Урбанизация «диких» видов птиц в контексте эволюции урболандшафта

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Содержание Sciurus vulgaris Mus domesticus Gletrionomys rutilis

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Млекопитающие


Белка обыкновенная ( Sciurus vulgaris) - 86

Долгопят бирманский (Tarsius bancanus) – 42

Крыса серая (Rattus norvegicus) - 44

Луговая собачка чернохвостая (Cynomys ludovicianus) - 40

Мышь домовая ( Mus domesticus) – 44

Мышь малая лесная (Sylvaemus uralensis) – 91-92, 93

Мышь полевая (Apodemus agrarius)90

Полёвка рыжая (Gletrionomys glareolus) – 38, 91-92, 93

Полёвка красная ( Gletrionomys rutilis) – 75

Полёвка тёмная (Microtus agrestis) - 92

Человек разумный (Homo sapiens) – 57, 71, 89


English Summaries


Chapter I. Urbanization processes in wild bird & mammal species: transformation of metapopulation system or adatations on individual level?


The present research deals with urbanization of wild bird and mammal species. Forms and mechanisms of population steadiness in the urban landscape have been examined. The urbanization process turned out to be a directed change of the population system forming de novo in the urbolandscape leading to a sustainable organization peculiar for the particular environment. The population organization of different types in urbolandscape is found to provide its stability under conditions of directed and fast changes accompanied with instability and heterogenous structure of habitats. It is shown that the same type of population organization meets the corresponding demands among different species settling in the urban environment. Its features are "openness" and "flowage" of the groups, far order of settlement levels and other units of population system, constant movements of the individuals between the groups as a respond to the signals of urboenvironment significant changes. The "urban" variant of the population system organization turns out to be opposite to that of the same species in the non-urban habitats. After formation of the urban types by the species and successful developing of the town, the urban population becomes separated from the maternal local population and begins to exist independently in the urban landscape. The variety of adaptation aberrations in ecology, behavior, and mode of life of urban birds is the population system stability function in the urban landscape and is not a result of individual selection. It is shown that the urbanization process of the species goes firstly on the population level being the system structure transformation developed by the species towards the most stable state in the town (city) territory. Only after the appearance of stable urban population, the urban individuals show the rapid growth of different changes in ecology, behavior, mode of life that was traditionally described by naturalists as species adaptation to the city conditions. The key features of urban population stability/instability are described. Their application to closely related species allows us to distinguish potential urbanists from unstable and vulnerable species that could be soon pushed out of the city. The application of corresponding criteria to the urban populations of such species constituting one guild allows us to predict if their developing in the given town would be successful or unsuccessful. The latter is very important since close species are, as a rule, ecologically indistinguishable in the urbanized landscapes. So one can not predict successful/unsuccessful urbanization taking into account the differences in the range of habitats, breeding success, and other external features.


Chapter II. Steadiness mechanisms in urbanized bird populations: serfing on waves of environmental changes


The present research deals with urbanization of wild bird and mammal species. Forms and mechanisms of population steadiness in the urban landscape have been examined. The urbanization process turned to be the directed change of population system forming de novo in the urbolandscape to the side of stable organization variants special for the given environment. The population organization of different types in urbolandscape is found to provide its stability in the conditions of directed and fast changes together with instability and heterogenic structure of habitats.

It is shown that among different species settling in the urban environment one and the same type of population organization meets the corresponding demands. Its features are “openness” and “flowage” of the groups, far order of settlement levels and other units of population system, constant movements of the individuals between the groups as a respond to the signals of urbo-environment significant changes. The “urban” variant of population system organization turns to be completely opposite to the population structure of the same species in the non-urban habitats. After formation of the urban types by the species and successful developing of the town the urban population separates from the maternal local population and begins to exist independently in the urban landscape.

The variety of adaptation aberrations in ecology, behavior and mode of life of urban birds is the population system stability function in the urban landscape and not the results of individual selection. It is shown that the urbanization process of the species goes firstly on the population level being the system structure transformation towards the most stable state in the town (city) territory developed by the species. Only after the appearance of stable urban population the urban individuals show the rapid growth of different changes in ecology, behavior, mode of life that was traditionally described by naturalists as species adaptation to the city conditions.

The key features of urban population stability/instability are described. Their application to relative species allows us to distinguish potential urbanists from instable and vulnerable species that could be soon pushed out of the city. The application of corresponding criteria to the urban populations of relative species constituting one guild allows us to predict if their developing of the given town would be successful/unsuccessful. The latter is very important since in urbanized landscapes close species are ecologically indistinguishable as a rule. So one can not predict successful/unsuccessful urbanization taking into account the differences in the range of habitats, breeding success, and other external features.


Chapter III. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of urbanization in birds and mammals


Ecological and evolutionary consequences of urban bird population steadiness developing during urbanization of «wild» species» were investigated. It is shown that population system steadiness determine the diversity of adaptive «aberrations» in ecology, behaviour, life-history this species which always observe in their urbanized populations.

The diversity of «aberration» (and polymorphism by adaptive characters too) increase only in periods in which population is steady and their sustainability is in progress. The increasing of frequencies this «aberration» in urbanized birds population depends only on level the steadiness of species population in this city and not on ecological and behavioural plasticity of individuals or their possibilities of adaptation to urban environment.

For example, all of this «aberrations» disappeared in period when urban population decrease through just this period they may to stopped population decreasing. Were revealed the positive feedback between growth of urbanized population steadiness in same city and accelerating urbanization process for this species in next period. On account to impact this feedback on population level, urbanization proceed rapidly and directly, it is an autocatalytic process for all «wild» species which ensure the sustainability their population system in settling city. Some criteria of urban population steadiness were established (and opposite symptoms of population unsteady). There are:

1) absence «the limit of growth» urbanized birds populations can to exponentially increase their number in limited space the «archipelago» of urban habitats; 2) birds from sustainable urban populations didn’t leave the former nesting area after transformation or destroying their typical habitats. They try to stay on the breeding in this range and began to nest in non-typical habitats, build the nest with deviate methods and house it in non-typical places.

3) number dynamic of steady populations are independent from changes of some environment factors which are essential from this species (temperature, food abundance and so on). This dependence appear at once when it turned out that population system is unsteady.

4) Birds in sustainable urbanized population will divide into two or more alternative life-strategies on the basis of population division on cohorts «moreover-settled» and «moreover-nomadic» individuals.

5) The dynamical equilibrium the frequencies of alternative strategies in urbanized population keep one’s balance in relatively stable urban environment but continually changed under impact of fluctuations urban environment or direct evolution of urban landscape.

At the expense of dynamical equilibrium between some alternative strategies urbanized population are sustainable in conditions of unstable and changing environment. permanently o

So, the urbanization of «wildlife» birds species is a classical case of elementary evolutionary appearance by N.V.Timofeeff-Ressovsky: during successful occupying the cities all of «wild» species became new type of organization in it’s population system, which can be steady in extreme level of instability, variability and heterogeneity of urban environment.

Successful urbanization process run to splitting all population this species in to parts (urban and «rural» or «native») which are not communicating vessels. We established significant distinction between urbanization possibilities of near species (between ecological similar to) which distinguished from different type of organization the population systems. Causal connections between organization type of species population systems and urbanization potential were discussed as well as ecological and evolutionary consequences of urbanization.


Chapter IV. Prognosis of bird species preservation in Moscow fauna during urban landscape development in the future (year 2000).


Chapter V. Verification our prognosis about transitions in Moscow birds fauna after 7 years ago.