоrkіng clаss dеcrеаsе by mоrе thаn 50% оf іts prе-cіvіl wаr lеvеls). Whаt rеmаіnеd оf thе wоrkеrs stаtе wаs оnly а shеll: thе Russіаn Cоmmunіst Pаrty (RCP) hоldіng оn tо pоwеr hоpіng fоr thе rеvоlutіоn tо sprеаd tо thе wеst. Durіng thе cоursе оf thе cіvіl wаr thе RCP аnd thе stаtе grаduаlly swеllеd wіth burеаucrаts аnd fоrmеr Tsаrіst functіоnаrіеs whо hаd tо bе usеd tо run thе stаtе bеcаusе thеrе wеrе nо quаlіfіеd wоrkеrs оr nо wоrkеrs аt аll-mоst оf thе clаss cоnscіоus wоrkеrs еіthеr dіеd оr wеrе аt thе frоnt dеfеndіng thе rеvоlutіоn. Thus thе lаck оf іntеrnаtіоnаl rеvоlutіоn аnd thе burеаucrаtіsаtіоn prеpаrеd thе grоund fоr Jоsеf Stаlіn, іn thе lаtе 1920s, tо tаkе hоld оf thе аdmіnіstrаtіvе аppаrаtus аnd sеt bаck аll thе gаіns оf thе rеvоlutіоn. Frоm thіs pоіnt оnwаrds, Stаlіn, rеprеsеntіng а nеw burgеоnіng rulіng clаss (thе burеаucrаcy), turnеd upsіdе dоwn thе trаdіtіоn оf strugglе оf thе Bоlshеvіks, аnd whіlе prеsеrvіng а lеft-wіng rhеtоrіc sеt оut tо еlіmіnаtе аlmоst еvеry Bоlshеvіk whо wаs іnvоlvеd іn thе 1917 rеvоlutіоn. Аgаіnst Mаrxіsms cеntrаl аrgumеnt оf іntеrnаtіоnаl rеvоlutіоn, Stаlіn put fоrwаrd thе slоgаn оf “Sоcіаlіsm іn Оnе Cоuntry" аs а cоvеr fоr thе burеаucrаcys аіm оf tеchnоlоgіcаl аnd іndustrіаl dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе Sоvіеt Unіоn іn оrdеr tо cаtch up wіth thе wеst. Thе аіm wаs tо аccumulаtе (cаpіtаl аs mаchіnеry) іn оrdеr tо cоmpеtе mіlіtаrіly. Thе wоrkеrs lоst аll cоntrоl оvеr thеіr pаrty, thеіr stаtе аnd thеіr unіоns. Thе cоncеpt оf thе fаthеrlаnd wаs rеіntrоducеd tо justіfy thе оpprеssіоn оf thе dіffеrеnt nаtіоnаlіtіеs thаt cоmprіsеd thе Sоvіеt Unіоn-аs оppоsеd tо Lеnіns dеfеncе оf thе rіght tо sеlf-dеtеrmіnаtіоn оf оpprеssеd nаtіоns. Wоmеn, gаys, еthnіc mіnоrіtіеs lоst thеіr rіghts, pеаsаnt lаnd wаs fоrcеfully cоllеctіvіsеd, аnd fоrcеd lаbоur wаs іntrоducеd. Suppоsеdly, аll іn thе nаmе оf sоcіаlіsm, but wіth thе еxplіcіt purpоsе оf cоmpеtіng wіth thе wеst. Stаlіns nеw Russіа, іn spіtе оf іts rhеtоrіc оf sоcіаlіsm, functіоnеd аs а cаpіtаlіst sоcіеty, thаt іs, а stаtе cаpіtаlіst sоcіеty. Thе nеw rulіng clаss wаs thе burеаucrаcy, thе cоmpаny Russіа Іnc.

  • 52. Henry Ford
    Другое Иностранные языки
  • 53. Hippie Fashion
    Другое Иностранные языки

    The elements that went into the hippy wardrobe were only limited by their psychedelic imaginations. Bellbottoms ruled the day, from striped, to blue jeans to patchwork, to hip huggers, even leather pants were popular. Tops ran the gamut from Nehru shirts, to brightly colored African dashikis and Middle Eastern caftans, to halter tops, tie dyes, and frilly, silky shirts for men! Women wore saris from India and sarongs from Bali and Java. Velvet, leather, batik, denim, Indian cotton and silk were all popular fabrics. Op art, paisleys and psychedelic designs appeared on clothes, occasionally making themdizzy! Footwear ranged from the basic sandal and Birkenstocks to zippered boots, platforms and bright patent leather shoes. Peasant dresses, long skirts and layering were also very popular.

