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421. Carracci
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

They continued working in close relationship until 1595, when Annibale, who was by far the greatest artist of the family, was called to Rome by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese to carry out his masterpiece, the decoration of the Farnese Gallery in the cardinal's family palace. He first decorated a small room called the Camerino with stories of Hercules, and in 1597 undertook the ceiling of the larger gallery, where the theme was The Loves of the Gods, or, as Bellori described it, `human love governed by Celestial love'. Although the ceiling is rich in the interplay of various illusionistic elements, it retains fundamentally the self-contained and unambiguous character of High Renaissance decoration, drawing inspiration from Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling and Raphael's frescos in the Vatican Loggie and the Farnesina. The full untrammelled stream of Baroque illusionism was still to come in the work of Cortona and Lanfranco, but Annibale's decoration was one of the foundations of their style. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Farnese Ceiling was ranked alongside the Sistine Ceiling and Raphael's frescos in the Vatican Stanze as one of the supreme masterpieces of painting. It was enormously influential, not only as a pattern book of heroic figure design, but also as a model of technical procedure; Annibale made hundreds of drawings for the ceiling, and until the age of Romanticism such elaborate preparatory work became accepted as a fundamental part of composing any ambitious history painting. In this sense, Annibale exercised a more profound influence than his great contemporary Caravaggio, for the latter never worked in fresco, which was still regarded as the greatest test of a painter's ability and the most suitable vehicle for painting in the Grand Manner.
422. Cars
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

На 1984 год пришелся пик популярности группы. Музыканты провели очень успешный тур, выпустили очередное видео и огребли кучу всевозможных наград. Как всегда, вслед за бешеным успехом начались неприятности, между членами команды начались трения, что в основном объяснялось жестким руководством Окасека, мало считавшегося с мнением коллег. В результате в группе в этот период наблюдался застой. Музыканты занялись сольными и побочными проектами. Вся эта бодяга продолжалась до 1987 года, когда "Cars" сделали попытку вновь собраться вместе. Засев в студии они записали свой последний альбом "Door To Door". Однако, к тому времени поклонники уже разочаровались в группе и считали, что та уже неспособна делать такие классические вещи типа "You Are the Girl" и "Strap Me In". Провал нового альбома и сопутствующего видео неминуемо вел к распаду коллектива. Опять начались конфликты и в 1988 году группа была официально распущена.
423. Cassatt, Mary
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Her own works, on the occasions when they were shown in various mixed exhibitions in the USA, were very favourably received by the critics and contributed not a little to the acceptance of Impressionism there. Despite her admiration for Degas, she was no slavish imitator of his style, retaining her own very personal idiom throughout her career. From him, and other Impressionists, she acquired an interest in the rehabilitation of the pictural qualities of everyday life, inclining towards the domestic and the intimate rather than the social and the urban (Lady at the Teatable, 1885; Metropolitan Museum, New York), with a special emphasis on the mother and child theme in the 1890s (The Bath, 1891; Art Institute of Chicago). She also derived from Degas and others a sense of immediate observation, with an emphasis on gestural significance. Her earlier works were marked by a certain lyrical effulgence and gentle, golden lighting, but by the 1890s, largely as a consequence of the exhibition of Japanese prints held in Paris at the beginning of that decade, her draughtsmanship became more emphatic, her colors clearer and more boldly defined. The exhibition also confirmed her predilection for print-making techniques, and her work in this area must count amongst the most impressive of her generation. She lived in France all her life, though her love of her adopted countrymen did not increase with age, and her latter days were clouded with bitterness.
424. Cast
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Группа несколько раз успела смотаться в Америку, рекрутировав себе достаточное количество заокеанских поклонников. К концу года Пауэр сотоварищи выдали сингл "Flying", занявший в английских хит-парадах четвертую позицию, а весной 1997-го порадовали слушателей своим вторым полноценным творением под названием "Mother Nature Calls". Синглы "Free me" и "Guiding star" угодили в Топ 10, но сам альбом не повторил успеха своего предшественника, хотя композиторский талант Джона нисколько не уменьшился. "Cast" вернулись на верхние строчки чартов в мае 1999-го с синглом "Beat Mama", предварившим появление тепло встреченного критиками альбома "Magic hour".
425. Castles of England
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Originally because of the urgency needed to get them erected these structures were of wood but, as they were vulnerable to fire, quite soon the King insisted that they be built of stone. One of the first of these was the White Tower in the center of the Tower of London. These more substantial buildings soon became home to the Lord and his retainers. It is an axiom of military design that each improvement in design creates its own destruction as the attacker soon learns to overcome the latest technology. Thus castle building became a never ending program of updating to create defensive protection. The keep had its own curtain wall with watchtowers. These were originally built square but it was soon found that it was easy for an attacker to use the square shape to protect himself against defenders and also undermine the corners of the tower. A corner would be undermined and the whole area filled with wooden props to support it. Then pigskins filled with oil and fat would be placed in the cavity and ignited. As the flames destroyed the props so the tower crumbled. An example of this can be seen at Rochester where the undermining of one square corner tower is quite clear before it was rebuilt as round tower.
426. Catch-22 (Joseph Heller)
Сочинение пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Given a horrible name at birth because of his father's horrible sense of humor, Major Major Major was chagrined when, the day he joined the army, he was promoted to Major by an IBM machine with an equally horrible sense of humor, making him Major Major Major Major. Major Major Major Major also looks vaguely like Henry Fonda, and did so well in school that he was suspected of being a Communist and monitored by the FBI. His sudden promotion stunned his drill sergeant, who had to train a man who was suddenly his superior officer. Luckily, Major Major applied for aviation cadet training, and was sent to Lieutenant Scheisskopf. Not long after arriving in Pianosa, he was made squadron commander by an irate Colonel Cathcart, after which he lost all his new friends. Major Major has always been a drab, mediocre sort of person, and had never had friends before; he lapses into an awkward depression and refuses to be seen in his office except when he isn't there. To make himself feel better, Major Major forges Washington Irving's name to official documents. He is confused about everything, including his official relationship to Major ----- de Coverley, his executive officer: He doesn't know whether he is Major ----- de Coverlay's subordinate, or vice versa. A C.I.D. man comes to investigate the Washington Irving scandal, but Major Major denies knowledge, and the incompetent C.I.D. man believes him--as does another C.I.D. man who arrives shortly thereafter, then leaves to investigate the first C.I.D. man. Major Major takes to wearing dark glasses and a false mustache when forging Washington Irving's name. One day Major Major is tackled by Yossarian, who demands to be grounded. Sadly, Major Major tells Yossarian that there is nothing he can do.
427. Cathedral
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Как-то вечером в конце 1989 года бывший фронтмен " Napalm death" Ли Дорриан и роуди " Carcass" Марк "Грифф" Гриффитс за пивом обсуждали свои любимые банды "Trouble", "Pentagram", " Sabbath", "St.Vitus", "Melvins", " Candlemass" и т.п. После изрядного количества кружек этого прохладительного напитка эти двое подумали, что и сами могли бы организовать какой-нибудь подобный проект. Однако наутро на больные головы свалился вопрос, где же взять музыкантов для новой группы. Дело в том, что дум только зарождался, и мало кто был увлечен подобной музыкой. Тут Грифф вспомнил про своего знакомого Гарри "Газа" Дженнингса, который вроде занимался этим делом. Послушав его игру, парни пришли к выводу, что Газ это кандидат номер один. Позже нашелся и ударник Энди Бэйкер, ранее игравший в "Sacrilege", "Varukers & Cerebral Fix". После нескольких репетиций стало ясно, что Энди не вписывается в команду, поскольку он слишком медлительный. Бэйкера быстренько выставили за дверь, а за ударные посадили Бена Мочри.
428. Celtic Frost
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

