Иностранные языки

261. Polysemy in english language
Дипломная работа пополнение в коллекции 06.03.2012

By the "symbol" here is meant the word; thought or reference is concept. The dotted line suggests that there is no immediate relation between word" and referent: it is established only through the concept. /Antrushina English Lexicology p.130/the other hand, there is a hypothesis that concepts can only find their realization through words. It seems that thought is dormant till the word wakens it up. It is only when we hear a spoken word or read a printed word that the corresponding concept springs into mind. The mechanism by which concepts (i. e. mental phenomena) are converted into words (i. e. linguistic phenomena) and the reverse process by which a heard or a printed word is converted into a kind of mental picture are not yet understood or described.branch of linguistics which specializes in the study of meaning is called semantics. As with many terms, the term "semantics" is ambiguous for it can stand, as well, for the expressive aspect of language in general and for the meaning of one particular word in all its varied aspects and nuances (i. e. the semantics of a word = the meaning (s) of a word).unit which most people would think of as one word may carry a number of meanings, by association with certain contexts. Thus pipe can be any tubular object, a musical instrument or a piece of apparatus for smoking; a hand can be on a clock or watch as well as at the end of the arm. Multiple meaning or polysemy is of considerable linguistic importance, and the process of extension is a concern of historical linguistics. Most of the time, we are able to distinguish the intended meaning by the usual process of mental adjustment to context and register: we dont expect to find tobacco pipes in the school recorder band. The literary language, however, again refuses to give us comfortable divisions of meaning beyond which imagination need not stray. It often forces us to accept polysemy not as a feature from which we select but as one in which we meet the writers intention without restriction.writer may indeed call in the aid of context to distinguish the meanings of polysemantic words; but his intention is not necessarily to elucidate a single meaning but rather to emphasize the uncertainties of daily usage and to point from this to an ironical comment on the human predicament.may allow a writer to work on two levels concurrently, apparently relating one set of events while really indicating something different. We move here towards metaphor, which must be a separate concern, but it is interesting to see how a chosen image can be maintained by word-choice appropriate to the register in which we should normally expect to find it, while the metaphorical relation to hidden meaning is deferred. For example, George Herbert sustains the image of God as the landlord in the poem Redemption by use of legal terms which are in perfect register-agreement with the opening statement:been tenant long to a rich Lordthriving, I resolved to be bold,make a suite into him, to affordnew small-rented lease, and cancel tholdheaven at his manor I him sought:told me there that he was lately gonesome land, which he had dearly boughtsince on earth, to take possession.writer may not confine himself to any normal register but rather create his own by choices that would seem odd or questionable in that context in everyday use. It is useful, though without attempting to draw any impassable line, to distinguish between two ways in which a writers selection of a single word may seem admirable. We will assume that there is no syntagmatic deviation and that the choice is paradigmatic within a context that is free from apparent ambiguity. Of course, the associations and figurative applications of words may still operate even when there is no obvious polysemy.the first way, there is no deviation; the achievement is in tackling the problem of synonymous words. It may well be argued that there are no perfect synonyms, since choice must be conditioned by register, dialect and emotive association. However, the problem of word-selection is difficult and is not much aided by the brief definitions of a dictionary or the listings of a thesaurus. One of the most effective ways of finding out what a word means in current usage is by asking people whether they would readily use it in a given sentence.
262. Polysemy in the semantic field of movement in the english language
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 24.07.2006

Similarly, a subdomain, which acts as Focus on the level of focalization number 2, becomes Topic at lexeme-level, since all the lexemes in the subdomain share the nuclear information formalised by the subdomain. Then, as we move down in the semantic hierarchy which characterizes the internal structure of each subdomain, what is Focus in the meaning definition of the archilexeme (level of focalization number 3) becomes Topic in the meaning definition of its hyponyms (level of focalization number 4). For example, if we take the subdomain analysed above, To move down, the definiens “to move down” acts as Focus in the definition of fall (the archilexeme), and as Topic in the definition of plunge, plummet and come down, the function of Focus being performed by the semantic parameters of manner and place in that they individuate the members of the subdomain.
263. Post-structuralism in France
Сочинение пополнение в коллекции 28.03.2012

