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481. Constitutional Monarchy
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

A thousand years ago the Anglo-Saxon kings consulted the Great Council before taking important decisions. Between 1066 and 1215 the king ruled alone, but in 1215 the nobles forced king John to accept Magna Carta, which took away some of the kings powers. In later centuries this was seen as the 1st occasion on which the king was forced to take advice. In 1264 the 1st parliament of nobles met together. Since then the British constitution has grown up slowly as the result of countless Acts of parliament. Then, parliament invited William and Mary to become Britains 1st constitutional monarchs. A constitutional monarch is one who can rule only with the support of parliamentary. The Bill of Rights was the 1st legal step towards constitutional monarchy. This Bill prevented the monarch from making laws or having an army without Parliaments approval. Since 1689 the power of parliament has grown, while the power of the monarch has become weaker. The UK is a constitutional monarchy: the head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but doesnt rule. The present Sovereign is Queen Elisabeth II. Today the Queen isnt only head of state, but also an important symbol of national unity. In law the Queen is head of the executive, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the established Church of England. The monarchys absolute power has been progressively reduced, the Queen is impartial and acts on the advise of her ministers. The Queen and the Royal family continue to take part in many traditional ceremonies. Their visits to different parts of Britain and to many other countries attract considerable interests and publicity.
482. Control in management
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009
Peoples behavior, naturally, is not the unique factor determining efficiency of the control. In order to achieve the purposes of the organization the control should possess several important characteristics:
1. It must be understood by those involved in its operation.
2. Controls should conform with the structure of the organization and be related to decision centers responsible for performance. Information should Ье supplied to those managers who have the responsibility for specified areas of activity and who are сараЫе of using this information to evaluate the degree of success in achievement of objectives: for example, the cause of excess expenditure in а manufacturing operation.
3. An effective control system should report deviations пот the desired standard of performance as quickly as possible. Ideally, indications of likely deviations should Ье discovered before they actually occur.
4. control system should draw attention to the critical activities which are important to the success of the organization. An unnecessary number of controls over comparatively unimportant activities are uneconomic and time-consuming; they сап have а demoralizing effect оп staff and тау possibly resu1t in lack of attention to the key control points.
5. То Ье effective, а control system must Ье flexible. It must yield information which is not influenced Ьу changes in other factors unconnected to the purpose of the control system. Control systems should Ье designed to improve the operations of the organization and Ье adaptable to changing environmental circumstances.
6. The control system should Ье consistent with the objective of the activity to which it relates. In addition to locating deviations from the planned standard of performance, the control system should Ье sophisticated enough to indicate ways in which performance сап Ье improved
7. Control systems should themselves Ье subject to а continual rework to ensure that they are effective and appropriate in terms of the results they produce. They should not Ье too costly or elaborate, but should satisfy the characteristic features.
483. Copley, John Singleton
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Copley was born on July 3, 1738, in Boston, Mass., to immigrants recently arrived from Ireland. He began to paint in about 1753. His earliest works show the influence of his stepfather, an engraver, and the Boston artist John Smibert. In about 1755 Copley met the English artist Joseph Blackburn, whose use of rococo lightness and coloring he quickly adopted. He also made use of the rococo device called portrait d'apparat--portraying the subject with objects associated with his daily life--that gave his work a distinction not usually found in 18th-century American painting.
484. Coronations in Westminster Abbey
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The service to-day has four parts: first comes the Introduction ,consisting of: the entry of the Sovereign into the Abbey; the formal recognition of the right of the Sovereign to rule - when the Archbishop presents the Sovereign to the congregation and asks them if they agree to the service proceeding, and they respond with an assent; the oath, when the Sovereign promises to respect and govern in accordance with the lows of his or her subjects and to uphold the Protestant reformed Church of England and Scotland; and the presentation of the Bible to the Sovereign, to be relied on as the source of all wisdom and low. Secondly, the Sovereign is anointed with holy oil, seated on the Coronation Chair. Thirdly, the Sovereign is invested with the royal robes and insignia, then crowned with St Edwards crown. The final ceremony consists of the enthronement of the Sovereign on a throne placed on a raised platform, bringing him or her into full work of the assembled company for the first time, and there he or she receives the homage of the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the congregation, representing the people of the realm.
485. Coroner
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Несмотря на такой успех третий лонгплей, "The Grass Is Greener", был издан почему-то только в Америке. В его записи принимал участие уже новый гитарист, Клем Клемпсон, ранее игравший в "Bakerloo". А еще незадолго до получения приглашения в "Colosseum" Клем играл в ансамбле, не имевшем названия, вместе с ударником Кози Пауэллом и басистом Дэйвом Пеггом. Чехарда с составом на этом не закончилась, и вскоре команду покинул Литерлэнд, подавшийся в "Mogul thrash". А ко времени выхода третьего британского альбома, "Daughters Of Time", Тони Ривза сменил Марк Кларк. К тому же коллектив пополнился вокалистом Крисом Фарлоу (Джон Дейтон). Перед выходом концертника "Colosseum Live" группе удалось получить контракт от влиятельного лейбла "Bronze".
486. Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

