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701. English painting
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

William Joseph Turner (1774 - 1851) was the greatest English romantic, landscape and marine painter. He was a son of a fashionable barber, started drawing and painting at his early age. His father used to sell the boys drawings to his customers and in such a way he earned money for the boys learning of art. At 14 he entered the Royal Academy School. His water-colors were exhibited at the Royal Academy when he was only 15. At 18 he started his own studio and received a commission to make drawings for magazines. For some years he tramped over Wales and Western England. As Turner never married, he devoted his life to art. Visitors were rarely admitted to his house and no one was aloud to see him at work. He loved his paintings as a man loves his children. At the age of 27 he was elected as a Royal Academician. From that time his paintings became at great demand and brought good money. The last years of his life he spent in a little cottage at Chelsea.
702. English Painting and Art Galleries
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The state Tretyakov Gallery is one of the best-known art galleries in Russia. Different genres of painting are exhibited there. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant and connoisseur. In the middle of the XIX th century Pavel Tretyakov began to collect Russian paintings. A man of high culture and fine aesthetic taste, he selected the most significant and characteristic works of the Russian school of painting. He dedicated 40 years of his life to his main calling: the establishment of a National Art Museum. Many works of “Peredvizhniki” are exhibited in this gallery. Tretyakov started by collecting contemporary paintings, but soon he extended the boundaries of his collection. Art of the XIX th century, works of Brulov, Ivanov, Vasnetsov; works of Art of the XVIII th century and ancient Russian art - all gradually found their way into Tretyakov`s collection. More than once he had to add wings to his house in the Lavrushinskiy pereulok. In 1881 he opened his collection to the public. In 1892 he denoted his collection to the city of Moscow. Since then, the gallery had received hundreds of pictures from other museums and private collections. It has a rich collection of old Russian icons. The world famous icon, "The Trinity”, painted in the early XV th century by Andrey Rubliov is exhibited there. The gallery contains halls, devoted to the magnificent works of such XVIII th century celebrities, as Rokotov, Levitskiy, Borovitskiy, Shchedrin. The first half of the XIX th century is represented by brilliant works of Brulov, Ivanov, Tropinin, Venitsianov. The second half is especially well represented. The gallery has the best collection of the “Peredvizhniki”, such as Kramskoy, Perov, Yaroshenko, Myasoedov and others. Linked with “Peredvizhniki” are such great names, as Surikov, Repin, Vereshagin, Vasnetsov, Levitan. Here you can see historical painting, portraits, stylists, landscapes, seascapes and others. Nowadays the gallery is an important source for studding and promotion of Russian Art.
703. English schools
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The secondary technical school, in spite of its name, is not a specialised school. It teaches many general subjects. The grammar school is a secondary school which offers a full theoretical secondary education including foreign languages, and students can choose which subjects and languages they wish to study. They leave the school after taking a five-year course. Then they may take the General Certificate of Education at the ordinary level. The others continue their studies for another two or three years to obtain the General Certificate of Education at the advanced level, which allows them to enter university. The comprehensive school combines in one school the courses of all types of secondary schools. There are many schools in Britain which are not controlled financially by the state. They are private schools, separate for boys and girls, and the biggest and the most important of them are public schools. They charge high fees and train young people for political, diplomatic, military and religious service. Other non-state schools which charge fees are independent and preparatory schools. Many of the independent schools belong to the churches. Schools of this type prepare their pupils for public schools.
704. English stereotype
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

A conversation in English is full of hints, half tones and half-statements. British people will not particularly like to interfere in other people's affairs. They are known to have a cult of privacy. They generally tend to keep to themselves to hate to intrude in other people's privacy. For example, as a matter of fact, they don't particularly like to speak about their personal matters and interests and when they do, they always do it in an apologetic manner. In a conversation they mostly avoid direct questions and strong dogmatic ones, 'cause the culturally accepted code of behavior doesn't allow asking other people about their personal matters in a direct way. So we see that the British are guided by the principal of non-interfering in other people's affairs. The British see self-possession as the highest quality of human character. They regard the free display of emotions as vulgar and antisocial. They value highly the ability to stay calm in all kinds of situations and leave things unsaid. In one word - British are extremely reserved people. They are also considered to be industrious, polite, tradition-loving, courteous, honest, extremely nationalistic and etc. They are known to have a specific sense of humor. To my mind their humor is delicate.
705. English Themes - My favorite Holiday
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

There are lots of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a New Year tree glittering in colored lights and decorations. Children always wait for Father Frost to come and give them a present. Many people consider a New Year to be a family holiday. But most of the young prefer to spend the New Year there own having parties. As for me I prefer to see the New Year with my family, because I meet these New Years last times with my family and after some years Ill spend it on my own. I must spend as much time as possible with my family because in some years Ill have to leave them to begin my own life and these holidays may be the last.
706. English topics
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008
707. English traditions
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