В сентябре 1985-го группа начала работу над полнометражным альбомом "To Mega Therion". К тому времени Мартин свалил из команды, а функции басиста взял на себя Доминик Стейнер из глэм-роковой банды "Junk food". В звучание альбома были введены тимпаны, валторны, а также оперный вокал от Клавдии-Марии Мокри. Все это было очень необычно для металлической группы, и критики проявили неподдельный интерес к диску. После записи альбома "Celtic frost" покинул Стейнер, так и не сумевший толком вписаться в коллектив. Фишер свистнул обратно Мартина Эйна, и тот без особых размышлений снова встал в строй. Вместе с ним группа исколесила почти всю Европу, не забыв завернуть и в Англию, а затем нанесла визит и в Штаты. Выпустив в 1986-м EP "Tragic Serenades", команда на следующий год засела в студии, чтобы записать свой самый известный альбом "Into The Pandemonium", на котором уже было гораздо больше авангарда, чем на предыдущих релизах.
429. Cemetery of Scream
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Начало "Cemetery of Scream" было положено в 1992 году, когда после распада нескольких трэш-дэт команд гитарист Марсин Пивоварчик и ударник Гржегорж Ксязек решили основать новую группу, играющую несколько иную музыку, чем они исполняли в предыдущих проектах. К апрелю 1993-го уже была готова первая демка "Sameone". В ее сессиях также принимали участие басист Джасек Кролик и вокалист Марсин Котас, ставшие впоследствии постоянными членами "Cemetery of Scream". Демо содержало 32 минуты ностальгической музыки, которую можно было определить как мистическо-симфонический дум-дэт с обилием клавишных. Эта работа была тепло встречена слушателями и андеграундной польской прессой.
430. Characteristics of a corporation
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

