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Ма при обучении иностранному языку в высшей школе материалы научно-практической конференции (6 октября 2005г.) Хабаровск Издательство хгту 2005

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Bibliography




  1. Bittner J.R. Fundamentals of Communication. Prentice Hall, 1988.
  2. Bittner J.R. Mass Communication. Englewood Cliffs. N.J. Prentice Hall, 1986.
  3. Cutlip Scott M.. Effective Public Relations. Englewood Cliffs. N.J. Prentice Hall, 1995.
  4. Grunig, J. Excellence in Public Relations, in Caywood, C. (ed.), The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications, N.J., 1997.
  5. Harrison Shirley. Public Relations. An Introduction. Thomson Learning, 2000.



K. Dubrovina

Foreign Economic Relations and Tourism Department,

Ministry of Economic Development and Foreign Relations

of the Khabarovsky Krai


International Tourism Development Strategy

in Khabarovsky Krai


Publications of the last few years show that tourism has become one of the leading and most dynamic branches of the world’s economy, according to public opinion. For the rapid growth rates, it is acknowledged as the economic phenomenon of the century.

Systems of tourism and the science about tourism all over the world nowadays experiences the period of reconsideration of bases, formation, development of tourism, and also methods and means of its achievement. Necessity of such reconsideration is firstly caused by economic and social development of modern society, also by that fact that the tourism becomes the main product of information about the social life and its management. Therefore to have this information, to obtain it is vitally important for any specialist.

Thus, tourism becomes the unique catalyst of socio-economical development. International tourism has special significance at present.

International tourism covers trips made by travelers who visit places outside the borders of their country or place of residence.

There are two forms of tourism: entrance and visiting.

Internal and entrance tourism is correlated with the category of national production. It corresponds to joint internal tourist consumption, i.e., to the total expenditures of internal and foreign tourists.

The concept of international and national tourism within borders of the country can be used on 4 levels: global (on scales of planet), regional (according to the group of countries), on the level of countries and local (in the borders of separate region of any country).

There is a classification of the tourism:
  • journeys for entertainment and leisure purposes
  • business tourism
  • organized and disorganized tourism
  • individual and tourism in groups
  • commercial and social tourism
  • mass and elite tourism
  • steady and ecological tourism.

Development of tourism is very significant. In some regions or countries the industry of tourism becomes an important branch of the economy, which has a positive effect on the production specialization of other branches of the national economy.

Khabarovsk Kray is one of the most industrially developed territories of the Far East. The fourth part of the industrial production of Far-Eastern region is produced in the Kray. Traditionally the production of defense complex is produced in the Kray, furthermore the Kray is one of the largest forest, fish and gold-mining regions in Russia. The industry of tourism and hospitality as promising trend in the economy of Khabarovsk Kray, becomes the unique catalyst of its socio-economical development. Development of tourist industry contributes to the satisfaction of needs of population, positive influences on a changing territory’s appearance, it contributes to strengthening interregional and international communication service, recovery of business activity, it stimulates key industries of economy, such as: transport, telecommunication, building, hotel management, trade, production of consumer goods and others.

At the same time, the territory of Khabarovsk Kray possesses truly unique natural resources and cultural-historical monuments. The Amur river is one of its main sights.

The convenient geographical position, presence of developed transport system create favorable conditions for development of entrance tourism, oriented, first of all at the markets of countries of northeastern Asia (China, Japan, the republic of Korea). It should be noted that the transit flow of foreign tourists, who follow through Khabarovsk into European part of the Russian Federation, and also to Kamchatka, Baikal, Sakhalin, in Primorye and Yakutiya, has great value in entrance tourist flow of the Kray and occupies about 30 % in its volume. In the structure of common tourist flow of the Kray hare of entrance

flow is 29,6% (33,7 thousand people).

There is an agreement between the governments of the RF and C.P.R. about group tourist trips without arrangement the visa. During a number of years the steady tendency of increase in number of Chinese tourists, who attend Khabarovsk Kray, remains. Chinese direction remains prevailing in common tourist flow of the Kray.