In the House of Lords of the British Parliament there are two rows of benches for lords and a sack of wool for the Lord Chancellor to sit on it. This is so because in the old times wool made England rich and powerful. In the House of Commons you will see two rows of benches for the two parties: the government on one side and the opposition on the other. In front of the benches there is the strip on a carpet and when a member speaking in the House puts his foot beyond that strip, there is a shout “Order!”. This dates from the time when the members had swords on them and during the discussion might want to start fighting. The word “order” reminded them that no fighting was allowed in the House.
708. English writer: William Shakespeare
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

His plays and poems were translated into many foreign languages. People all over the world enjoy them. As for me, I like Shakespeares sonnets very much. They tell about great love and beautiful dame and a man is a knight. They are ordinary people but great love makes their feelings beautiful. Maybe, that is why I like the sonnets. I hope someday to read his poems and plays in English and enjoy them in the original.
709. English writers
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Agatha Christie was born in Torquay, Devonshire. She was educated at home and took singing lessons in Paris. She began writing at the end of the First World War. Her first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920. That was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot, who became one of the most popular private detectives since Sherlock Holmes. This little Belgian with the egg-shaped head and the passion for order amazes everyone by his powerful intellect and his brilliant solutions to the most complicated crimes.
710. Enid
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Для полноты звучания теперь не хватало живого барабанщика, и на эту роль пригласили Морица Ньюнера, уже имевшего опыт работы со многими командами. Пока решался этот кадровый вопрос, у "Enid" начались проблемы с лейблом, и сессии пришлось отложить. Тем временем Флориан познакомился с вокалисткой австрийской готической группы "Stardust" и предложил ей поучаствовать в создании "Abschiedsreigen". Женский вокал придал работе дополнительный эффект и альбом снова получил положительные отклики. Единственный момент, подвергшийся критике этот недостаток живого гитарного звучания. В дальнейшем "Enid" постарались исправить сложившуюся ситуацию, расширив состав с помощью басиста Тарака, гитариста Таласа и нового ударника Себастьяна.
711. Enslaved
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

"Eld" вскоре после выхода стал культовым альбомом, несмотря на то, что он был менее доступен в продаже, чем предыдущие релизы. На нем "Enslaved" ушли от монотонности и простоты, обогатив саунд сложными прогрессивными элементами. К тому же Грутле на этот раз использовал "чистый" вокал. После появления "Eld" из группы слинял очередной ударник, Харалд Хелгесон, и для последуещего тура срочно рекрутировали Дирге Репа, заодно добавив в состав гитариста Роя Кронхейма (р. 16 ноября 1973). Гастроли прошли успешно и обоим было предложено остаться в "Enslaved" на постоянной основе, на что парни ответили согласием. В 1998 году обновленный коллектив вновь взбудоражил металлическую общественность, выбросив на прилавки "Blodhemn". На этом альбоме мелодичные прогрессивные элементы были отброшены, а на первый план выдвинулись яростные и безжалостные риффы.
712. Entertaiment
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

I am fond of good books and good music, and when I have some time to spare, I like to go to the theatre or a concert. There are more than a dozen very good orchestras in Britain and some of them are world famous. Orchestras in Britain have no concert halls of their own, but play in halls rented from local authorities or private companies. There are 2 big concert halls in London. The Old Royal Albert Hall and the New Royal Festival Hall, which is one of the most modern concert halls in the world. Theatrical perfomances are given by theatre companies. There are about 200 professional theatres in Britain. Like orchestras, the theatre companies usually play in rented theatres, but there are several theatres which have their own homes. The center of the actrical life is London. London is also the main center of opera and ballet. I am not particulaly fond of the cinema. Rather then take trouble of going out to see a film, I would stay at home and watch television. I seemed to share this attitude with the most other people in Britain. In Britain the choice of films is limited to young people. Films are placed in one of three categories in Britain. "U" - suitable for everybody, "A" - more suitable for adults, "X" - suitable only for adults. A person under 16 years of age may see an "A" film only in company of an adult. Only person over 16 years of age may see "X" films. Those, who prefer to stay at home may spend their free time, watching TV, listening to the radio. They have many TV and radio programs to choose from.
713. Entertainment
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

As for me, I am a great cinema-goer. I like the cinema tremendously. I see all the best films that are on. I prefer features films, though I enjoy documentaries almost as much to say nothing of animated cartoons films, news-reels or popular science films. I usually go to the cinema for the morning or day shows. If I want to go to an evening show I book tickets beforehand. I like to come to the cinema a couple of minutes before the movie starts. If there is a long time to wait I can always look at the portraits of film stars hanging on the walls of the foyer, or listen to a little concert that is usually given for the spectators. It is a good idea, that those who are late are not allowed to enter the hall until the news-reel is over. I hate being disturbed when a film is on. If I like a movie very much I go to see it a second time and besides I see many of the movies televised. I often read the paper "Film Week" to know which films have been released and which ones are being shot. I know all the famous script writers, producers and cameramen.
714. Entertainment outside the home: Pubs and clubs Leisure and sports
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