At the age of 26 he abandoned a commercial career for art, and from the first showed a strong vocation for landscape painting. He lived in Paris, but travelled about France making sketches from nature and from these he composed in his studio. In addition to his journeys in France, he visited England, the Low Countries, Switzerland, and Italy three times (1825-28, 1834, and 1843). Throughout his life Corot found congenial the advice given to him by his teacher Achille-Etna Michallon `to reproduce as scrupulously as possible what I saw in front of me'. On the other hand he never felt entirely at home with the ideals of the Barbizon School, the members of which saw Romantic idealization of the countrysite as a form of escapism from urban banality, and he remained more faithful to the French Classical tradition than to the English or Dutch schools. Yet although he continued to make studied compositions after his sketches done direct from nature, he brought a new and personal poetry in the Classical tradition of composed landscape and an unaffected naturalness which had hitherto been foreign to it. Through he represented nature realistically, he did not idealize the peasant or the labors of agriculture in the manner of Millet and Courbet, and was uninvolved in ideological controversy.
487. Corrosion of Conformity
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

В 1987-м с новым вокалистом Саймоном Бобом (экс-"Ugly Americans") был записан мини-альбом "Technocracy". На следующий год Боб ушел из "Corrosion of conformity", а за ним последовал и Дин. В результате на длительное время проект оказался заморожен. Очередная студийная работа появилась на свет лишь в 1991 году. Состав группы на тот момент выглядел следующим образом: Веземэн, Маллин, Карл Эйгел (вокал), Пеппер Кинан (гитара) и Фил Свишер (бас). Карл оказался неважным вокалистом, и вскоре его выперли из команды, а место у микрофона занял Пеппер, начавший потихоньку прибирать бразды правления в свои руки.
488. Could This Happen Today?
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Despite world always changes, all the time there are such people, who cant understand meaning of their life due to many reasons, either social or personal. Problem of social inequality persists since the beginning of human existence. Someone can afford everything to itself, but other one is even unable itself to subsist on. Therefore these different classes of people often quarrel with each other; again this inequality gives birth to evil. Those who are at the low level of living sometimes try to carry out the experiments on approving that they also can do anything they want, as the people from “the heights” always do, in a way of committing crimes. They have no choice, as they think, for the reason that there is already nothing to loose for them. Thus, the do such dreadful things like murders. From my point of work all of this is explainable. At first, all these poor (in their material and psychological matter) people have the same, equal rights for living as we, humans, all do have, and the do not want always to be suppressed and humbled. Secondly, lack of respect to them by other people makes them disrespect themselves. They start to think that they are unneeded in this cruel world, thats why they are ready to conduct crazy actions. They lost the right path in their life, the path, where they used to be happy, as many others do, because God created us to live in peace and harmony. In the book the path of Rodions life leads through many adventures to an acceptance of religion over individualism (even some kind of egoism).
489. Country-side
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

I think everyone enjoys being out in the country. The-re is a great charm about gathering berries or looking for mushrooms in the silence of the wood. Perhaps you enjoy sauntering in the fields or rambling through the sweet-scented woods where as you move along you stop now and then to admire the white-stemmed birch trees or some blossoming shrubs. You may like climbing lulls or following strange trails or looking for unusual plants. At the top of each hill, at each turn in the trail you come upon something new, unexpected.
490. Courbet, Gustave
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