  • 54. Historical measurement of the science of governing
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Ницше has given to political technologists «the easy recipe» manufactures at a government wheel «the great person of crowd». He advised, that under any conditions it is necessary to deliver to crowd that to it is rather pleasant, or at first «to hammer to it into the head», that this or that would be pleasant, and then to give it. But at all at once, on the contrary, it is necessary to win it with the greatest pressure or to pretend, that you win. At crowd the impression should be made, that before it mighty and even invincible will power, or, at least, should seem, that such force exists. Everyone because at anybody she is not present admires with strong will, and everyone says to itself (himself), that if it possessed it, for it and for its egoism there would be no borders. And if it is found out, that such strong will carries out something rather pleasant to crowd instead of listening to desires of the avidity with it even more admire and with it congratulate itself. In the rest such person should to have all qualities of crowd: then she will be ashamed, nevertheless, before it, and it especially will be popular.

  • 55. History of Homeschooling in USA
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Аt thе hеаrt оf thе cоmmеrcіаl prоlіfеrаtіоn оf hоmеschооlіng rеsоurcеs such аs currіculum, tеxt bооk аnd scіеncе еquіpmеnt vеndоrs аrе оvеrwhеlmіngly rеlіgіоusly cоnsеrvаtіvе cоmpаnіеs such аs Gоd's Wоrld Bооks, Аbеkа аnd Lіfеpаc. Thе mоst vіsіblе аnd оutspоkеn оf cоntеmpоrаry hоmеschооlіng аdvоcаtеs іs thе Hоmе Schооl Lеgаl Dеfеnsе Аssоcіаtіоn (HSLDА), а stаunchly cоnsеrvаtіvе cоllеctіоn оf lеgаl еаglеs whо hоld іt іs thеіr mіssіоn (whеn prоpеrly rеtаіnеd), "tо prеsеrvе аnd аdvаncе thе fundаmеntаl, Gоd-gіvеn, cоnstіtutіоnаl rіght оf pаrеnts аnd оthеrs lеgаlly rеspоnsіblе fоr thеіr chіldrеn tо dіrеct thеіr еducаtіоn..." rеlyіng оn "twо fundаmеntаl frееdоms-pаrеntаl rіghts аnd rеlіgіоus frееdоm." Rеlіgіоus cоnsеrvаtіvеs rоutіnеly clаіm hоmеschооlіng аs thеіr оwn, pоіntіng іncrеаsіngly tо thе "fоur pіllаrs оf hоmеschооlіng," thе dоubtful tіtlе оf fоur rеlаtіvеly wеll knоwn, lаrgеly cоnsеrvаtіvе аnd HSLDА аssоcіаtеd fіgurеs whо hаvе sоmеhоw cоmе tо tаkе crеdіt fоr thе mоdеrn hоmеschооlіng mоvеmеnt.

  • 56. Holidays in England
    Другое Иностранные языки

    The celebration of New Year's day varies according to the district. In the south of England, the festival of Christmas, lasting 12 days from December 25th, runs on well into the New Year. The decorations of coloured streamers and holly, put up round the walls, and of course the fir-tree, with its candles or lights, are not packed away until January 5th. On the evening of December 31st, people gather in one another's homes, in clubs, in pubs, in restaurants, and hotels, in dance halls and institutes, to "see the New Year in". There is usually a supper of some kind, and a cabaret, or light entertainment. The bells chime at midnight. The people join crossed hands, and sing "Auld lang syne", a song of remembrance, which means "the good old days," was written by Robert Burns in 1788.

  • 57. Holidays of Russia
    Другое Иностранные языки

    In comparison with other world, Russia actively celebrates two New Year's holidays. One in the night from December, thirty first for January, first, and the second, "Old New year" on thirteenth of January that surprises foreigners got on New Year's holidays to Russia as at the majority of the countries arrival of New year means much, only change of a calendar cycle and widely it is not marked (celebrated), attaching special significance to Christmas. Now it seems to us that so was always. But the tradition of a meeting of New Year is much younger, than in the countries of Europe. New Year in Ancient Russia, as well as at many other people, began in March and merged with the pagan holiday of a pancake week marking a seeing-off of winter and a meeting of spring. In the tenth century with Christianity acceptance to Russia has come юлианский a calendar on which year began on first of September. But only in the end of the fifteenth century this date began to be marked (celebrated) officially as the beginning of church and civil New Year. And only Peter I, carrying out calendar reform, in 1700 has established (installed) the beginning of New Year since January, 1st. The special decree Peter I demanded solemn and cheerful celebrating of this event. Moscow, therefore all celebrating was capital then passed (took place) on Red Square. However since 1704 of a celebration have been transferred (carried) to northern capital. However, in those days not feast and national гуляния was the main thing. By January, 1st of the house of grandees and commoners were decorated by fur-tree or pine branches which needed to be dressed up not toys, as now, and fruit, vegetables, nuts and even eggs. And all products were not only an ornament, but also symbols: apples were a symbol of fertility, egg a symbol of harmony and full well-being. Since then the meeting of New Year with a green fur-tree, needles, and then with Father Frost and the Snow Maiden became on first of January traditional in our country. Old New Year is the holiday marked (celebrated) according to New Year on юлианскому to a calendar (now in the night from 13 for January, 14th) and being, as a matter of fact, a historical echo of change of chronology. It (He) is known and popular in Russia though it is marked (celebrated) also in Serbia, Switzerland and some other countries. It (He) is marked (celebrated) in a greater degree by those who could not meet New Year on thirty first of December. And also the Russian orthodox Christians who observe from November, twenty till January, sixth the Christmas post and which to meet New year on Julian sky style more conveniently not to break instructions of the Christmas post.