Most pubs favour the 'traditional' image a roaring log fire, old oak beams supporting a low ceiling, and brass ornaments on the walls. At Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, one of the authors of this book had an opportunity to see a brass plaque on the wall inside 'Grace Neill's Bar. The plaque contained the names of dignitaries (for instance, Jonathan Swift), who stayed in this seaside resort's famous bar. Among them was the name of Peter the Great, who supposedly had visited the place in 1698 when he was in Britain studying shipbuilding. Another legend of Peter I is associated with another Irish town, Portpatrick. It is said he stayed there in 'The Blair Arms' and the room he occupied is still called the Emperor's Room. These touching legends are cherished wholeheartedly both by the pub owners and the inhabitants of the two corresponding towns. Despite the fact, that Peter the Great might have never crossed the Irish Sea for a mere pint of bitter. For there was no large-scale shipbuilding in Ireland that time.
715. Entombed
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Но как только этот вопрос урегулировался, возник другой с вокалистом. Петров ушел из "Entombed", и место у микрофона занял Орвар Сарфстром. С ним группа записала всего один сингл, и Орвар тоже свалил в тень. Некоторый период пришлось петь Нике, пока не нашелся "чистый" вокалист Джонни Дордевиц. Вместе с ним команда прокатилась по Штатам, а ко времени европейского турне, где "Entombed" выступили в качестве хедлайнеров, в коллектив вернулся Ларс Петров. В 1993 году вышел "Wolverine Blues", выведший группу в первые ряды металлистов не только у себя в Швеции. На этой волне очень успешно прошли гастроли, когда "Entombed" разогревали " Napalm death". В 1995-м опять начались кадровые перестановки. На этот раз Розенберг передал басуху Йоргену Сандстрому.
716. Environmental problems
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable.
717. Envoiromental protection
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009
718. Enzymes
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

We now know that each of the many thousands of chemical reactions which take place in a living body is controlled by a particular enzyme. Enzymes are organic catalysts which take part in the chemical processes occurring in living bodies. The change of one form of sugar into another, a reaction which is common in living organisms, is a simple instance of the action of an enzyme. This means that in the presence of water a molecule of sucrose may split into two smaller molecules, one of glucose and the other of fructose. These are sugars which each have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently in each sugar.
719. Epistemology and methodology: main trends and ends. (Эпистемология и Методология)
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

An example of each of these types may help to make them clear. (1) When Galileo was investigating the law of the velocity of falling bodies he eventually formed the hypothesis that a body starting from rest falls with a uniform acceleration, and that its velocity varies with the time of its fall. But he could not devise any method for the direct verification of this hypothesis. By mathematical deduction, however, he arrived at the conclusion that a body falling according to his hypothetical law would fall through a distance proportionate to the time of its fall. This consequence could be tested by comparing the distances and the time of falling bodies, which thus served as an indirect verification of his hypothesis. (2) By inductions from numerous astronomical observations made by Tycho Brahe and himself, Kepler discovered the three familiar laws called by his name, namely, (a) that the planets move in elliptic orbits which have the sun for one of their foci; (6) that the velocity of a planet is such that the radius vector (i.e., an imaginary line joining the moving planet to the sun) sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time; and (c) that the squares of the periodic times of any two planets (that is, the times which they take to complete their revolutions round the sun) are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun. These three laws appeared to be quite independent of each other. But Newton systematised them all in the more comprehensive induction, or theory, of celestial gravitation. He showed that they could all be deduced from the one law that the planets tend to move towards each other with a force varying directly with the product of their masses, and inversely with the square of the distances between them. (3) H. Spencer, by comparing a number of predominantly industrial States and also, of predominantly military States, ancient and modern, inferred inductively that the former type of State is democratic and gives rise to free institutions, whereas the latter type is undemocratic and tends to oppression. As the sparse evidence hardly permitted of a rigorous application of any of .the inductive methods, Spencer tried to confirm his conclusion by deductive reasoning from the nature of the case in the light of what is known about the human mind. He pointed out that in a type of society, which is predominantly industrial, the trading relations between individuals are the predominant relations, and these train them to humour and consider others. The result is a democratic attitude in all. In a State, which is predominantly military, the relations which are most common among its members are those of authority, on the one part, and of subordination on the other. The result is the reverse of a democratic atmosphere.
720. Epitaph
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

В 1982-м в команду собрались почти все ее основатели: Джексон, Колбе и Вальц. Лишь за ударными сидел "новичок" Панза Лехман. Этот состав выпустил пластинку "Danger Man" и провел европейские гастроли вместе с " ZZ Top", " Saga" и " Saxon". Однако дни группы были уже сочтены, и в 1983 году она была распущена. Бывшие коллеги разбрелись по разным проектам, таким как "Kingdom", "Domain", "Cliff Jackson Band", "Glass Band". Однако в 2000 году с подачи Рудольфа Шенкера из " Scorpions" команда была реанимирована. Джексон, Колбе, Гласс и Макгиллевери отыграли серию концертов, прошедших с аншлагами. На их основе впоследствии вышла пластинка "The 21st Century Tour". Вскоре Джима за ударными вновь сменил Ахим, а "Epitaph" принялись готовить новый студийный материал.

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