5.LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES--LLC is a non-corporate business entity whose owners (members) have limited liability and can participate actively in its management. An LLC may be either for a term or at will. It can be managed either by its members or nonmember managers. Depending on the statute, distributions are made either equally to each member or in proportion to each members contribution.
431. Characteristics of slang
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

While many slang words introduce new concepts, some of the most effective slang provides new expressions--fresh, satirical, shocking--for established concepts, often very respectable ones. Sound is sometimes used as a basis for this type of slang, as, for example, in various phonetic distortions (e.g., pig Latin terms). It is also used in rhyming slang, which employs a fortunate combination of both sound and imagery. Thus, gloves are "turtledoves" (the gloved hands suggesting a pair of billing doves), a girl is a "twist and twirl" (the movement suggesting a girl walking), and an insulting imitation of flatus, produced by blowing air between the tip of the protruded tongue and the upper lip, is the "raspberry," cut back from "raspberry tart." Most slang, however, depends upon incongruity of imagery, conveyed by the lively connotations of a novel term applied to an established concept. Slang is not all of equal quality, a considerable body of it reflecting a simple need to find new terms for common ones, such as the hands, feet, head, and other parts of the body. Food, drink, and sex also involve extensive slang vocabulary. Strained or synthetically invented slang lacks verve, as can be seen in the desperate efforts of some sportswriters to avoid mentioning the word baseball--e.g., a batter does not hit a baseball but rather "swats the horsehide," "plasters the pill," "hefts the old apple over the fence," and so on.
432. Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Chardin was admitted to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1728 on the basis of two early still lifes, The Skate and The Buffet (both 1728, Louvre, Paris). In the 1730s, he began to paint scenes of everyday life in bourgeois Paris, among them Lady Sealing a Letter (1733, former State Museums, Berlin), Scouring Maid (1738, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland), and The Benediction (1740, Louvre). Characterized by subdued colors and mellow lighting, these works celebrate the beauty of their commonplace subjects and project an aura of humanity, intimacy, and honest domesticity. Chardin's technical skill gave his paintings an uncannily realistic texture. He rendered forms by means of light by using thick, layered brushstrokes and thin, luminous glazes. Called the grand magician by critics, he achieved a mastery in these areas unequaled by any other 18th-century painter. Chardin's early support came from aristocratic patrons, including King Louis XV. He later gained a wider popularity when engraved copies of his works were produced. He turned to pastels in later life when his eyesight began to fail. Unappreciated at the time, these pastels are now highly valued. Chardin died in Paris, December 6, 1779.
433. Charlemagne. Карл I (Великиий, король франков)
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Perhaps the skill most highly valued by Einhard as well as by the people of the turbulent Middle Ages was the ability to conduct victorious warfare. After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, the nations that came to inherit the land were engaged in frequent wars, trying to conquer lands in order to collect tribute. Clearly, in times like those it was necessary for a king to be an apt military commander because the welfare of a nation almost directly depended upon the territory, and therefore the amount of arable land and natural resources. Einhard dedicates a large portion of the biography to the history of Charlemagnes conquests. He mentions Charles charisma and outstanding leadership skills. If one were to closely examine the record of the most famous or most notorious kings in the history of mankind, the top of the list would be dominated by the warrior kings: Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Sundiata, Ivan the Terrible, and others. In todays world, the violation of other nations borders seems if not outrageous, then at least unethical. But in the Middle Ages, when all government was done by the sword, the winner was the one who was most adept with that sword. What difference does it make that Charlemagne could not read or write if his fifty-three successful conquests brought all of Christian Western Europe except for Britain, Italy, and Sicily (Painter 5) to the Franks feet? In contrast to Charlemagnes spectacular example, Einhard briefly describes the personality of the official king in the time of Pepin, Charlemagnes father:
434. Charles Augustin de Coulomb
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Coulomb graduated in November 1761. He was now a trained engineer with the rank of lieutenant in the Corps du Gйnie. Over the next twenty years he was posted to a variety of different places where he was involved in engineering, in structural design, fortifications, soil mechanics, and many other areas. His first posting was to Brest but in February 1764 he was set to Martinique in the West Indies. Martinique fell under the sovereignty of France under Louis XIV in 1658. However Martinique was attacked by a number of foreign fleets over the following years. The Dutch attacked it in 1674 but were driven off, as were the English in 1693 and the English again in 1759. Martinique was finally captured by the English in 1762 but were returned to France under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The French then made attempts to make the island more secure by building a new fort.
435. Charles Darwin
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Darwin's theory of evolutionary selection holds that variation within species occurs randomly and that the survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organism's ability to adapt to its environment. He set these theories forth in his book called, "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life" (1859) or "The Origin of Species" for short. After publication of Origin of Species, Darwin continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
436. Cheap Trick
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

