Смагулова Айзат Есказыевна-филолог, преподаватель; преподаватель кафедры теории и практики перевода &&&& ###000-002# Содержание Типовая программа
| Вид материала | Программа |
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3.The market itself is actually a network of traders, connected by telephone lines and computers screens
there major centers of trading, which handle more than half or all FX transactions, are Great Britain, the
United States and Japan.
4.Trading goes on 24 hours a day; at 8 a.m in London, the trading day is ending in Tokio, Singapor and
Hong Kong. The FX market is fast pased, volatile and enormous- in fact, it is the largest market in the
world.
2-вариант
Упр. 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.
Where is your luggage? — I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to come) to help me. 2.1 (to read) about an hour when he (to come). 3. The play (not yet to begin) and the people (to talk) in the hall. 4. Yesterday I (to buy) a new pair of gloves, as I (to lose) the old ones. 5. We (to walk) in silence. He already (to tell) me all that (to be) interesting about himself, and I (to have) nothing to tell him. 6. The moon (not to rise) yet, and only two stars, like two distant lighthouses, (to shine) in the dark blue sky.
Упр. 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.
1. What you (to do) these three months? 2. Our train starts late in the evening, so if you (to come) at seven o'clock, we still (to pack) our luggage. 3. When you (to see) him last? 4. I (to meet) him when he (to walk) across the park. 5. You ever (to act) on the stage? — Why, yes, that's what I (to do) for the last six years. 6. Don't enter the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake) up when somebody (to open) the door.
Упр. 3. Переведите и выберите правильную форму глагола в каждом предложении.
1. If you (invited/had invited) me last week, I (was able /had been able/would have been able) to come.
2. I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it (came/had come) I’m sure I (noticed/had noticed/would have noticed) it.
3. We have a suggestion to make. How (do you feel/would you feel) if (we offered/would offer/had offered) you the job of assistant manager?
4. Terry never catches anything when he goes fishing. And if he (catches/caught/ had caught) a fish, he (throws/would throw) it back.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Business circles join in
One reason why paper, empty bottles and scrap metal have been widely recycled in Japan is that it has been financially advantageous. Nowadays the greatest obstacle to industrial recycling is the excess of expenditure over income. In addition to certain obligatory recycling, an economic system must be provided which would make it financially advantageous to re-use materials. Industries are gradually introducing methods of evaluating “total use” of an article. This involves the manufacturer assessing the overall impact of his product on the environment, taking all factors into account from the selection of raw materials to the moment when all consumer value has been exhausted.
Industry has also manifested an interest in the call made by the University of the United Nations Organization for “zero emission”, i.e. total elimination of the discharge of noxious substances during the manufacturing process. A new law comes into force in the spring of 1977 requiring manufactures and retailers to ensure that packaging materials are recyclable. Other measures being examined by the government are a system for resale pf the rights to emit noxious substances and the introduction of a tax on the burning of oil, coal, natural gas and other fuels which produce carbon dioxide during combustion.
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$$$003-012-000$3.3.12 Название тема практического занятия №12
The Modal Verbs &&&
$$$003-012-001$3.3.12.1 Методические указания к практическому занятию №12:
Для того чтобы выполнить задания необходимо ознакомиться с модалными глаголами и их эквивалентами. Обратить внимания на их значения и различия в употреблении. При переводе текста следует обращать внимания на характерный для английского языка порядок слов и грамматические явления, которые изучаются на данном уроке.
Цель занятия:
1. Формировать умения распознавать виды модальных глаголов, производить синонимическую замену.
2. Воспитывать потребность расширять свой кругозор.
MODAL VERBS (МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ)
Модальными глаголами в английском языке называются глаголы, которые выражают не действие (состояние), a отношение к нему: возможность, необходимость или способность совершения действия, его вероятность и т.п. Например:
I must go home. - Я должен идти домой.
Саn you swim? – Вы умеете плавать?
Маy I sit down? – Можно мне сесть?
Модальными глаголами являются cаn - соuld, must; have to, have got to, may – might, ought, should, be to, need, dare.