In 1848 a political revolution in France foreshadowed a revolution in art, as people in the arts became more open to new ideas. Courbet's early work was exhibited successfully in 1849. That same year he visited his family in the countryside and produced one of his greatest paintings, The Stone-Breakers, followed by Burial at Ornans in 1850. Both were quite unlike the romantic pictures of the day because they showed peasants in realistic settings instead of the rich in glamorized situations. In 1855 he completed a huge canvas, The Artist's Studio, and, when it was refused for an important exhibition, Courbet boldly displayed his work himself near the exhibition hall.
491. Cradle of Filth
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Но в то время как скандинавские команды, играющие блэк-метал, были более заинтересованы оккультизмом правого крыла философии викингов, "Cradle Of Filth" имели более готическую, квази-поэтическую музыкальную перспективу. Это проявлялось в их мрачной острой лирике и использовании виолончели в музыке. Основой саунда "Cradle Of Filth", однако, остается ураган апокалиптических гитар и вокалов. После выпуска дебютного альбома группа вступила в бурную стадию, потеряв нескольких членов и заимев проблемы с менеджментом и записывающим лейблом. В конечном счете, в 1996 году вышел следующий релиз, "V empire: Dark Faerytales In Phallustein". В состав группы к тому времени, кроме основателей проекта Филтса и Робина Грэйвса, входили клавишник-ирландец Дамьен Грегори и гитаристы Стюарт Анстис и Джаред Деметер.
492. Cranach, Lucas the Elder
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Cranach, Lucas the Elder (1472-1553). German painter. He takes his name from the small town of Kronach in South Germany, where he was born, and very little is known of his life before about 1500-01, when he settled in Vienna and started working in the humanist circles associated with the newly founded university. His stay in Vienna was brief (he left in 1504), but in his period there he painted some of his finest and most original works. They include portraits, notably those of Johannes Cuspinian, a lecturer at the university, and his wife Anna (Reinhart Collection, Winterhur), and several religious works in which he shows a remarkable feeling for the beauty of landscape characteristic of the Danube school. The finest example of this manner is perhaps the Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Staatliche Museen, Berlin), which shows the Holy Family resting in the glade of a German pine forest. It was painted in 1504, just before Cranach went to Wittenberg as court painter to Frederick III (the Wise), Elector of Saxony.
493. Cranberries
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