Barthes was a prominent post-structuralist who believed that there are two orders of signification: iconic and connotative. According to him, the idea of second-order signification is a myth. In myth there are two semiological systems, one of which is staggered in relation to the other: a linguistic system, the language, which Barthes calls language-object, because it is the language which myth gets hold of in order to build its own system; and myth itself, which Barthes calls metalanguage, because it is a second language in which one speaks about the first. When he reflects on a metalanguage, the semiologist no longer needs to ask himself questions about the composition of the language-object, he no longer has to take into account the details of the linguistic schema; he will only need to know its total term, or global sign, and only as this term lends itself to myth. This is why the semiologist is entitled to treat in the same way writing and pictures: what he retains from them is the fact that they are both signs and they constitute a language-object. He believes that a sign has a signifier and a signified which are related to each other through an unending chain of signifiers because there is not one signifier for a signified but many.1968 Barthes wrote what is largely considered to be his best-known work, the essay The Death of the Author. Barthes saw the notion of the author, or authorial authority, in the criticism of literary text as the forced projection of an ultimate meaning of the text. By imagining an ultimate intended meaning of a piece of literature one could infer an ultimate explanation for it. But Barthes points out that the great proliferation of meaning in language and the unknowable state of the authors mind makes any such ultimate realization impossible [11].his essay, Barthes criticizes the method of reading and criticism that relies on aspects of the author's identity - his or her political works, historical context, religion, ethnicity, psychology, or other biographical or personal attributes - to distill meaning from the author's work. In this type of criticism, the experiences and biases of the author serve as a definitive explanation of the text. Readers must thus separate a literary work from its creator in order to liberate the text from interpretive tyranny. Each piece of writing contains multiple layers and meanings. In a well-known quotation, Barthes draws an analogy between text and textiles, declaring that a text is a tissue (or fabric) of quotations, drawn from innumerable centers of culture, rather than from one, individual experience. The essential meaning of a work depends on the impressions of the reader, rather than the passions or tastes of the writer; a text's unity lies not in its origins, or its creator, but in its destination, or its audience [2]., in his essay, The Death of The Author, states: …writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin. Writing is that neutral, composite, oblique space where our subject slips away, the negative where all identity is lost, starting with the very identity of the body of writing [8, p.120].all the post-structuralists and the Deconstructionists, Barthes gives importance to the context of which the text is a product. At the end of his essay, The Death of The Author, he says: …it is necessary to overthrow the myth: the birth of reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author [8, p.123].Author is always in the past of the text; whereas the Writer is simultaneous with it. Writing always occurs now, in the act of reading it, enunciating it, unpacking its structure. There is no single theological meaning but a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings blend and clash. Assigning the text an author is equal to imposing a limit on this mesh. In the multiplicity of writing - everything is to be disentangled rather than deciphered. The structure is to be followed at every point, rather than reduced to a single angle. The unity of a text is in its destination - the reader; though the reader too is inscribed, not personal. Hence, the birth of reader begins with the death of the author [2].and scriptor are terms Barthes uses to describe different ways of thinking about the creators of texts. The author is our traditional concept of the lone genius creating a work of literature or other piece of writing by the powers of their original imagination. For Barthes, such a figure is no longer viable. The insights offered by an array of modern thought, including the insights of Surrealism, have rendered the term obsolete. In place of the author, the modern world presents us with a figure Barthes calls the scriptor, whose only power is to combine pre-existing texts in new ways. Barthes believes that all writing draws on previous texts, norms, and conventions, and that these are the things to which we must turn to understand a text. As a way of asserting the relative unimportance of the writer's biography compared to these textual and generic conventions, Barthes says that the scriptor has no past, but is born with the text. He also argues that, in the absence of the idea of an author-God to control the meaning of a work, interpretive horizons are opened up considerably for the active reader, because according to Barthes the death of the author is the birth of the reader [11].
264. Power in Ukraine
Контрольная работа пополнение в коллекции 18.11.2010
1. Ukrainian powers of government are divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive, the judicial.
2. The Verkhovna Rada is the head of the legislative branches.
3. The President is the head of the executive branches.
4. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branches.
5. The President is the head of Ukraine.
6. The Verkhovna Rada's main function is making laws.
7. The monetary unit of our country is the Hryvnia.
8. The only body of the legislative power in Ukraine is the Parliament. There are 450 people's deputies.
9. The Constitution of Ukraine was proclaimed by Verkhovna Rada.
10. The Constitution of Ukraine was confirmed on June 28.
11. Ukraine is an Unitarian state.
12. The state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian.
13. The state symbols of Ukraine are the National Emblem, the National Flag and the National Anthem of Ukraine.
14. The National Flag is a cloth with two equal horizontal stripes, the upper coloured blue and the lower golden yellow.
15. The National Emblem is a golden Tryzub on a blue Shield.
16. I know national anthem.
17. The people are the only source of power.
18. The Constitution of Ukraine establishes the country's political system.
19. Citizens have equal Constitutional rights and freedoms.
20. Defense to the Motherland of the Independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine, and respect for the state symbols are the duties of citizens.
21. Citizens of Ukraine perform military services in compliance with the law.
22. The Constitution guarantee the rights to life, non-interference in private and family life, personal inviolability and the inviolability of dwelling, free choice of residence, work, rest, education, social security, housing, health protection, medical care and medical insurance, a safe and healthy environment.
23. There are no privileges or restrictions based upon face, colour of skin.
24. The prime minister of Ukraine manages work of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.
265. PR and Journalism
Информация пополнение в коллекции 15.12.2009