In common tourist flow of the Kray the visiting tourism predominates and occupies 53,3% in its whole volume (60,6 thousand persons). It should be noted that predominance of visiting direction is characteristic of the tourism of the Russian Federation in general. The following countries are traditionally the basic directions of tourists from Khabarovsk Kray: the C.P.R., the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Northern Marianas islands, Vietnam. At the European direction priority are the tours to Turkey, France, Italy, Spain, Egypt, Greece, Finland and Germany. Trips, that include acquaintance with history and culture of countries and also leisure in combination with shopping predominates in tourist trips to the C.P.R. and Turkey. The share of similar trips comprises in different countries 95% and 72,6% respectively. The basic purpose of visiting other countries named above is the excursion tourism (more than 70%).

Annual increase in the number of tourist companies certifies the attractiveness of tourist activity, so at the period from 1999 their quantity doubled. Nowadays 168 enterprises of the Kray held tourist activity, 38 organizations are travel operators. The overwhelming majority of enterprises in the industry are the small enterprise, where more than 1,5 thousand specialists work, about 800 people are directly occupied in the tourism. The public organizations of tourist industry are represented by three associations, most active among which is the Oriental Representation of the Russian union of tourist industry enterprises (RUT).

In the same time, FGUE “Dalavia" positively influences the development of tourism in the Kray. Its policy is directed toward the expansion of the geography of the international air flights of company. Thus, from November of 2003 air flight into city Mudantszyan (C.P.R.) is carried out on the regular basis. “Dalyan (CPR)- Khabarovsk” trip and also eight charter programs along the route “Khabarovsk -Antalia (Turkey)- Khabarovsk” is planned to be held on the regular basis from the June of this year.

Basic countries –“suppliers” of tourists in the Kray are traditionally the C.P.R., Japan and republic of Korea.

Japan

Nowadays 15 tourist companies of the Kray are operating in the Japanese direction. 10 of them specialize in the channel of entrance, welcoming Japanese tourists in the Kray and forming transit tours into the European part of the RF. At present time, the tendency toward an increase in the spectrum of individual stages of Japanese citizens, who enter into the Russian federation is outlined.

The comparative analysis of the tourist flow of Khabarovsk Kray in the Japanese direction shows that the number of Japanese tourists, who enter to the

territory of Khabarovsk Kray, practically 5 times exceeds the number of Russian tourists leaving for Japan.

The basic factors, which restrain increase in Russian tourists flow into Japan, include: high cost of basic tourist services (hosting in a hotel, transport expenditures, service of guide- translator, etc.), weak knowledge by the Russian operators of the Japanese tourist services market, and also an insufficient quantity of available information about the tourist possibilities of Japan in Russian and English languages.

China

For making more active tourist exchanges between Khabarovsk Kray and C.P.R. contributed accepted in early 2002 resolution of C.P.R. government about including the RF in the number of countries, recommended for visiting by citizens of China.

The greatest popularity among tourists from China is won by transit trips with further visit of the cultural-historical centers of Russian Federation - Moscow and St.-Petersburg and also excursion stages around Khabarovsk city.

The analysis of departure of Russian tourists into China according the purpose of trips shows that the share of trips with cultural and cognitive, educational, medical and sanitary purpose steadily grows in recent years. Special popularity among the tourists is gained by excursion tours into the capital of the C.P.R. Beijing, and also Harbin and Ghuanchzhou; leisure at sea in the cities as Dalyan, Veykhay, Tsindao, Beydaykhe, Sanya; shopping trips into the such cities as Fuyuan, Suyfynkhe and Zhaokhe; treatment in the sanatorium of “Udalyanchi”.

The departure of Russian tourists abroad traditionally occupies the greatest weight in the section of the directions of tourist activity, because it does not require additional investments in the creation of trip.

The following countries are traditionally the basic directions of departure of tourists of Khabarovsk Kray abroad: the C.P.R., the republic of Korea, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, northern Marianas islands, Vietnam. In the European direction priority is given to the tours into Turkey, France, Italy, Spain, Egypt, Greece, Finland and Germany. It should be noted that the share of trips with cultural and cognitive, educational, medical and sanitary purpose steadily grows in recent years.

As it>
Beginning from the year of 2002, complex presentations of Kray were held in France (Paris), Japan (cities of Tokyo, Osaka), in the republic of Korea (Soul), in the C.P.R. (cities Shanghai, Ghuanchzhou), in Vietnam (Khanoye).