На следующий год "кранберримания" доползла и до Англии, где "Everybody else" занял положенное ему первое место. Из всех музыкантов группы пресса уделяла наибольшее внимание вокалистке, чему способствовала ее помпезная свадьба с тур-менеджером "Cranberries" Доном Бертоном. Позиции О'Райордан укрепились с выходом второго альбома, "No need to argue". Эта пластинка, спродюсированная все тем же Стритом, заняла 6-е место в американских чартах и стала трижды платиновой. Самыми хитовыми вещами с диска стали "Zombie" и "Ode to my family". Вскоре в прессе стали циркулировать слухи об уходе Долорес. К счастью они не подтвердились, а вместо этого в 1996 году на прилавках магазинов появился очередной альбом. Более роковый, "To the Faithful Departed" был записан с Брюсом Фэйрберном, бывшим продюсером " Aerosmith".
494. Cream
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Хотя "Cream" просуществовали немногим более двух лет, их влияние на развитие рока очень большое, как в конце 60-х, так и после распада группы. "Cream" стали первой супергруппой, заложившей фундамент блюз-рока и хард-рока конца 60-х - начала 70-х. Проект был основан в середине 60-х годов. Клэптон к тому времени снискал себе славу участием сначала в " Yardbirds", а затем в "Bluesbreakers" Джона Майалла. В Штатах его, правда, не знали, т.к. он свалил из " Yardbirds" еще до того, как их композиция "For your love" попала в американский Топ 10. Джек Брюс (бас, вокал) и ударник Джинджер Бейкер были участниками английской ритм-энд-блюзовой команды "Graham Bond organization". Брюс также успел недолго побывать в "Bluesbreakers" и у Манфреда Мэнна. Весь трое хотели вырваться из границ стандарта ритм-энд-блюза создав свой проект, который позволит им большую инструментальную и импровизационную свободу, присущую фри-джазу.
495. Creative Activity
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Poe's third book, Poems, appeared in 1831, and the following year he moved to Baltimore, where he lived with his aunt and her 11-year-old daughter, Virginia Clemm. The following year his tale “A MS. Found in a Bottle” won a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. From 1835 to 1837 Poe was an editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. In 1836 he married his young cousin. Through the next decade, much of which was marred by his wife's long illness, Poe worked as an editor for various periodicals in Philadelphia and New York. In 1847 Virginia died and Poe himself became ill; his disastrous alcohol addiction and his alleged use of drugs may have contributed to his early death in Baltimore, on October 7, 1849.
496. Creators of slang
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Civilized society tends to divide into a dominant culture and various subcultures that flourish within the dominant framework. The subcultures show specialized linguistic phenomena, varying widely in form and content, that depend on the nature of the groups and their relation to each other and to the dominant culture. The shock value of slang stems largely from the verbal transfer of the values of a subculture to diametrically opposed values in the dominant culture. Names such as fuzz, pig, fink, bull, and dick for policemen were not created by officers of the law. (The humorous "dickless tracy," however, meaning a policewoman, was coined by male policemen.)
497. Creed
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Будущий вокалист "Creed", Скотт Стапп родился 8 августа 1973 года на американском юге в семье священника. Парнишка воспитывался в строгой атмосфере, а его первое знакомство с музыкой состоялось в церковном хоре, где его заставляли петь. К 15-ти года такая обстановка ему порядком надоела и он увлекся совершенно другой музыкой. Больше всего Скотту понравилось творчество " U-2". Примерно в то же время он познакомился с Марком Тремонти (р. 18 апреля 1975), большим поклонником " Metallica". Стапп был в восторге от того, что его новый друг умеет играть на гитаре, инструменте, который в его семье вообще не признавали. По окончании школы пути ребят разошлись: Марк уехал в Калифорнию, а семейство Стаппов перебралось в Теннеси. Скотта засунули в церковно-приходскую школу, чего он уж никак не мог перенести и сбежал из дому.
498. Creedence Clearwater Revival
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Джон Фогерти (р. 28 мая 1945, Беркли, США, лидер-гитара, вокал), его братишка Том Фогерти (р. 9 ноября 1941, Беркли, США, у. 6 сентября 1990, Скотдейл, США, ритм-гитара, вокал), Стю Кук (р. 25 апреля 1945, Окленд, США, бас) и Дуг Клиффорд (р. 24 апреля 1945, Пало Альто, США, ударные) начали выступать вместе еще в школьные годы в далеком 1959-м. Первоначально известный как "Blue Velvets", затем "Tommy Fogerty And The Blue Velvets", квартет был довольно-таки популярным у себя в окрестностях Калифорнии и даже выпустил сингл "Bonita" на местной звукозаписывающей фирме совместно с одним провинциальным оркестром. В 1964 парни подписали контракт с более престижной "Fantasy Records", которая поставила им условие сменить название на "Golliwogs". В период с 1965-го по 1967-й год группа записала семь синглов. К концу 1967-го квартет полностью перешел на профессиональную работу и окончательно поменял название на "Creedence Clearwater Revival".
499. Crematory
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Альбом показал команду с лучшей стороны и дал по крайней мере один хит: "Shadow of Mine". Этот альбом крепко засел во многих чартах и прибавил группе еще больше поклонников. По песням "Shadow Of Mine" и "In My Hands" были сняты клипы. В период между апрелем и сентябрем 1994-го команда давала множество клубных концертов, выступая на разогреве таких групп как " Tiamat" и "Atrocity". Прорыв, произошёл с выходом альбома "Illusions". Диск вызвал море интереса задолго до своего появления. Ожидание поклонников полностью оправдались, "Crematory" в новом альбоме сделали еще несколько хитов. По песне "Tears Of Time" был снят клип который активно крутился по местному ТВ. Альбом поднял интерес к группе и вызвал в прессе множество интервью и рецензий. После серии концертов и фестивалей ребята снова вернулись в студию. Запись следующего альбома началась в декабре 1995-го. Музыканты утверждали, что этот альбом, полностью записанный на немецком языке, является переходным в творчестве "Crematory", в котором они достигли вершин музыкального искусства. Диск отлично продавался по всей Германии и вывел команду в лидеры немецкой рок-сцены.
500. Criminology
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Mary Douglas' book Purity and Danger is probably one of the top ten most influential books ever written in the last 500 years. It is about the subject of ritual, and rituals are the ways societies and people mark out their boundaries. There are many kinds of rituals: for purification, reconciliation, renewal, purity, passage, and mourning, for example. Douglas is concerned with purity rituals, which relate to the feeling of safety from dangers such as crime. You might understand the idea as the notion that there are "lucky charms" which protect you from danger, and there are plenty of theological examples as well (the Ark of the Covenant; the Holy Grail), etc. Each person also has their "bubble space" for self-protection, which is a kind of purity ritual. The existence of an angry person in one's space is considered dangerous, and everything on the margins (of society; one's environment) is also considered strange or dangerous. When people do wrong things, they are also polluting the purity of the environment, and pollution rules are not as equivocal as moral rules. A pollution rule might call for the immediate execution of a transgressor, for example, while a moral code might give them the benefit of the doubt. Like others (Garfinkel 1967), Douglas is saying that our criminal justice system as well as what we consider rights and wrongs are determined by our underlying, inborn, ritualistic responses. We see criminals as contaminating our world (like dirt). Justice provides no guarantee, but our ritual impulses always come out.

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