The influence of the PR industry appears in many different shapes in daily life. It involves anything from traditional press conferences and press releases to various more or less successful long-term agenda-setting-related activities. Among other things, strategies for controlling the news agenda are based on producing and serving the media with material that promotes the instrumental purposes of the senders' interests. This type of media influence and strategies for controlling the news agenda are today often referred to by the concept news management. Meanwhile, news material from sources outside the media may also be seen as a contribution to journalistic work and as a way of cutting costs. Observations in line with this point of work have made way for the theory of information subsidy, meaning efforts by policy actors to increase the consumption of persuasive messages by reducing their costs. A reasonably large proportion of published articles originate from external sources - in fact, more than half of the studied published articles stem from material originating from outside sources.
266. PR в шоу-бизнесе
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 13.02.2006
Ëèòåðàòóðà
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15. Ìåùåðÿêîâà Ñ.Þ. Âàø èìèäæ. Ì.: ÀÑÒ, 2001.
16. Íüþñîì Ä., Òåðê Ä., Êðóêåáåðã Ä. Âñå î PR. Òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòèêà ïàáëèê ðèëåéøíç. Ì.: Èíôðà-Ì, 2001.
17. Îãèëâè Ä. Îãèëâè î ðåêëàìå. Ì.: ÝÊÑÌÎ, 2004.
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34. ØåïåëüÂ.Ì. Èìèäæåëîãèÿ: Ñåêðåòû ëè÷íîãî îáàÿíèÿ. Ì., 1994.
267. PR: наука об установлении связей в обществе
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 17.02.2006
Поскольку одежда человека является основной частью его внешнего имиджа, специалисты по «гардеробной инженерии» дают ряд советов мужчинам и женщинам, занимающим разные социальные позиции, с целью улучшить впечатление о себе. Одна из известных книг даже называется «Одежда для успеха». Основные рекомендации все-таки сводятся к тому, чтобы не выделяться из окружающего вас социума: изучите, как одеты люди, которые вас окружают, и в целом следуйте их образцам одежды. Впрочем, не все высказывают такую точку зрения. Некоторые полагают, что одеваться надо так, как требует место, на которое вы претендуете, а не так, как требует то место, которое вы уже занимаете. Эти советы демонстрируют действие механизма идентификации перенесение свойств других людей на самого себя. Гораздо реже проявляется другой механизм персонификации, перенесения своего «я» на других людей в процессе сравнения себя с ними. Наши отечественные модельеры деловой одежды, особенно мужской, рекомендуют небольшое отставание от моды, то «чуть-чуть», которое заставляет видеть в человеке его серьезность, основательность, исключительно деловую направленность. Можно также воспользоваться следующей классификацией стилей одежды:
1. традиционный стиль (форменная или национальная одежда) выбор этого стиля свидетельствует о ригидности, стремлении к сохранению единообразия, культурной замкнутости, высокой степени этноцентризма;
2. однообразный стиль ее носитель не способен на духовные затраты;
3. консервативный стиль расчетливость, рассудочность;
4. классический стиль классически одевается тот, кто хочет укрепить свой авторитет и претендует на престижные позиции;
5. модный стиль свидетельство благоприятного отношения к переменам;
6. разнообразный свидетельствует о беспокойстве и недостаточной готовности к душевной самоотдаче;
7. оригинальный стиль раскрывает предприимчивую личность.
8. экстравагантный стиль подчеркивает свое отличие от других, самоутверждение.
268. Pragmatics: rules of conversation
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 13.06.2010
1. Bach, Kent, "Conversational Impliciture." - Mind and Language -1994 - pp.124-162.
2. Bach, Kent, "The myth of conventional implicature." Linguistics and Philosophy. - 1999 - pp.262-283.
3. Bach, Kent, 2004, "Pragmatics and the Philosophy of Language." In Horn and Ward (eds.) 2004 - pp. 463-87.
4. Blakemore, Diane. Understanding Utterances. Oxford: Blackwell. 1992.
5. Carston, Robyn. "Implicature, explicature, and truth-conditional semantics." Reprinted in Kasher (ed.) 1998 - pp. 436-79.
6. Chapman, Siobhan. Paul Grice, philosopher and linguist. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.-2005
7. Grice, H. Paul, "Logic and conversation.", Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press - 1975 - pp. 41-58.
8. Grice, H. Paul "Further notes on logic and conversation." In P. Cole (ed.) 1967.
9. Grice, H. Paul "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions," Philosophical Rework - 1969 - pp.147-177.
10. Grice, H. Paul "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature." In P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, New York: Academic Press - 1981- pp. 183-97.
11. Horn, Laurence R. and Gregory Ward (eds.) The Hanbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell. 2004.
12. Kempson, Ruth M. "Grammar and Conversational Principles." In F. Newmeyer (ed.) Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988 - pp. 139-163.
13. Levinson, Stephen. Presumptive Meanings. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press/Bradford Books- 2000.
14. Neale, Stephen "Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language," Linguistics and Philosophy - 1992 pp.509-559.
15. Searle John "Indirect speech acts." ibid. Reprinted in Pragmatics: A Reader, ed. S. Davis, Oxford: Oxford University Press. -1991- pp. 265277.
16. Thomason, R. Accommodation, meaning, and implicature: Interdisciplinary foundations for pragmatics. In Intentions in Communication, ed. P. R. Cohen, J. L. Morgan & M. Pollack, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press -1990 - pp. 32563.
17. Van Kuppevelt, J. (1996) Inferring from topics: Scalar implicatures as topic dependent inferences. Linguistics and Philosophy 1996 pp. 393443
18. Wilson, D., and Sperber, D. On Grice's theory of conversation. In Conversation and Discourse, ed. P. Werth, New York: St. Martins Press -1981- pp. 15578.
269. Pravomonarhist movement
Информация пополнение в коллекции 19.10.2009