Глаголы have, be, should могут быть не только модальными, но и вспомогательными, а глаголы need, have, be, get - также и смысловыми:
| You should consult a doctor. | Вам следует обратиться к врачу. | модальный глагол |
| I should like to read this book. | Я бы хотел прочесть эту книгу. | вспомогательный глагол |
| What a pity you have to go. | Как жаль, что вам нужно уходить. | модальный глагол |
| I have bought a new dictionary. | Я купил новый словарь. | вспомогательный глагол |
| I have a new dictionary. | У меня есть новый словарь. | смысловой глагол |
По своим морфологическим свойствам модальные глаголы, кроме have, be, dare, have got, являются недостаточными, т.e. не имеют личных форм и в связи с этим нe образуют сложных глагольных форм. Кроме того, недостаточные модальные глаголы не принимают окончания -(е)s в 3-м лице единственного числа в Present Indefinite.
Модальные глаголы must, ought to, should, need, have got имеют толькo одну временную форму. Модальные глаголы сan, may, be to имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени (Present Indefinite and Past Indefinite), соответственно: can – could; may - might; am, is, are to – was, were to. Модальный глагол have to имеет формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени (Prеsent, Pаst и Future Indefinite), соответственно: have/ has to – had to – shall/ will have to.
Вопросительную и отрицательную форму модальные глаголы, кроме глагола have to, образуют без вспомогательного глагола do, как в сложных временных формах:
Аm I to come tomorrow? - Должен ли я прийти завтра?
Модальные глаголы являются полувспомогательными и употребляются в предложении со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива, образуя сложное модальное сказуемое. При этом глаголы must, саn (could), may (might), should, need сочетаются с основой инфинитива (т.e. с формой инфинитива без частицы to), а глаголы be to, ought to, have (got) to - с инфинитивом (т.е. с формой инфинитива с частицей tо):
I’m afraid I must be off. - Боюсь, мне нужно уходить.
Саn’t you see him? - Разве вы не можете увидеться с ним?
Глагол Can
Модальный глагол Can имеет следующие формы:
| Время | Утвердитель-ная форма | Вопроситель-ная форма | отрицательная форма |
| Present Indefinite | I can swim. | Can I swim? | I cannot (can’t) swim. |
| Past Indefinite | I could swim. | Could I swim? | I could not (couldn’t) swim. |
Модальный глагол Cаn/ Could употребляется:
1) для выражения физической или умственной способности, умения, возможности совершить действие в настоящем (саn) или в прошедшем (сould) времени:
You can drive a car, can’t you? - Вы ведь умеете водить машину?
I cоuldn’t cоmе earlier, I had a - Я не мог прийти раньше, y меня
music lesson. был урок музыки.
В будущем времени вместо глагола can употребляется сочетание to be able to (в Future Indefinite) + инфинитив:
In two уеars hе will be able to - Через два года он сможет неплохо
speak English pеrfеctly well. говорить по-английски.
Если словосочетание to be able + инфинитив употребляется в настоящем или прошедшем времени вместо сап/ соuld, оно передает значение физической невозможности совершения действия, но не неумения. Сравните:
I can’t ski. – Я не умею кататься на лыжах.
I am not able to ski today, I’ve - Я не могу (не в состоянии) кататься
hurt my leg. на лыжах сегодня, я повредил ногу.
2) в разговорной речи для выражения фамильярной просьбы, разрешения или запрещения:
Can’t you keep quiet? - Ты не можешь немножко помолчать?
3) в отрицательной и вопросительной форме для выражения малой вероятности, а также досады, недоумения:
It can’t be true! - Не может быть!
Глагол Мaу
Модальный глагол maу имеет следующие формы:
| время | Утвердитель-ная форма | вопросительная форма | отрицательная форма |
| Present Indefinite | I may go | May I go? | I may not go |
| Past Indefinite | I might go | Might I go? | I might not (mightn’t) go |
Модальный глагол mау/ might употребляется:
1) для выражения разрешения, просьбы (в утвердительной и вопросительной форме) и мягкого запрещения (в отрицательной форме):
Мaу I come in? - Yes, you тау. - Можно войти? – Да, можно.