Annually the Kray participates in the leading international tourist exhibitions as: "MITT - journeys and tourism" (Moscow), "DalTur" (Vladivostok), “JATA World Travel Fair” (Japan), "CHITM" (C.P.R.).

Creation of the " information tourist center of support " for the Russian and foreign tourists is planned in the nearest prospect in Khabarovsk, where advertising and information material about the tourist potential of the Kray, the cultural events will be concentrated. Lingual support for foreign citizens will be offered, and the work of reference service and special service about safeguard is also is planned to work.

The Far-Eastern tourist forum the "Prospects for the development of tourism in the Russian Far East" took place in Khabarovsk on 15 - 16 September of 2004, which was organized and carried out by the government of the Khabarovsk Kray with support and participation of committee on economic policy, enterprise and tourism of the State Duma of the RF, federal agency on the physical culture, the sport and tourism of the RF, Commodity chamber of the RF, the Russian union of tourist industry and interregional association of the economic cooperation of subjects of the Russian Federation "Far East and Transbaikalia".

More than 180 representatives of state authority of the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation, representatives of business and scientific organizations from 12 regions of country participated in the forum work.

The key subjects discussed on the forum were the improvement of legal norm base of tourism in the Russian Federation, interactions of authority and business, state and prospects for the development of tourism in the Russian Far East. Furthermore, questions of development of interregional collaboration in the region of tourism were discussed, and also system of training of personnel for industry of tourism and hospitality.

We hope that the systematic and goal-directed fulfillment of "The basic trends of development of tourism in the Khabarovsk Kray at the period from 2003 to 2007", that was affirmed by the decision of the government of the Khabarovsk Kray in the beginning of 2003 years, will contribute to the development of the tourist infrastructure of the Kray, to an increase in the tourists flow, to the creation of an attractive image of the Kray as one of the tourist centers of the Russian Far East.

Despite the fact that entrance tourism is prevented by many factors such as: political and economic instability, aggravation of the criminal situation and terrorist acts, laws and formalities of neighboring foreign countries, and additional tax collections, reduction of trips, which as a rule, flew over republics, absence of necessary material and technical base, the concentrated anti-advertising of Russia in the West, negative information about public and political position of Russia and many others, Russia possesses the potential of international tourism development.

It can be supported by:
  • development of sale markets and wide spheres of the capital application, attracting foreign investors;
  • the guarantee of freedom of motion on the most territory of the country;

Development of tourism industry.

The following factors have high value in sale markets:
  • Increase in authenticity of information about the international tourism, i.e. the collection of information, examination, study of international tourism, analytic and diagnostic activity on the basis of the obtained information. The problem of statistical information about the tourism in Russia still remains.
  • The segmenting of tourist market, i.e. the assignment of services according to tastes, interests, habits, possibilities and so forth. With the aggravation of rivalry the least nuances of consumer demand should be trapped.

Development of tourist services assignment on the world market is steadily increasing. Special importance is given to the hosting and catering at the present time.

The basic conditions of marketing in servicing are: taking into consideration local conditions, determination of sales and servicing policy, elaborating the strategy of income management, system of a constant improvement of servicing, elaborating price policy. Recently acceptance and noncommercial distribution such as staying with relatives, friends, and acquaintances has become popular all over the world.

Development of tourism contributes to strengthening of intergovernmental and interregional communications, it leads to broadening of business collaboration, it stimulates and influences different industries such as transport, building, hotel management, trade, telecommunication, culture and others.

International tourism in Russia constantly develops. Nowadays it enters into a new development stage, which required from the Russian Federation to reexamine international tourism from the position of development of world tourism and development of time.

For achievement of positive results from the international tourism it is necessary to support and develop internal tourism so that money are laid out inside the country, but not abroad.

If development of tourism is planned unprofessionally, it can happen that the country invests more in tourism than get profit from it. In order to succeed in tourist business, the following factors are required: professionally based on the needs of the tourist services consumer organization of production and sales of trips, good knowledge of international law standards and rules, practice of tourist management and marketing, situation in the market of tourism.


Bibliography


1. Federal Law “About the basis of tourism activity in the Russian Federation” November, 11, 1996.

2. Order of President of the Russian Federation “About reorganization and development tourism in the Russian Federation” December, 22, 1995.

