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Perfect tenses (перфектные времена)
Have they sent
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PERFECT TENSES (ПЕРФЕКТНЫЕ ВРЕМЕНА)


To have + Participle II

Present Perfect Tense употребляется: 1. Для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту, но связанного с настоящим. Связь с настоящим осуществляется двумя путями:

1) Результатом (имеющимся налицо в данный момент) действия, которое совершилось ранее: I have brought the book. Я принес книгу. (Действие закончилось к настоящему моменту, но результат действия налицо—принесенная книга.) I have torn my dress. Я порвала платье. (Действие закончилось к настоящему моменту, но результат этого действия налицо—порванное платье).

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have (has) + Participle II


Правильный глагол:

to work – worked

Неправильный глагол:

to send-sent-sent


I have sent

You have sent

He (she, it) has sent

We have sent

They have sent

I have not sent

You have not sent

He (she, it) has not sent

We have not sent

They have not sent

Have I sent

Have you sent

Has he (she, it) sent

Have we sent

Have they sent


Past Perfect Tense употребляется: 1. Для выражения действия, которое совершилось ранее другого действия в прошлом. Глагол, обозначающий более позднее прошедшее действие, употребляется в Past Simple: My watch stopped as I had not wound it up.

Past Perfect употребляется как в главном, так и в придаточном предложении, в зависимости от того, в каком из этих предложений выражено более раннее прошедшее действие. 2. Для выражения действия, которое совершилось к данному моменту в прошлом. Этот данный момент в прошлом выражается такими обозначениями времени, как by that time к тому времени, by 3 o'clock к трем часам, by the evening к вечеру, by the end of the month к концу месяца и т. п.:

By that time the first snow had quite gone. К тому времени первый снег, совсем сошел.

had + Participle II

I had sent

You had sent

He (she, it) had sent

We had sent

They had sent

I had not sent

You had not sent

He (she, it) had not sent

We had not sent

They had not sent

Had I sent

Had you sent

Had he (she, it) sent

Had we sent

Had they sent

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое закончится к тому .моменту, когда наступит другое будущее действие. В русском языке в обоих предложениях, как в главном, так и в придаточном, употребляется будущее время: употребляется:

1. Для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится ранее другого будущего действия. Future Perfect употребляется в главном предложении, а в придаточном предложении употребляется Present Indefinite для выражения последующего (более позднего) будущего действия (согласно правилу употребления времен после союзов when, before и т. д.): 2. Для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится к данному моменту времени в будущем. Этот данный момент в будущем указывается такими обозначениями времени, как by that time к тому времени, by 4 o'clock к 4 часам, by the evening к вечеру, by the end of the month к концу месяца и т. п.

Shall have

Participle II

Will have


I shall not have sent

You will not have sent

He (she, it) will not have sent

We shall not have sent

They will not have sent

Shall I have sent


Will you have sent

Will he (she, it) have sent

Shall we have sent

They will have sent

Употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как today сегодня, this year в этом году, this month в этом месяце; this week на этой неделе, tonight сегодня вечером, this morning сегодня утром и т. п.: I haven't seen him this month Я не видел его в этом месяце, They have tested the new combine this morning. Они проводили испытания нового комбайна сегодня утром. С теми же обозначениями времени может употребляться Past Simple, если указанный период времени уже истек или если имеется в виду определенный момент этого периода: I saw him this morning. Я видел его сегодня утром (утро уже прошло). Но: I have seen him this morning. Я видел его сегодня утром (утро еще не закончилось). We finished our experiment on Monday this week. Мы закончили наш опыт в понедельник на этой неделе. (Глагол to finish стоит в Past Indefinite, так как указан определенный момент—понедельник, который уже прошел).


Present Perfect употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени, основными из которых являются следующие: already уже, never никогда, ever когда-либо, often часто, always всегда, so far пока, до сих пор, just только что, not yet еще нет.

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$$$003-008-002$3.3.8.2 Задания или тестовые вопросы для контроля к занятию №8

1-вариант


Упр. 1. В следующих предложениях изме­ните время глагола на Present Perfect.

1. I am eating my breakfast. 2. We are drinking water. 3. He is bringing them some meat and veg­etables. 4. You are putting the dishes on the table. 5. They are having tea. 6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 7. The children are putting on their coats. 8. The pupils are writing a dicta­tion.