In general, all pravomonarhicheskie organizations of Belarus, despite some differences, stood on the positions of "zapadnorusizma", believing that the Belarusians, together with the Great Russians and Little Russians are part of a three-pronged Russian people. Not recognizing the existence of a separate independent nation of Belarus, the ideologues Black Hundreds, at the same time pointed out some cultural specifics of the Belarusian people and the political, ethno-cultural and spiritual development associated with the strengthening of Belarusian Russian nation, which was supposed to be a dominant empire in Russia, the dominant position. The main threat to this in the western provinces, in their opinion, acted Polish element, whose influence is strongly felt in all spheres of public life. In this regard, in an open letter to members of the State Duma and the Russian society is one of the most active members of the right movement in Belarus DV Skrynchenko noted: "This is not left" tuteyshego "no nobility, no petty gentry or merchant class, which would not be okatolicheny and opolyacheny. There are only a few newly arrived Russian landowners.russian is really just "pop da slave. And opolyachennye the local nobles, headed by fanatical priests, hurrying to finish here what they had done the old aristocratic Poland, ie okatolichit and opolyachit peasantry " [6, pp.4]. As the principal means of combating the growing influence of the Polish-Catholic, he sees the policies aimed at ensuring that "the Belarusian people to return to his Russian Orthodox... consciousness. Such a policy is in its essence, according Skrynchenko, there is no Russification, and depolonizatsiya. "For its part, say - goes on to say in his message - that local people return to it from time immemorial Russian national consciousness is not the policy of" Russification ". Do not use this bugbear to our side: this term is offensive to the local Russian population - the Belarusians. Here in ancient something more fundamental Russia than, for example, in Penza, and she is covered by the Polish lacquer. And the whole question of "Russification" here boils down to in order to clear the Polish lacquer " [6, pp.7]. Among the measures designed to strengthen Russian influence in Belarus, DV Skrynchenko calls to establish knowledge of the history of the local region, the publication of relevant literature, the appointment to all positions in the local civil and military administration solely those of the Orthodox religion, the establishment of special protivokatolicheskih missionaries. Also offered throughout the province to introduce compulsory education in the Russian Orthodox-national basis [6, pp.14 - 15].
270. Problem of meaning ambiguity in a language
Информация пополнение в коллекции 15.02.2010

Sometimes one meaning of a word is derived from another. For example, the cognitive sense of 'see' seems derived from its visual sense. The sense of 'weigh' in 'He weighed the package' is derived from its sense in 'The package weighed two pounds'. Similarly, the transitive senses of 'burn', 'fly' and 'walk' are derived from their intransitive senses. Now it could be argued that in each of these cases the derived sense does not really qualify as a second meaning of the word but is actually the result of a lexical operation on the underived sense. This argument is plausible to the extent that the phenomenon is systematic and general, rather than peculiar to particular words. Lexical semantics has the task of identifying and characterizing such systematic phemena. It is also concerned to explain the rich and subtle semantic behavior of common and highly flexible words like the verbs 'do' and 'put' and the prepositions 'at', 'in' and 'to'. Each of these words has uses which are so numerous yet so closely related that they are often described as 'polysemous' rather than ambiguous.
271. Problem of sraff (personnel) adaptation
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008
As possible organizational decisions of a problem of structural fastening functions of management by adaptation the following can be offered:
1. Allocation of corresponding division (a group, a department) in structure of control systems of the personnel. More often functions on management of adaptation are a part of division on training the personnel.
2. Distribution of the experts who engaged in management of adaptation, on divisions (to shops, departments) or to groups of divisions. In this case the expert on the personnel becomes the curator of the certain divisions. It is necessary to notice, that the expert on management of adaptation can be as the employee of one of divisions of a control system of the personnel, and the employee of other functional division prepared for this role.
3. ) Development of preceptor ship which is forgotten in the domestic organizations last years. Foreign firms consider the preceptor ship as actively application of the form of trust to the skilled employee, and also as the certain stage in its service promotion. Thus preceptor ship is supported by material stimulus. . As instructors can heads, and the young employees who worked of some years and have positively proved can act as skilled workers with the experience. This experience originating in Japan, successfully develops in last years in the European firms.
4. Development of structural interrelations of a control system by the personnel (in particular, divisions of management of adaptation) with service of the organization of management. In many foreign firms this service is structurally included in system of controlling. A subject of functional interrelations between divisions of management of adaptation and the organizations of management are mainly questions of forms and principles of the organisation of work, system of introduction of innovations, etc.[4;68-69]
272. Problems of the children and the youth
Информация пополнение в коллекции 25.02.2011

Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged 15, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until 3 or 4 in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he will be spending it indoors surfing the Internet. Russell has recently joined at Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr. Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says, "People do not realize that being online for more than 4 hours a day amounts to addiction and they have a serous problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within 3 years.
273. Professional sea English language
Методическое пособие пополнение в коллекции 20.02.2012
1. Off-lying dangers. - An approachа) Песок Р. на юго-западной сторонеto S. isles from south-westward orканала простирается на полторыwestward requires caution in hazyмили юго-восточнее песков В., иor thick weather on account of theбольшая часть осыхает, от 2-х до 4-rocky ledges extending in those di-х футов (0,6м до 1,2м). Группа пло-rections, the principle of these areских скал С, которые ссыхают на 2Nan-deeps, about 2 miles west-фута (0,6м), лежит на севернойnorth-westward of A., C. rocks, B.кромке песка Р., которая подверже-rock and C.B. ridge, and the vari-на перемещению и изменению фор-ous ledges extending north-мы во время плохой погоды.westward from P. head at thesouth-western extremity of the is-lands. P. bank, with a least depth of13 fathoms (23m8) over it, liesnearly 3 miles southward of B.rock; the overfalls make it danger-ous to open boats in rough weather.(hazy - туманный; ledge -риф,гряда камней; ridge гребень,подводная гряда; overfall - бы-стрина)2. Hats, a group of rocky shoalsЬ) Побережье между М. и мысом В.north-eastward of I. islet, cover aокаймлено надводными и подвод-large area, with depths of less thanными скалами на расстоянии полу-3 fathoms (5m5) over it, with sev-мили от берега. Эти скалы приглу-eral heads having depths of from 3бые.to 6 feet (0m9 to lm8) over them; aboiler, which dries 2 feet (0m6) liesclose within the south-eastern cor-ner of these shoals; the approach toС bar lies between the south-western end of these shoals and thefoul ground extending from I.(boiler - котел; to dry ~ ссыхать)3. Off-lying banks. - Cape C. Bank, about 6 /2 miles north-westward ofс) Отмель с глубиной 17 футов (5м2)лежит около 1,25 кабельтова к вос-Cape C, is a rocky ridge with aтоку от мыса С. Между мысом С. иleast known depth of 12 fathomsмысом В., около 2-х миль на северо-(2 lm9) over it near its southern extremity. As the sea breaks heavily in bad weather on Cape C. bank and B. shoal, particularly during north-westerly gales their locality should be avoided at such times, especially by small and heavily laden vessels, (to break heavily -образовывать буруны) 4. Between В. Т. and В. Head, 33/4 miles south-eastward, is a succession of dark, rugged cliffs rising abruptly to an elevation of 400 feet (121m9); thence the coast trends about one mile northward to the entrance to S harbour; it maintains the same elevation, with but few trees and is intersected by deep ravines, but it rises less abruptly than westward of the head. (succession - последовательность; rugged неровный; to intersect - пересекать; ravine -ущелье, овраг) 5. Submarine cables. - Submarine cables cross the harbour from a position close to S. situated 3V4 cables north-eastward of A. point. Vessels should not anchor in the vicinity of these cables, the positions of which are indicated by wavy lines on the chart. (In the vicinity of- поблизости, в районе (чего-либо) Lвосток имеются несколько отдельно лежащих участков земли с глубинами от 7 до 18 футов (от 2,1м до 5,5м), лежащих в пределах одного кабельтова к берегу. d) Банка С, отмель из мелких ракушек и гравия, простирается на 3,5 мили на северо-восток от положения око ло 6 кабельтовых северо-восточнее маяка СР., вплотную к её южному концу имеются глубины от 7 и 11 футов (2,1м и 3,4м), а в других час тях имеются глубины от 11 до 30 футов (3,4м до 9,1м), а иногда и глубже. Банка заканчивается у севе ро-восточного конца в песчаной от мели почти в полумилю длиной, с наименьшей глубиной 15 футов (4,6м). В штормовую погоду море образует буруны на всех участках банки С, особенно на юго-западном конце, при сильных восточных вет рах нет укрытия между отмелью и берегом, т.к. неспокойное море про стирается к берегу. e) Удалённые от берега опасности. - Подход к островкам С. с юго-запада и запада требует осторожности в туманную погоду из-за скалистой гряды камней, простирающихся в тех направлениях, основными из них являются: Напдипс, около 2-х милей на запад - северо-запад от А., С, скала В., и подводная гряда С, В и различные рифы, простирающие ся на северо-запад от мыса Р. у юго- западной оконечности островов. Банка Р. с наименьшей глубиной 13 саженей (23,8м) находится почти в6. S. bank, a shoal of pulverized shell and fine gravel, extends for about 3V2 miles north-eastward from a position about 6 cables northeastward of S.P. lighthouse; close to its southern end there are depths of 7 and 11 feet (2ml and 3m4), and on other parts there are 11 to 30 feet (3m4 to 9ml), with occasionally greater depths. The bank terminates at the northeastern end in a sandy shoal nearly one mile in length, with a least depth of 15 feet (4m6). In boisterous weather the sea breaks heavily on all parts ofS. bank, especially on the south-western end; with strong easterly winds there is no shelter between the shoal and the land, the broken water extending to the coast. (broken water - неспокойное море, close to - близко, вплотную к, to terminate ~ кончать (ся), boisterous - бурный, неистовый) 7. A shoal, with a depth of 17 feet (5m2) over it, lies about 1V4 cables eastward of S head. Between S. Head and W. Point about 2 miles north-eastward there are several de tached patches, with depths of from 7 to 18 feet (2ml to 5m5) over them lying within one cable to the coast, (detached - отдельно лежащая мель) 8. The coast between M. and B. head3-х милях к югу от скалы В., быстрины создают опасность для судов в штормовую погоду. f) Хэтс, группа скалистых отмелей северо-восточнее островка И., за нимает большую площадь с глуби нами меньше, чем 3 сажени (5,5м) с несколькими мысами, на глубинах от 3 до 6 футов (0,9м до 1,8м); ко тел, который осыхает на 2 фута (0,6м) находится рядом, в юго- восточном углу этих отмелей. Под ход к бару С. находится между юго- западным концом этих отмелей и плохо держащим грунтом, прости рающимся от И. g) Удаленные от берега банки. - Банка С. около 6,5 миль к северо-западу от мыса С. - это скалистая подводная гряда с наименьшей известной глу биной 12 саженей (21,9м) возле её южной оконечности. Т.