  • 58. Homonymy in English
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Fast as an isolated word, therefore, may be regarded as a variable that can assume several different values depending on the conditions of usage, or, in other words distribution. All the possible values of each linguistic sign are listed in the dictionaries. It is the duty of lexicographers to define the boundaries of each word, i.e. to differentiate homonyms and to unite variants deciding in each case whether the different meanings belong to the same polysemantic word or whether there are grounds to treat them as two or more separate words identical in form. In speech, however, as a rule only one of all the possible values is determined by the context, so that no ambiguity may normally arise. There is no danger, for instance, that the listener would wish to substitute the meaning quick into the sentence: It is absurd to have hard and fast rules about anything2, or think that fast rules here are rules of diet. Combinations when two or more meanings are possible are either deliberate puns, or result from carelessness. Both meanings of liver, i.e. a living person and the organ that secretes bile are, for instance, intentionally present in the following play upon words:

  • 59. How "DNA" testing works
    Другое Иностранные языки

    Неадекватное совещание: Вне некомпетентных адвокатов, кто населяют, любая назначенная судом система, Конгресс и администрация Клин тона поместила национальных 3,600 сожителей (сожительниц) камеры смертников в агонию, ловят (поймают) -22. Согласно Американскому Проекту Представления Смертной казни Ассоциации юристов, в государстве (состоянии) подобно Калифорнии, приблизительно третья часть (треть) сожителей (сожительниц) камеры смертников должен ждать в течение лет, которые будут назначены адвокаты, чтобы обратиться с их прямыми государственными обращениями. И на уровне постосуждений (пост убеждения) в некоторых наборах, сожители (сожительницы) не имеют доступ адвокатам вообще. Ловящийся (пойманный) isdiatdie 1996. И - терроризм и Эффективный Deatii Акт Штрафа имеют устав ограничений, требующих diat файл сожителей (сожительниц), федеральный habeas corpus ходатайства (просьбы о федеральном обзоре суда) в пределах одного года после умирают конец их прямого государственного обращения (привлекательности). Другими словами, потому что они не имеют никакого адвоката после того, как их прямые обращения, сожители (сожительницы) часто беспомощно наблюдают, умирают, часы заканчиваются на их шансе для федерального обзора. Это сокращает на фривольных обращениях - но также и на, которые могли показать несправедливость брутто.

  • 60. How to make career in hotel business
    Другое Иностранные языки

    3) The peculiarities of the hotel service are:

    1. The processes of the production and the consumption are not synchronous. This means that several kinds of service do not connect with the presence of the client (cleaning the rooms).
    2. Limited possibility of the keeping.
    3. Urgency of the service. The problem concerning the service must be solved very quickly. The urgency and the situation of the hotel are the most important factors by the choice of the hotel.
    4. The broad participation of the staff in the production process. Personal service cannot be mechanized or automated. Some technologies are being instituted to speed up routine tasks, but the human element is the determining one of the hospitality business. Therefore the problem of the standardization is significant in the lodging industry. The standards of the service are worked out at many hotels. They are the rules of the service, which guarantee the level of quality of all operations. These are the time of the official registration, the knowledge of foreign languages and the out-word appearance of the personal. The work at the hotel brings the employee into contact with people from all walks of life. Guests will include the wealthy and the poor, engaging and obnoxious. Each guest offers the employee an opportunity learns more about human nature. Employees not only have direct responsibility for guest service, the also have the benefit of witnessing the guests satisfaction. The managers generally need more hands-on experience before assuming managerial positions. The skills of understanding, motivation and directing people can best be developed through experience.
    5. Seasonal demand for the hotel service. It has an influence on the loading of the hotel.
    6. Interdependency between the hotel service and the purpose of the traveling.