May I go out? – No, you may not. - Можно выйти? - Нет, нельзя.
Форма might в вопросах выражает вежливую просьбу:
Might I trouble you for a minute? - Можно вас побеспокоить?
2) для выражения возможности, предположения (с оттенком сомнения, неуверенности). Глагол mау/might в данном случае соответствует русским модальным словам «возможно», «может быть». Разница между may и might в таком значении не временная, а смысловая: оба глагола употребляются для обозначения как настоящего, так и прошедшего действия, при этом глагол might обозначает большую степень сомнения. Одновременность/ предшествование действия передается при помощи инфинитива (The Indefinite Infinitive - The Perfect Infinitive):
He may/ might come at any - Он может прийти в любой момент.
moment.
He may/might have come already. - Может быть, он уже пришел.
Глагол Must
Модальный глагол must имеет только форму настоящего времени. Глагол must употребляется:
1) для выражения обязанности, необходимости, приказания, настойчивого совета (в утвердительной и вопросительной форме) и запрещения (в отрицательной форме):
You must be reаdу bу ninе. - Вы должны быть готовы к девяти.
Для выражения необходимости в прошедшем и будущем времени вместо глагола must употребляется модальный глагол hаvе to:
Уesterdау I had to go to the doctor. - Вчера я должен был идти к врачу.
Tomorrow I’ll have to leave. - Завтра я буду должен уехать.
2) в утвердительной форме в сочетании с основой неопределенного, длительного или перфектного инфинитива глагол must употребляется для выражения предположения с большой долей вероятности; в этом случае must соответствует русскому модальному выражению «должно быть»:
She must be ill. - Она, должно быть, больна.
Модальные глаголы Have/ Have got
Модальный глагол have имеет следующие формы:
| время | утвердительная форма | вопросительная форма | отрицательная форма |
| Present Indefinite | I have to go She has | Do I have to Does she go? | I do not have She does to go |
| Past Indefinite | I had to go | Did I have to go? | I did not have to go |
| Future Indefinite | I shall have She will to go | Shall I have Will she to go? | I shall not have She will to go |
Модальный глагол have to употребляется для выражения обязанности или необходимости (в утвердительной и вопросительной форме) или отсутствия обязанности и необходимости (в отрицательной форме) в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.
При этом есть некоторое различие между значениями must и have to в Рrеsent Indefinite: глагол must выражает необходимость или обязанность с точки зрения говорящего без выражения оттенка недовольства этой обязанностью/необходимостью. Глагол have to выражает необходимость, зависящую от внешних условий, часто противоречащую желанию говорящего:
I must learn this роеm, I like it very - Я должен выучить это стихотво-
much. рение, оно мне очень нравится.
Глагол Should
Модальный глагол shоuld имеет только одну временную форму и употребляется:
1) для выражения моральной обязанности, совета:
You should be more careful. - Тебе следует быть осторожнее.
2) для выражения вероятности:
Тhеy should be there by now, I think.– Я думаю, они уже там.
Глагол Ought
Модальный глагол ought имеет только oднy временную форму, которой в русском языке обычно соответствует сослагательное наклонение. В сочетании с неопределенным инфинитивом ought выражает необходимость совершения действия в прошлом или будущем и имеет следующие оттенки этого значения:
- целесообразности действия:
Perhaps she oughtn’t to work in - Возможно, ей не стоит (не следу-
the kindergarten, she is too nervous. ет) работать в детском саду, она
слишком нервная.
- морального долга, обязанности:
You ought to help your sister. - Ты должен помочь своей сестре.
- выражения совета или вежливого приказа совершить действие в сочетании с местоимениями 2-го и 3-го лица. Например:
You ought to consult a doctor. - Вам следует посоветоваться с
врачом.
Глагол Need
Модальный глагол need может употребляться как недостаточный и как правильный глагол.
Недостаточный глагол need имеет только форму настоящего времени и употребляется только в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях со значением необходимости совершения действия или отсутствия таковой:
You need not come. - Тебе незачем приходить.
В сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом need показывает, что было совершено ненужное действие. Например:
You needn’t have come. - Зря вы пришли.