"Cheap trick" активно гастролировали, регулярно выступая в качестве разогревающей группы с такими монстрами, как "Kiss", "Queen", "Journey". Спустя несколько месяцев после их первого релиза они выпустили свой второй диск. "In color" получился более гладким и мелодичным. Альбом содержал несколько привлекательных вещей, таких как "I Want You To Want Me", "Hello There" и "Clock Strikes Ten", каждая из которых пользовалась большим успехом на концертах. На диске "Heaven tonight" проявился уникальный подход группы к музыкальному творчеству. Парни предлагали слушателям смесь брит-попа с классическими гитарными риффами лучшего американского хард-рока. После успешного тура по Японии вышел "концертник" группы "Live at Budokan", записанный во время их выступления в знаменитом токийском рок-пригороде. Этот альбом стал первым платиновым диском группы. Наконец-то настал звездный час "Cheap trick": публика принимала их стоя и восторженно.
437. Children of Bodom
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Начало истории этой финской команды из городка Еспу, исполняющей мелодичный дэт-метал, было положено в 1993 году Алекси Лайхо (вокал, гитара) и Яской Раатикайненом (ударные). Их проект, получивший тогда название "Inearthed", доукомплектовался гитаристом Алексом Куоппала, басистом Хенккой Сеппайей и клавишником Пирисьоки. В 1994-м была записана первая демка из четырех треков, "Ubiquitos Absence Of Remission". Двумя годами позже на свет появилась еще одна, "Shining". Вскоре после этого клавишник куда-то исчез, а на его место (сначала на сессионной основе) взяли Янне Вирмана Пимейса. В обновленном составе группа стала готовиться к сессиям первого альбома, который собиралась выпустить на небольшом бельгийском лейбле.
438. Children porno
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Passing sentence, Judge Fabyan Evans said King, who was credited in the final recommendations in the Court of Appeal for offering advice on sentences for paedophiles, had abused his position as a self-professed expert on child abuse. He said: "It was depraved, corrupt and persistent behaviour on vulnerable young girls. "You took advantage of three of them, one with learning difficulties." Speaking outside the court, Detective Inspector Neil Thompson, of the Metropolitan Police paedophile unit, said he was happy with the sentence.
439. China
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Some words about Chinas education system. At the first all foreigners students will have to share a room with one Chinese student, which is very common. Days start very early, so theyll have to get up at about six oclock. There are morning exercise in the open air, and they will be invited to join it. The breakfast is at about six thirty. And all meals are communal. Their classes will probably be in English and Chinese, theyll begin at seven thirty. Lunch is at twelve, and then more classes until six. After school day students usually go to the cinema. In fact its very difficult to get tickets. People also like to go for walks, to play cards or just to sit outside talking. The air in the streets is not polluted, because there are few cars but literally millions of bicycles.
440. China's population
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

In modern history the domestic movement of the Han to Manchuria (now known as the Northeast) is the most Migration significant. Even before the establishment of the Ch'ing to dynasty in 1644, Manchu soldiers launched raids into Manchuria North China and captured Han labourers, who were then obliged to settle in Manchuria. In 1668 the area was closed to further Han migration by an Imperial decree, but this ban was never effectively enforced. By 1850. Han settlers had secured a position of dominance in their colonisation of Manchuria. The ban was later partially' lifted, partly because the Manchu rulers were harassed by disturbances among the teeming population of China proper and partly because the Russian Empire time and again tried to invade sparsely populated and thus weakly defended Manchuria. The ban was finally removed altogether in 1878, but settlement was encouraged only after 1900. The influx of people into Manchuria was especially pronounced after 1923, and incoming farmers rapidly brought a vast area of virgin prairie under cultivation. About two-thirds of the immigrants entered Manchuria by sea, and one-third came overland. Because of the severity of the winter weather, migration in the early stage was highly seasonal, usually starting in February and continuing through the spring. After the autumn harvest a large proportion of the farmers returned south. As Manchuria developed into the principal industrial region of China, however, large urban centres arose, and the nature of the migration changed. No longer was the movement primarily one of agricultural resettlement; instead it became essentially a rural-to-urban movement of interregional magnitude. After 1949 the new government's efforts to foster planned migration into interior and border regions produced noticeable results. Although the total number of people involved in such migrations is not known, it has been estimated that by 1980 about 25 to 35 percent of the population of such regions and provinces as Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, Heilungkiang. and Tsinghai consisted of recent migrants, and migration had raised the percentage of Han in Sinkiang from about 10 to 40 percent of the total. Efforts to control the growth of large cities led to the resettlement of 20,000,000 urbanites in the countryside after the failure of the Great Leap Forward and of 17,-000,000 urban-educated youths in the decade after 1968. Within the next decade, however, the majority of these "rusticated youths" were allowed to return to the cities, and new migration from rural areas pushed urban population totals upward once again.

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