к. море об разует буруны в плохую погоду на мысе банки С. и отмели В., особен но во время северо-западных вет ров, эту местность в такое время следует обходить, особенно малень ким и тяжело груженым судам. h) Между В.Г. и мысом В. 3,75 милиis fringed by above-water and sunken rocks for as much as half a mile offshore. These rocks are steep-to. (steep-to - приглубый; to fringe - окаймлять) 9. P. sand, on the south-western side of the channel, extends lV2 miles south-eastward from W. sand, and the greater part dries from 2 to 4 feet (0m6 to lm2). C. ledge, a group of flat rocks which dry 2 feet (0m6), lies on the northern edge of P. sand, about half a mile eastward of the northern extremity of The Warren. There is small bank off the south-eastern end of P. sand which is liable to shift its position and change its shape during bad weather.на юго-восток имеется ряд темных, неровных утёсов, поднимающихся резко на высоту 400 футов (121,9м), откуда берег направляется на расстоянии 1 мили на север к входу в гавань С, он сохраняет ту же высоту с небольшим количеством деревьев и пересекается глубокими оврагами, но поднимается не так резко, чем к западу от мыса. i) Подводные кабели. - Подводные кабели пересекают гавань от места рядом с С, расположенного в 3,75 кабельтовых на северо-восток от мыса А. Судам не следует становиться на якорь в районе этих кабелей, местонахождение которых обозначено волнистыми линиями на карте.10. Read the text and say what useful information you have got
1. Dangers. - Spur reef extends nearly a mile south-south-westward of Middle island. The western side, on which the sea always breaks, dries 3 feet (0m9); the eastern side was, in 1891, marked by a wreck. Foul ground extends one mile southward and 172 miles south-eastward from the reef.
2. There are numerous shoal patches scattered about the northern end of the lagoon, within 2 miles of East island, with depths of from lV2 to 372 fathoms (2m7 to 6m4) over them. The position of which can best be seen on the chart. (To scatter - разбрасывать)
3. Parry patch, with depths of 2l/4 fathoms (4ml) over it, at the entrance to Rambler bay, lies nearly 2V2 miles north-north-eastward of Marianne point. Elder rock, with a depth of 5 feet (lm5) over it, lies about 2 miles east-northeastward of Marianne point. A 3-fathom (5m5) coral patch lies 7 cables south-westward of Elder rock. About 13 cables north-eastward of Marianne point is a patch with depths of 4 fathoms (7m3) over it. About 4 cables west-north-westward of this patch is another with depths of 3 fathom (18m3) line, in the open part of the lagoon northward of those just mentioned, but ail have a greater depth than 5 fathoms (9ml) over them.
4. Minni-Minni patch, with a depth of 17 feet (5m2) over it, lies 872 cables north-westward of the mined settlement at Minni-Minni. The lagoon southward of Minm-Mmm patch is studded with dangers; but vessels can proceed to within 3 miles of its southern end by keeping a careful look-out from aloft, and of buoying the intricate parts. (To stud - усеивать, усыпать; intricate сложный, запутанный; aloft- наверху,нареях)
5. Dangers. ~ Bank du Vaudreuil lies maidway between the north-eastern side of Nosi Ovi and the northern shore of Rafaralahi bay between Sangajira point and Anorontsangana. This bank is broken in the centre by a passage with depths of from 5 to 8 fathoms (9ml to 14m6); there are some rocks awash on the southern part of the bank, and depths of less than 3 feet (0m9) over the northern part.
6. A detached, 2l/2 - fathom (4m6), coral patch lies 23/4 miles north-westward; a rock with a depth of less than 6 feet (lm8) over it, lies about a mile northward; and some drying patches of reef lie about 2 miles north-north-eastward of Lavalohalika point. A 4-fathom (7m3) bank lies in the middle of the entrance to the bay, about 21/2 miles south-south-westward of the Custom house (Lat 13°55'S, Long. 47°56'E).
7. Coast. - Outlying shoals. - Dangers.- From abreast Maromoni point the outer reef which is of the nature of a submerged barrier reef, and is a continuation of that which begins near Nosi Kivinji off the north-western side of the Am-bavatobi peninsula, continued south-westward, from 10 to 15 miles offshore as far as Bali bay, a distance of 156 miles, or, including the portion northward of Maromoni point (Lat. 14°40'S, Long. 47°28'E), about 230 miles. (Peninsula - полуостров)
274. Project Work in Teaching English
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 20.01.2011
Project work leads to purposeful language use because it requires personal involvement on the part of the students from the onset of a project, students, in consultation with their instructor, must decide what they will do and how they will do it, and this includes not only the content of the project, but also the language requirements. So from this point project work emerges as a practical methodology that puts into practice the fundamental principles of a communicative approach to language teaching. It can thus bring considerable benefits to our language classroom, like:
- Increased motivation - learners become personally involved in the project.
- All four skills, reading, writing, listening and speaking, are integrated.
- Autonomous learning is promoted as learners become more responsible for their own learning.
- There are learning outcomes -learners have an end product.
- Authentic tasks and therefore the language input are more authentic.
- Interpersonal relations are developed through working as a group.
- Content and methodology can be decided between the learners and the teacher and within the group themselves so it is more learner centred.
- Learners often get help from parents for project work thus involving the parent more in the child's learning. If the project is also displayed parents can see it at open days or when they pick the child up from the school.
- A break from routine and the chance to do something different.
- A context is established which balances the need for fluency and accuracy.[1,40]
275. Public holydays in Great Britain
Статья пополнение в коллекции 24.07.2006

