Человек язык общество материалы международной научной конференции (6 октября 2006г.) Хабаровск Издательство тогу 2006
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СодержаниеThe Pacific State University Table 1 - Summary of Known Uses in Waste Applications Highway Uses |
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The Pacific State University
the use of waste in road constrUction
Highways and roads demand enormous amounts of materials for their construction. The necessity for earth-based materials creates impacts of resource depletion, environmental deterioration. Environmental deterioration accompanies the mining activities and after mining completion results in air polluting, scarring the landscape, and threatening surface waters and underground waters. The use of "waste" materials in road construction contributes to the safety of the environment.
Industrial waste materials can be used in all constructive elements and they can be partly or fully replaced by the natural materials used in highway constraction. Asphalt pavements, concrete, base courses and embankments increasingly have incorporated 'waste’ resources instead of raw materials. Reclaimed concrete and asphalt, scrap tires, plastics, steel slag, roofing shingles, coal fly ash, and composted municipal organic wastes are tested, cost effective, and high-efficient materials with broad application in roadway construction (See table 1.).
Table 1 - Summary of Known Uses in Waste Applications
| Waste Material | Highway Uses | |||||||||
| Asphalt Pavement | Concrete Pavement | Base Course | Embankment | Other | ||||||
| Blast Furnace Slag | Accepted use as an aggregate in base and surface coarse, research indicates good performance | Accepted use as a cement additive in granulated form, research is ongoing | Accepted use, good, hard, durable aggregate | Limited but accepted use, | Research in Roller Compacted concrete, accepted as ice control abrasive | |||||
| Coal Fly Ash | Past use as a mineral filler, research ongoing | Accepted use research ongoing | Used in soil stabilization | Used in flowable fills, embankment | Used in all types of Portland Cement Concrete | |||||
| Coal Bottom Ash or Bottom Slag | Combined ash as a fine aggregate, performance data limited | Use unknown | Use unknown | Used as a sub-base material, embankment | Lightweight concrete, abrasives | |||||
| Flue Gas Desulfurization Waste | Use unknown | Used as a set retarder | Used with cement in soil stabilization | Used as an embankment material | Use unknown | |||||
| Glass | Accepted use, long-term performance research under way | Past research indicated performance problems | Accepted use | Some research projects under way | Limited use as a paint bead | |||||
| Scrap Tires | Accepted use, extensive research being conducted | Experimental Stages | Used as an insulator | Used with some success - research continuing | Being marketed for use as noise or retaining wall, molded posts, many minor uses | |||||
| Plastic | Used as a binder additive | Experimental stage | Use unknown | Use unknown | Used as fence or delineator posts, guardrail blockouts | |||||
| Reclaimed Concrete Pavement | Limited use, long-term performance research under way | Limited use, research under way | Accepted use | Accepted use | Used as rip-rap | |||||
| Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement | Variety of accepted uses | Experimental stages | Accepted use | Accepted use | Used as shoulder material | |||||
| Steel Slag | Past research indicates good performance | Extensive research, poor performance | Limited use | Accepted use | Ice control | |||||
| Waste Rock | Accepted use, research indicates good performance | Limited but accepted use | Use unknown | Use unknown | Use unknown | |||||
The great results from the technical and economic view points can be achieved at stabilization of the old construction with binding materials, based on various kinds of industrial wastes or by-products. At present different kinds of slags, plaster and ashes are considered as the best among by-products.
The next group of decisions is based on reusable industrial materials as new materials for paved surface construction and roads with low traffic density. The frost-resisting layers can often be built with the construction based on the reused materials. Different kinds of the ashes, the cleared slags (sand) and a mix of fibrous suspension and plaster are the best materials for creating such constructions.
Industrial by-products are a basis for many successful decisions but demand expensive laboratory researches and the feild tests establishing the quality of received mixes.
It is also necessary to modify working methods and the equipment for applying new recycling materials in the road construction. Otherwise, the final result can be less successful, than desirable. The problems of warehousing and transportation of reusable materials demand especial attention and further research.
The constructions creating with the reusable are non-polluting such construction allow to reduce the expenses of non-renewed natural resources (gravel and others) by 30-80 % in comparison with the traditional materials.
The economic benefit of using «waste» materials depends on the kinds of traditional materials, the range of transportation and industrial technology. The size of the effect is the more, the closer the source of waste products is the object of construction, and the equality of the cost price and the cost of traditional material and a waste transportation determines the optimal range of a nonconventional material transportation. At the same time such estimation sharply reduces the limits of residue utilization, not allowing ecological, industrial and economic efficiency of waste reusing as a whole. Thus, there is the underutilization of waste products as building materials, their unreasonable accumulation.
The estimation of cumulative economic effect used in the industrial waste products in road construction is:
,where Epr is the effect received in production sphere of the region; Esoc is the effect received in social sphere of the region; Erc is the effect in road construction from using industrial wastes.
The effect received in production sphere of the region is profit margin gained from the product waste application in the industrial enterprises:
,where Еl is the effect received as a result of clearing agricultural lands and reduction of a payment for them; Eel is the effect received from reduction of the caring landfills; Ew is the effect, from reduction payments for the limited and above permitted standard waste products.
,where Een is the effect, from the environment improvement; Efl is the effect, from including liberated lands in the national economy of the region.
The effect using industrial wastes is equal to costs difference of road construction with traditional materials and the cost of road construction with waste materials:
The great bulk of annually formed waste products goes on accumulating or being stored on the territory of the enterprises. The greatest densitiy (about 64 %) among them is occupied by industrial wastes. The volumes of the waste products accumulation on the enterprise platforms annually are increased. The dynamics product treating the industrial waste and the consumption in the Meritime Province is present in table 2.
Table 2 The dynamics product treating the industrial waste (IW) and the consumption in the Meritime Province in 1999-2001
-
Year
formed, million ton
used, million ton
placed, million ton
Whole
IW
Whole
IW
Whole
IW
1999
7,99
7,96
0,27
0,27
7,72
7,69
2000
67,38
67,27
22,37
22,30
45,01
44,97
2001
65,45
64,98
26,11
26,05
39,34
38,93
Non-realized waste substantially increase the cost price of production put out by the industrial enterprises. It is connected with the expenses on their processing, construction and the storehouses maintenace, transportation, etc. The interests of the enterprises in realizing waste products are increased under the conditions of specifications of payment for their accumulation.