3. Alexandrova A.Y. “International Tourism” Moscow 2001.

4. The Report of the deputy chief executive of the government of the Khabarovsk Kray A.B.Levintal “The strategy and main directions on governmental control over tourism industry of the Khabarovsky Krai”


Y.I. Zagurskaya

Khabarovsk City Administration


Community Action Committees:

Developmental Change and Maturation


In the new Russia, the maturation of local self-government is a prolonged and complex process. The most important problem, in addition to those of local self-government organs and exercising their powers, is the problem of development of the social basis for the local self-governments, that is, Community Action Committees.

The procedure for the organization and operation of Community Action Committees is governed by the federal laws, the laws of Russia' s 89 regions, municipal charters, and by other laws and regulations.

The adoption of the federal law On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation (No. 131-FL of Oct. 6, 2003) is a confirmation of the fact that under the new socio-economic conditions there is a pronounced tendency on the part of the public to exercising true democracy in this or that form. The law allows substantial widening of the forms of direct participation of the public in the operation of local self-governments. I will now proceed to examine in detail the issue of Community Action Committees.

According to the federal law No. 131-FL, the “Community Action Committee” means self-organization of citizens within their community for undertaking, on their own responsibility, independent initiatives on issues of local jurisdiction.

In other words, the operation of Community Action Committee is manifested in the initiatives of the citizens, which are directed at satisfying the needs of the residents of the given territory.

Community Action Committees are operated in close contact with the local authorities.

It should be noted that the existence of Community Action Committees are not mandatory, compared with the organs of local authority. To be sure, Community Action Committees cannot exercise administrative powers over the population. At the same time, the existence of Community Action Committees allows for every interested citizen to participate in the discussion and tackling of the issues of local jurisdiction. Simply put, Community Action Committees are intermediate bodies between the public and the authorities.

On the one hand, Community Action Committees influence the authorities from below, provide their support to them, and make their interests known and on the other hand, Community Action Committees attract citizens to the opportunities to influence the decision-making process.

There is no denying the fact that the process of development of Community Action Committees is a daunting task at best.

By now, much has been done in Khabarovsk City to develop Community Action Committees; highly experienced specialists have been employed in the city government to address the problem. I would like to attract your attention to the analysis of materials pertaining to the experience accumulated on this issue at the Community Action Committees in the Northern District of Khabarovsk City.

One of the forms of Community Action Committees in the Northern District of Khabarovsk City is the creation of Apartment House Action Committees.

Today, there are 326 registered Apartment House Action Committees in the Northern District of Khabarovsk City, or about 36 percent of the total number (892) of municipal housing. There has been set up an Apartment House Action Committee Council.

The number of active-minded residents composing the Apartment House Action Committees is about 650, or about 1 percent of the district's adult population. It should be pointed out here that systematic work on creation of Apartment House Action Committees in the Northern District has been under way since 2002 when Khabarovsk City mayor approved the My Courtyard, My Apartment House program. From that time on, the Khabarovsk City Government has been preparing annual plans for municipal activities carried out together with active-minded residents of the city.

To implement the municipal activities plans there have been elected Apartment House Action Committees in the Northern District; in 2002 there were 363 meetings of residents held, resulting in the election of 180 Apartment House Action Committees, or 50 percent. In 2003 there were 372 meetings of residents held, resulting in the election of 93 Apartment House Action Committees, or 25 percent. In 2004 there were 222 meetings of residents held, resulting in the election of 53 Apartment House Action Committees, or 24 percent. These meetings have shown a low level of activity on the part of the residents, as well as their unwillingness and uneasiness in accepting responsibility for bettering their apartment houses; most of the residents present at the meetings were only interested in the housing overhaul and utilities services.

We can’t deny the fact that the Soviet-era psychology of a “free ride” is still there, but at the same time, the Courtyard Improvement movement results show that more and more residents are taking an active part in tackling housing improvement issues. This fact of personal participation in community work is very important. The Courtyard Improvement movement has been under way in the district for only three years, but the growth of resident activity represents a consistent trend. For instance, while in 2002 there were no winners in the municipal Courtyard Improvement contests, in 2003, the apartment house and its courtyard at 8a Admiral Street won 2nd and 3rd Awards, respectively, and the courtyard at 17 Amur Blvd won the 2nd Award in the municipal contest for the Best Wintertime Courtyard thanks to active participation of its residents. The situation in 2004 was characterized by the same trends as 2003, and apartment houses with their courtyards won awards in the municipal contests thanks to active participation of both their residents and Apartment House Action Committees.