Упр. 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в требующейся форме, так чтобы получить Present Continuous или Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to talk) about? 2. We have just (to talk) about it. 3. He has just (to say) some­thing about it. 4. She is (to tell) them some inter­esting story. 5. He has (to tell) us nothing about it, 6. She has (to tell) them some stories about dogs. 7. We have (to have) two lessons today. 8. They are (to have) a meeting.


Упр. 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 2. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 3. She (to live) there last year. 4. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 5. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 6. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 7. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday.


Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:


The sources of economic health

In 1776, new technologies were being invented and applied to the manufacture of cotton and wool, iron, transportation and agriculture in what came to be called the industrial Revolution.

Adam Smith was keenly interested in these events. He wanted to understand the sources of economic wealth, and he brought his acute powers of observation and abstraction to bear on this question.

His answer was:
  • The division of labour
  • Free domestic and international markets

Smith identified the division of labour as the source of «the greatest improvement in the productive powers of la­bour. The division of labour became even more productive when applied to creating new technologies.

Scientists and engineers, trained in extremely narrow fields, became specialists at inventing. Their powerful skills speeded the advance of technology. Machines started performing repetitive operations faster, and more accurately than people.


2-вариант


Упр. 1. В следующих предложениях изме­ните время глагола на Present Perfect.

1. The pupils are writing a dicta­tion. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a diffi­cult problem. 3. I am learning a poem. 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweep­ing the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party. 8. She is open­ing a box of chocolates.


Упр. 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в требующейся форме, так чтобы получить Present Continuous или Present Perfect, Present Simple илиPast Simple шағына қойып, жақшаны ашыңыздар:

1. Please give me a pencil, I (to lose) mine. 2. I (not to meet) Peter since Monday. 3. Nina just (to finish) work. 4. Where Sergei (to be)? — He (to go) home. He (to leave) the room a minute ago. 5. What you (to read) now? — I (to read) "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte. 6. They (to read) "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott a month ago. What about you? You (to read) "Ivanhoe"? 7. My watch (to stop). There (to be) something wrong with it.


Упр. 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в требующейся форме, так чтобы получить Present Continuous или Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to talk) about? 2. We have just (to talk) about it. 3. He has just (to say) some­thing about it. 4. She is (to tell) them some inter­esting story. 5. He has (to tell) us nothing about it, 6. She has (to tell) them some stories about dogs. 7. We have (to have) two lessons today.


Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:


Money markets in Great Britain.


The stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland was formed in 1973. The main trading operations are being performed in London, but the Stock Exchange also has centers in Birmingham, Liverpool, Belfast, Bristol, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, Glasgow and Dublin. The major functions of the Stock Exchange are:

A provides a market where investors can buy and sell securities;

It helps to ensure that the price of a deal is fair;

The companies and others who wish to raise capital it can easily do so at the ready secondary markets;

The investors’ short term savings are pooled to meet long term needs- for finance from companies, the government and other organizations.

The most important way of raising long term capital is by issuing shares. Shares often are referred to as shares, the whole procedure being called of finance. Companies may also issue debentures which make up long term debt. The issue of government stock which is taken up by the public, financial institutions and other firms provides for long term government finance.

On 27 October 1986 the capital market underwent revolutionary changes known since then as the “Big Band”. It admitted “outsiders” to the Stock Exchange which had been limited to stockbrokers and stock jobbers. The “Big Band” allowed banks and other institutions to acquire their own securities businesses. It also introduced the idea of “dual capacity”. Before that a member firm could only be a broker acting as agent of clients and trading on a commission basis or a jobber buying and selling shares as a principal “on his own book”. It could not be both. After the “Big Band” a member can be:

A market marker who acts as a jobber;

An agency broker, who trades securities on commission;

A Dealer/broker (one firm combine the function of market and agency brokerage at the same time);

The Big Band led to bigger markets and higher profits in Great Britain’s financial industry.

Ответьте на вопросы:

What are the major functions of the stock exchange?

What is the most important way of rising long term capital?

What does the “Big Bang” means?

When was the Stock Exchange of the UK and the Republic of Ireland formed?


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$$$003-009-000$3.3.9 Название тема практического занятия №9

The Perfect Continuous Tenses

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$$$003-009-001$3.3.9.1 Методические указания к практическому занятию №9

При подготовке к выполнению заданий нужно, прежде всего, тщательно проработать необходимый лексический и грамматический материал с последующим его усвоением по рекомендованному вузом основному учебнику.

Цель занятия:

1. Повторение и закрепление нового грамматического материала.

2. Развивать логическое мышление, уметь сопоставлять, анализировать, выделять главное.