In the cities and burghs, the New Year receives a communal welcome, the traditional gathering-place being the Mercat Cross, the hub and symbol of the old burgh life. In Edinburgh, however, the crowd has slid a few yards down the hill from the Mercat Cross to the Tron Kirk - being lured thither, no doubt, by the four-faced clock in the tower. As the night advances, Princes Street, the main street in Edinburgh, becomes as thronged as it normally is at noon, and there is growing excitement in the air. Towards midnight, all steps turn to the Tron Kirk, where a lively, swaying crowd awaits "the Chapplin o'the Twal" (the striking of the 12 o'clock). As the hand of the clock in the tower approach the hour, a hush falls on the waiting throng, the atmosphere grows tense, and then suddenly there comes a roar from a myriad throats. The bells peal forth, the sirens scream - the New Year is born!
276. Racism and labor movement
Информация пополнение в коллекции 25.06.2010

The Archibald paradox is simply the paradox of being colonial…. The Bulletin's republicanism and nationalism flowered out of the paradox. The republicanism worked as inspiriting argument for a time; but nationalism supervened. It was expressed strongly, through the late 1880s especially, as viciously chauvinistic racism directed especially, but not only, against the Chinese. In this the editor, with all his compassionate, world-ranging perspectives, was not alone; but he was responsible. The Bulletin would have seemed at the time simply to be playing out the stern logic of its economnic realism, and standing in necessary opposition to the laissez-faire tolerance of the pontifical daily press. The old world was murderously oppressive; the new must be just and free, untainted not only by poverty and caste but also by strangeness. Thus the paradox worked: the dominant culture, which in one breath The Bulletin lampooned and disavowed, was upheld vigorously in the next. The prospective Utopia, the dream of «Australia» federated, republican, democratic was landscaped for white men only. The internationalist humanism, enacted so brilliantly in the journal's range of reference and its open-pages policy, was denied in the racist argument; it was also undermined and disfigured perennially in much of the Bulletin's discourse on women.
277. Reforming government in Australia
Сочинение пополнение в коллекции 21.06.2010

Reason Two: The states arose in Australia from the original colonies for real geographical reasons. Distances between major regions in Australia are enormous. Anyone who has read the seminal works by Lewis Mumford and Jane Jacobs about the development of cities and the interaction between cities and their hinterlands in the evolution of civilisation, will appreciate the problems of government structure in a thinly settled country such as Australia. The Australian the colonies, and then the states, evolved around major port cities and their hinterlands, and the scope for real regions separated from major port cities in Australia is extremely limited. All Australian history underlines this. All the existing states evolved from central cities and their hinterlands and a real examination of Australian geography fairly quickly throws up real limiting factors on regional development, other than regional development focused on major ports.
278. Regularities of proper name from English into Russian
Дипломная работа пополнение в коллекции 27.06.2011

№English proper nameRussian proper nameCharacteristics1The Lord of the Rings: The Two TowersВластелин колец: Две крепостиOmission, word-by-word translation, 8-4, article+N+Prep+article+article+number+N - N+N+number+N, article + common name + preposition + article + number + common name - common name + common name + common name + common name2The Green MileЗеленая миляOmission, word-by-word translation, 3-2, article+Adj+N - Adj+N, article+ adjective + common name - adjective + common name3The Dark KnightТемный рыцарьOmission, word-by-word translation, 3-2, article+Adj+N - Adj+N, article+ adjective + common name - adjective + common name4Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black PearlПираты Карибского моря: Проклятие Черной жемчужиныOmission, word-by-word translation, addition, 10-6, N+prep+article+N+article+N+prep+article+Adj+N - N+Adj+N+N+Adj+N, common name+ preposition+ article+ proper name+ article + common name+ preposition+ article+ proper name+ proper name- common name+ proper name + common name+ common name+ proper name+ proper name5The Shawshank RedemptionПобег из ШоушенкаOmission, addition, word-by-word translation, 3-3, article+N+N - N+prep+N, article+ proper name+ common name - common name+ preposition+ proper name6A Beautiful MindИгры разумаOmission, word-by-word translation, explication, 3-2, article+Adj+N - Adj+N, article+ adjective + common name - adjective + common name7The Fifth ElementПятый элементOmission, word-by-word translation, 3-2, article+Number+N - Number+N, article+ number+ common name - number+ common name8Saving Private RyanСпасти рядового Райанаword-by-word translation , 3-3, Gerund+N+N - V+Adj+N, gerund+ adjective+ Proper name- verb + adjective+ Proper name9Knockin` on Heaven`s DoorДостучаться до небесOmission, explication, 4-3, gerund+ prep+ possessive сase+ N - V+ prep+ N, gerund+ preposition + prop name(possessive case)+ common name- verb+ preposition+ common name10Catch Me If You CanПоймай меня, если сможешьOmission, word-by-word translation, 5-4, V+ Pronoun+conj+Pronoun+V - V+Pronoun+conj+V, verb+ pronoun+ conjunction+ pronoun+ verb- verb pronoun+ conjunction+ verb11The Passion of the ChristСтрасти ХристовыOmission, word-by-word translation, 5-2, article+ N+ preposition+ aricle+ N- N+N, article+ common name + preposition+ aricle +prop name- common name + prop name12Back to the FutureНазад в будущееOmission, word-by-word translation, 4-3, Adv+ prep+ article+ N- Adv + prep + N, adverb + preposition+ article+ common name- adverb+ preposition+ common name13Requiem for a DreamРеквием по мечтеOmission, word-by-word translation, 4-3, N+ prep + article + N- N + prep+ N, common name+ preposition+ article+ common name- common name+ preposition+ common name14Men in BlackЛюди в черномword-by-word translation, 3-3, N+ prep+ N- N+prep+N, common name+ preposition+ common- common name+ preposition+ common15Harry Potter and the Sorcerer`s StoneГарри Поттер и философский каменьOmission, word-by-word translation, 6-5, N+N+ conj+ article+ N+N- N+ N + prep +adj + N, Proper mame+ Proper mame+ conjunction+ article + Proper mame (possessive case)+ common name- Proper mame+ Proper mame+ conjunction+ adjective+ common name16The Social NetworkСоциальная сетьOmission, word-by-word translation, 3-2, article+Adj+N - Adj+N, article+ adjective + common name - adjective + common name17Meet Joe BlackЗнакомьтесь, Джо Блэкword-by-word translation, 3-3, V+N+ N- V+N +N, verb+ prop name+ prop name - verb+ prop name+ prop name18What Women WantЧего хотят женщиныword-by-word translation, transposition, 3-3, Pron+ N +V - Pron+ V+ N, Pronoun + common name+ verb - Pronoun + verb+ common name 19The King`s SpeechКороль говорит!Omission, explication, 3-2, Article+ N+ N- N+V, Article+ common name (possessive case) + common name- common name+ verb20The Silence of the LambsМолчание ягнятOmission, word-by-word translation, 5-2, Article+ N + prep+ article+ N- N+N, article+ Common name +preposition+ article+ Common name- Common name+ Common name
279. Reminiscences of Janet A. Mattei, former director of the American Associations of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO)
Курсовой проект пополнение в коллекции 05.11.2010