To be sure, active-minded residents should be encouraged. So, in 2003 and 2004, 103 activists in the district were awarded money prizes in accordance with the Municipal Housing Improvement directive, approved by Khabarovsk City mayor, which, no doubt, further encourages them to be active in municipal work.

Apartment House Action Committees actively participate in monthly courtyard upkeep, improvement, and tree planting programs. Encouraged residents take part in mass courtyard events (the Courtyard Day, etc.), and monitor the maintenance of housing facilities.

Of course, this movement leaves much to be desired. The main priority is: to activate the residents, to help them shed their apathy and indifference to the changes in the municipal practice, and encourage their involvement in community work. To this end, much more attention should be paid to the promotion of the Community Action Committees by means of billboards, booklets, mass media coverage (television, newspapers), encouragement of the most active Apartment House Action Committees, round table discussions, etc. As to the issue of further attraction of active-minded residents to monitoring the maintenance of housing facilities, it is recommended to set up Community Inspection Groups responsible for monitoring the maintenance of housing facilities and courtyard improvement with the powers of preparing papers for future writs and premise inspection records. To be sure, it is necessary to continue encouraging the activists of the Apartment House Action Committees based on their real contribution to community work and continue with the contests for the best apartment house and its courtyard.

As things stand now, the allocation from the municipal budget of certain sums of money to the municipal grant fund will allow the Community Action Committees to carry out community improvement projects, including courtyard improvement. It will also help activate the residents and involve them in community work. Judging by experience accumulated in other Russian cities, for instance, Novosibirsk, allocations encourage community dwellers to actively participate in community work. And joint efforts on the part of city governments and citizens often improve the city landscape in such a way as that it looks absolutely different from that of the previous years.

I will now proceed to one more important issue of self-organization of citizens, that is, Apartment Owners Partnership because the conditions a person lives in have always been a top priority; actually, we are all fellow residents and are users of utilities services.

According to the Housing Laws of the Russian Federation, “Apartment Owners Partnership” is a nonprofit organization of apartment owners living in the same apartment building, set up for joint management of the housing facilities to ensure their trouble-free operation, ownership, and use within the laws in force in the Russian Federation.

By its very nature, Apartment Owners Partnership guarantees that money allocated for the upkeep of community property will be used exclusively for the improvement of the specific apartment house and for raising the quality of utilities services provided. The very residents decide how to best allocate this money.

The advantages of setting up Apartment Owners Partnerships as a form of management of housing facilities are as follows:
  • All cash payments collected for apartment house upkeep are accumulated in the Apartment Owners Partnership’s clearing account and used exclusively for its needs; cash flow is monitored by apartment owners themselves.
  • Residents are entitled to specify an apartment house upkeep payment amount at their meeting and this amount may turn out to be much less that that approved by city mayor (we can offer specifics).

In the Northern District of Khabarovsk City, the systematic work on setting up Apartment Owners Partnerships among municipal housing buildings was begun in 2003.

The Apartment Owners Partnership Program designed for the Northern District of Khabarovsk City and approved by the city mayor includes the following municipal apartment houses:
  • Apartment houses that have been covered by the Apartment Owners Partnership and condominium formation program under way, that is, new housing, departmental houses, the ownerless house at 32 Siberian Street, the Guarantor Condominium houses (11 former municipal houses at 52, 52а, 54, 56, 66, 68, 70, 76, 78, 80, 82 Uborevich Street);
  • 11 municipal houses (at 200, 222 Tikhookeanskaya Street, 76 Tryokhgornaya Street, 8, 10 Strelnikov Street, 50, 52 Rudnev Street, 21 Chkalov Street, 2 Polotsky Lane, and 15, 17 Boiko-Pavlov Street).

Concerning the first group of houses, we may say for sure that Apartment Owners Partnerships and condominiums will be registered; as for the second group consisting of municipal houses, there are certain doubts about them. The fact is that the houses are in good order (less than 5 percent of depreciation), but there were not taken into consideration the most important criteria for setting up an Apartment Owners Partnership there, that is, unwillingness of the residents themselves and lack of an initiative group.