Модальный правильный глагол need имеет все формы, включая неличные. Инфинитив при нем употребляется с частицей to . Он выражает необходимость и по значению близок модальному глаголу to have to, но встречается реже, в основном в отрицательных и иногда в вопросительных предложениях. Например:
I do not need to explain anything. - Мне не нужно ничего объяснять.
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$$$003-012-002$3.3.12.2 Задания или тестовые вопросы для контроля к занятию №12
вариант
Упр. 1. Замените модальный глагол can (could) выражением to be able to, где это необходимо.
1. I can give you my book for a couple of days (after I have read it). 2. He can ski (for ten years). 3. We knew that she could swim (since a child). 4. You cannot take part in this serious sport competition (until you have mastered good skills). 5. I could not solve the problem (before he explained it to me). 6. They can (never) appreciate your kindness. 7. I was sure you could translate that article (after you had translated so many texts on physics). 8. You can go to the country (when you have passed your last examination). 9. We can pass to the next exercise (when we have done this one).
Упр. 2. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.
1. I ... finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2. ... we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? — It ... be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well ... answer such a question. 5. ... I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I ... be able to help you. 7. I ... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I ... stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes ... get books there. 9. I ... come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it ... rain today. 11. Do you think you ... do that?
Упр. 3. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени.
1 It is already twenty minutes past eight. You must go or you will be late for the first lesson. 2. I am very tired. I feel I must go to bed at once, or I shall fall asleep where I am sitting. 3. We can't wait for them any longer, we must ring them up and find out what has happened. 4. I am thinking hard, trying to find a solution of the problem. There must be a way out. 5. It is quite clear to everybody in the family that he must start getting ready for his examination instead of wasting time. 6. It is impossible to do anything in such a short time. I must ask the chief to put off my report. 7. I don't mean that you must do everything they tell you.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Economy and population of the USA
Mineral production along the Southeastern Coast is substantial, with oil and natural gas leading the way. Much of the production is offshore, with wells drilled into the Continental Shelf. Salt domes—underground geological formations that trap deposits of petroleum, natural gas, and sulfur—are widespread in the "tidelands,” as the shelf is called. Huge quantities of phosphates (used for fertilizers) are mined, as well as salt and sulfur. Extraction of minerals such as phosphate rock, salt, sulfur, petroleum, and natural gas contributes greatly to the economy.
The economy of the Southeast coastal region benefits from the Intracoastal Waterway , a series of canals and protected water routes extending for about 1,740 km (about 1,080 mi) along the Atlantic Coast and for about 1,770 km (about 1,100 mi) along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Because of modest depth, the waterway is used primarily by barges and small boats. Two-thirds of its traffic is concentrated on the section between Houston, Texas, and the Mississippi River. Key commodities include oil, grain, cotton, sulfur, and petrochemicals. The waterway connects with the Mississippi River system, allowing barge traffic to travel far inland to the extremities of the Mississippi navigational system.
2-вариант
Упр. 1. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.
I ... finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2. ... we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? — It ... be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well ... answer such a question. 5. ... I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I ... be able to help you. 7. I ... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I ... stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I am going to learn to swim.
Упр. 2. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).
... I use your pen? 2. ... I find a pen on that table? 3. You ... read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You ... take this book: I don't need it. 5. ... I help you? 6. ... I ask you to help me? 7. ... you help me? 8. I ... not imagine her speaking in public: I kne w that she was so shy.
Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык.
May I go to the post-office with Mike? 2. May I take Pete's bag? 3. Don't give the vase to the child: he may break it. 4. May we take notes with a pencil? 5. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 6. May I shut the door? 7. May I invite Nick to our house? 8. You may go now. 9. If you have done your homework, you may go for a walk. 10. Don't go to the wood alone: you may lose your way.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
What Is International Trade?
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland ,they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate-or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.
The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorders are paid for in German marks in Berlin, and German cars paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment ussualy makes everyone better off.