Janet also faced some fairly intimidating technical challenges as well as the early administrative and political problems. One type of request from professional astronomers for technical support seemed to her to offer exceptional opportunities, coordinating observing programs with orbiting observatories. Professional astronomers managing orbiting observatories needed both predictions of events in cataclysmic variables (CVs) and real-time alerts when a brightening did occur. With some help from John Bortle, Janet quickly became skilled in predicting eruptions. By recruiting observers to provide real-time alerts and by making herself available to receive their notification calls at all hours of the day and night, Janet fashioned an active support program that continues to function well to this day. Her success in this program was largely responsible for the increased awareness and acceptance of the AAVSO within the professional community that we now enjoy. France Cordova announced to the world at the 1979 AAVSO annual meeting that an SS Cygni maximum that had been predicted by Janet, and then detected by AAVSO observers, had been observed in X-rays-the first time the observation of X-rays coincided with a transient event in a visually observed astronomical object. No one who was present will likely forget the electrifying excitement felt by proud AAVSO members, most of all by Janet, when that announcement was made.
280. Renewable resources in Ukraine
Сочинение пополнение в коллекции 27.03.2011

In terms of energy consumption per dollar of GDP, Ukraine ranks as one of the most energy-intensive countries in the world because of its inefficient, Soviet-era industries. Ukraine's energy intensity in 1999 at 101.3 thousand Btu/$1990 was more than 8 times that of the United States (12.6 thousand Btu/$1990) and more than 15 times that of Japan (6.5 thousand Btu/$1990). Even more telling is the fact that Ukraine's energy intensity is considerably higher than any of its fellow transition neighbours--including Russia. In 1999, Poland's energy intensity was 28.6 thousand Btu/$1990, Turkey's 14.9 thousand Btu/$1990, Romania's 55.1 Btu/$1990, and Russia's 72.1 thousand Btu/$1990.On the per capita level, Ukraine is more comparable to other countries in transition. Ukraine's per capita energy consumption in 1999 was 127.0 million Btu--substantially lower than the U.S. value of 288.9 million Btu, but closer to Russia (176.7 million Btu) and above Poland (99.3 million Btu), Romania (73.1 million Btu), and Turkey (45.9 million Btu). Similarly, per capita carbon emissions in Ukraine were 2.1 metric tons of carbon per person in 1999; this figure is again lower than both the United States (4.4 metric tons) and Russia (2.7 metric tons) while higher than Romania (1.1) and Turkey (0.8)The Ukrainian government has taken several concrete actions to promote lower energy consumption and better energy efficiency. The National Energy Conservation Information Network was set up to disseminate energy conservation information to the general public, and an international program with the Alliance to Save Energy is helping strengthen the role of Ukraine's nongovernmental organizations and the private sector in raising public awareness of the benefits of energy efficiency. In addition, the United States Agency for International Development, in conjunction with the World Environment сenter, is supporting 18 waste minimization/energy conservation demonstration projects at 10 enterprises located in the Donetsk and Dnipropetrovsk regions of Ukraine. The use of renewable energy in Ukraine was one of the principal goals of the 1996 National Power Energy Program. In 1999, however, renewable energy sources represented only 8.6% of electricity generation, a figure that includes hydropower, solar, wind, tide, geothermal, solid biomass and animal products, biomass gas and liquids, and industrial and municipal wastes. This figure appears low, but it can partially be explained by the fact that the development of renewable resources in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remains limited primarily to expansion or refurbishment of existing hydroelectric units. Indeed, the National Power Energy Program called for completion of new hydropower utilities--such as the Dnеstrovskaja hydro pumping storage station--to reduce dependence on imported energy sources. Yet, renewable energy sources are beginning to find a market in Ukraine. In the Carpathian region of the country, the Environmentally Sound Business Development project is focusing on small business development in wood processing industry to increase the efficiency of the production process by reducing timber use, waste products, and energy consumption. In addition, as part of an alternative energy source program, the Ukrainian State Geology Committee and the Ministry of Coal--along with the United States Agency for International Development, Ukrainian coal companies, and the U.S. coal bed methane industry--are working to identify opportunities to develop coal bed methane as a commercially viable alternative energy source in Ukraine. In addition, the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill in July 2001 that aims to develop alternative energy sources such as solar, and geothermal. Additionally, through the Wind Power Development Project, Ukraine seeks to establish wind power as a significant source of electricity generation by 2020. Of the renewable energy sources, only hydro power makes a significant contribution to Ukraine's electricity supply at present. About 8.7% of total installed capacity is accounted for by hydro plants, but this generates 14.3 bln kWh or about 8% of the country' electricity, table 3. Part of the reason for this low utilisation factor is the fact that most of the major hydro stations are located on the Dnipro River, on which the flow is highly seasonable. However, some of the hydro plant is used at least partly to provide much-needed peaking capacity, to maintain system stability.

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