There have been held from two to three meetings of residents of each municipal house, at which the advantages of setting up an Apartment Owners Partnership were discussed, but unfortunately, not a single house decided to set up an Apartment Owners Partnership.

It is quite evident that the availability of an initiative group and of interested residents contributed much to making a decision on setting up an Apartment Owners Partnership. When there were no interested residents or representatives of utility companies interested in servicing the housing facilities (for example, in the case of the Guarantor Apartment Owners Partnership composed of 11 municipal houses), then the result was negative for sure.

At present, 21 Apartment Owners Partnerships (totaling 44 houses) are registered in the district. The forms of management are as follows:
  • Economically viable: 12 Apartment Owners Partnerships (totaling 13 houses);
  • Managed by private companies and by hired managers: 2 Apartment Owners Partnerships (totaling 24 houses);
  • Managed by housing & public utilities companies: 3 Apartment Owners Partnerships (totaling 3 houses) (now, they are serviced by private companies);
  • The remaining 4 houses are under construction (pending commissioning).

Of course, registered as Apartment Owners Partnerships are mainly newly built houses because the developer is guided by the laws in force in the Russian Federation, which oblige it to set up Apartment Owners Partnerships already during the construction stage (Governor’s Decree No. 396, 2001). The most recent exclusion was the Guarantor Apartment Owners Partnership (11 former municipal houses in Uborevich Street).

In 2004, the District Management Committee held 18 meetings of residents to set up Apartment Owners Partnerships, as a result of which there were formed and registered Apartment Owners Partnerships totaling 13 municipal houses (the Yasnoye Apartment Owners Partnership). Another 11 houses (the Tikhookeanskaya-Tryokhgornaya Neighborhood) have applied for registration. In this case, the initiative was undertaken by the owners of private companies (limited liability companies) who want to service the housing facilities. Of course, it is better when the initiative is undertaken by the residents themselves.

The general trends hindering the creation of Apartment Owners Partnerships in municipal housing are always the same, they are:
  • First, the houses are in poor condition. It is not quite clear who will finance the overhaul of old houses prior to their transfer to management by Apartment Owners Partnerships. It is necessary to first repair the houses and then transfer them to Apartment Owners Partnership’s management.

By today, the municipal housing facilities are rather depreciated: of 892 municipal houses in the district, depreciated housing represents about 30 percent.

It is recommended to allocate earmarked money resources to those apartment owners, who will venture to form an Apartment Owners Partnership. This may be done within a long-term municipal program designed to prepare the housing facilities for their transfer to Apartment Owners Partnership management.
  • The next most important reason is lack of media promotion, especially on television. It is necessary to intensify media promotion, hold seminars with participation of Apartment Owners Partnerships’ chairpersons who are experienced enough in this field; promotion in local newspapers and on television of Apartment Owners Partnership’s advantages illustrated by examples of the most successful ones. I would call this promotion a propaganda campaign (with a feedback loop) to influence public opinion.
  • The protracted period of documents preparation for Apartment Owners Partnership (and earlier, condominiums) registration has also hindered the success of this movement. It is recommended to work out a mechanism with clearly specified periods for documents processing at all the agencies taking part in this or that form in the registration procedures and documents preparation (at the Guarantor Apartment Owners Partnership, registered on the basis of municipal houses, registration of Apartment Owners Partnerships and condominiums have been carried out for two years already). Unfortunately, the city agencies create many forms of administrative difficulties and are too slow in considering documents needed for Apartment Owners Partnership registration.
  • Apartment Owners Partnerships should be efficient and flexible enough to attract apartment owners. It is recommended to approach the Municipal Duma (legislature) to prepare a bill for granting tax privileges to those apartment owners, who are planning to form Apartment Owners Partnerships.
  • It is recommended to hold workshops for Apartment Owners Partnerships' chairpersons and managers on apartment house maintenance and utilities services, on cost estimate preparation, and on streamlining of housing services to cut their costs.

The best kind of Apartment Owners Partnership promotion is an example of its successful operation. And we must do everything possible to create such conditions for successful examples to increase.