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$$$003-013-000$3.3.13 Название тема практического занятия №13
Indirect speech &&&
$$$003-013-001$3.3.13.1 Методические указания к практическому занятию №13
Для того чтобы выполнить задания необходимо ознакомиться с образованием косвенной речи, изучить времена глаголов, используемые в косвенной речи, освоить образование вопросительных предложении с вопросительным словом и без вопросительного слово, побудительных предложении. Уметь преобразовать диалогическую речь в монологическую
Цель занятия:
1. Формировать умения определять и отличать виды неличных форм глагола.
2.Развитие умений составления вопросов и умений пользоваться англоязычными поисковыми системами.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT SPEECH (СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН. КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ)
| Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени | |
| Present Simple - Past Simple Present Continuous - Past Continuous | Действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного. |
| Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Simple | Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного. |
| Future - Future-in-the Past | Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного. |
Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте время-
| Косвенная речь При переводе предложений в косвенную речь не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице. | |
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| ... ago | ... before |
| this ... | that ... |
| these ... | those ... |
| here | there |
| last year | the year before |
| last month | the month before |
| last ... | the ... before |
| next... | the following ... |
| Indirect commands | |||
| Keep quiet! Don't make noise! | |||
| He told me He asked me | to keep quiet and not to make noise | ||
| Indirect statements | |||
| I am an engineer. I work at a plant. In the evening. I study English. | |||
| He said He told me | that | he was an engineer and worked at a plant. He added that he studied English in the evening. | |
| I saw my friend yesterday. | |||
| He said He told me | that | he had seen his friend the day before. | |
| We lived in Rome two years ago. My father worked there. | |||
| He said He told me | that | they had lived in Rome two years before and explained that his father had worked there. | |
| 1 shall tell you about it tomorrow. | |||
| He said He told me | that | he would tell me about it the next day. | |
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$$$003-013-002$3.3.13.2 Задания или тестовые вопросы для контроля к занятию №13
вариант
Упр. 1. Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. "Go home," said the teacher to us. 2. "Buy some meat in the shop," said my mother to me. 3. "Sit down at the table and do your homework," said my mother to me. 4. "Don't forget to clean your teeth," said granny to Helen. 5. "Don't sit up late," said the doctor to Mary. 6. The doctor said to Pete: "Don't go for a walk today." 7. "Don't eat too much ice-cream," said Nick's mother to him. 8. "Explain to me how to solve this problem," said my friend to me. 9. The doctor said to Nick: "Open your mouth and show me your tongue." 10. "Don't be afraid of my dog," said the man to Kate. 11. "Take this book and read it," said the librarian to the boy.
Упр. 2. Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. Не said to us: "Come here tomorrow." 2. I said to Mike: "Send me a telegram as soon as you arrive." 3. Father said to me: "Don't stay there long." 4. Peter said to them: "Don't leave the room until I come back." 5. "Take my luggage to Room 145," he said to the porter. 6. He said to me: "Ring me up tomorrow." 7. "Bring me a cup of black coffee," she said to the waiter. 8. "Don't be late for dinner," said other to us. 9. Jane said to us: "Please tell me all you know about it." 10. She said to Nick: "Please don't say anything about it to your sister."
Упр. 3. Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. The teacher said to Mike: "Does your father work at a factory?" 2. Mother said to us: "What are you doing here?" 3. Father said to Nick: "Have you done your homework?" 4. Tom said: "Ann, where are your friends?" 5. Kate said: "Mike, do you like my dress?" 6. Grandfather said to Mary: "What mark did you get at school?" 7. My sister said to me: "Will you take me to the theatre with you tomorrow?" 8. Mother asked me: "Did you play with your friends yesterday?" 9. "Why don't you play with your friends, Kate?" said her mother. 10. "Do you like chocolates?" said my little sister to me.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Foreign Trade
1.International trade is the system by which countries exchange goods and services. Human societies evolved from the Stone Age to the present by exchanging or trading ideas and technologies. Countries trade with each other to obtain things that are of better quality, less expensive or simply different from goods and services produced at home. Countries also trade with each other because they benefit from it. 2.The gain from international trade enables resources in each trading nation to be allocated to their most productive uses. Instead of trying to produce everything themselves which would be inefficient, countries often concentrate on producing those things that they can produce best, and then trade for other goods and services. By doing so, both the country and the world become wealthier.
3.Most international trade consists of the purchase and sale of industrial equipment, consumer goods, oil and agricultural products. In addition, services such as banking, insurance, transportation, telecommunications, engineering and tourism account for about one-fifth of all world export in the 90s.
4.Trade has long been considered a primary instrument for development. It also has a social impact by bringing isolated cultures into contact with new ideas, technologies and goods. In 1964 when the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) met in Geneva, trade was still recognized as a primary vehicle for development. The conference concluded that the effective development assistance was extremely limited in its power to bring social change compared to trade, which could generate employment and accelerate economic growth.
5. In the course of historical development, one can observe recurrent swings in commercial policy of different countries: from protection toward free trade, and back toward protection. During the mercantilism the national policies were to export much, import little. Countries often pursued highly restrictive policies, imposing, tariffs, quotas, embargoes, state monopolies, and a variety of other measures to regulate their foreign trade. The middle of the nineteenth century witnessed a definite shift in the direction of free trade. Great Britain was the leader in this movement. Some countries followed the British example. Many countries concluded commercial treaties stipulating tariff reductions and other measures to liberalize trade. Most of these treaties included a most-favourednation clause providing the lowest tariff rates.
6.Recent decades have seen important shifts in the composition and directions of world trade. The manufactured goods of the developed countries have accounted for the main growth of trade, surpassing the growth rates for trade in agricultural raw materials, ores and metals. In many countries one of the driving forces behind the increase in export was the success of companies in selling “knowledge - intensive” manufactured goods to other countries. The production of these goods relies more on a skilled, well educated workforce than on natural resources. These knowledge-intensive products are becoming a major force in international trade and a source of much wealth to countries whose economies are well-positioned to compete in those markets.
7.The diversification of the types of goods exported has been the hallmark of world trade in the past several decades. Companies operating in home markets encounter many common problems in selling their products or services – minimizing costs, achieving the required quality, meeting delivery dates, collecting payment, and financing the whole operation.
2- вариант
Упр. 1. Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
The teacher said to me: "Hand"this note to your parents, please." 2. Oleg said to his sister: "Put the letter into an envelope and give it to Kate." 3. "Please help me with this work, Henry," said Robert. 4. "Please bring me some fish soup," he said to the waitress, 5. "Don't worry over such a small thing," she said to me. 6. "Please don't mention it to anybody," Mary said to her friend. 7. "Promise to come and see me," said Jane to Alice.
Упр. 2. Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. "My friend lives in Moscow," said Alec. 2. "You have not done your work well," said the teacher to me. 3. The poor man said to the rich man: "My horse is wild. It can kill your horse." 4. The rich man said to the judge: "This man's horse has killed my horse." 5. "This man spoke to me on the road," said the woman. 6. "I can't explain this rule to you," said my classmate to me, 7. The teacher said to the class: "We shall discuss this subject tomorrow." 8. The woman said to her son: "I am glad I am here."
Упр. 3. Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.
Не said to me: "I want to see you today." 2. She said: "I am free tonight". 3. Mother said to me: "I feel bad today." 4. The pupil said to the teacher: " I can do my homework after dinner." 5. The teacher said to Jack: "You work hard, I know. You are a good boy." 6. The teacher said to the pupils: "Next year we shall have six hours of English a week." 7. The old man said to the girl: "You can sing perfectly. I think you will be a famous singer." 8. My sister said to me: "You look very well, much better than you looked yesterday.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите
What Is International Trade?
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retailed, trade plumered, jobs were lost, and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.
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$$$003-014-000$3.3.14 Название тема практического занятия №14
Non-finite forms of the verb &&&
$$$003-014-001$3.3.14.1 Методические указания к практическому занятию №14:
При подготовке к выполнению заданий нужно тщательно проработать необходимый лексический и грамматический материал с последующим его усвоением по рекомендованному вузом основному учебнику. При переводе текстов особое внимание обратить на разные функции неличных форм глагола и их переводу
Цель занятия:
1. Формировать умения определять и отличать виды неличных форм глагола.
2.Развитие умений составления вопросов и умений пользоваться англоязычными поисковыми системами.