Информация по предмету Разное

61. American Federalism in 1990s
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Perhaps the best recent example of such a demand for national action may be found in public safety area. There is a general perception, that high levels of criminal activity made the persons and property of the average citizen in this country unsafe. In general, however, the definition and control of criminal behavior has historically been a state and local responsibility. Our national officials sense that there is a demand for them to do something in response to state and local failures. The result is anti-crime legislation at the national level which has been proposed by the President and which is largely supported by members of Congress. While many of us doubt the effectiveness of the specific legislation, few people have seriously objected to this activity as destructive of basic fabric of our federal system.
62. American Literature: An Overwork Of The Development From The 17th To The 20th Centu-ries
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In America in the early years of the 18th century, some writers, such as Cotton Mather, carried on the older traditions. His huge history and biography of Puritan New England, Magnalia Christi Americana, in 1702, and his vigorous Manuductio ad Ministerium, or introduction to the ministry, in 1726, were defenses of ancient Puritan convictions. Jonathan Edwards, initiator of the Great Awakening, a religious revival that stirred the eastern seacoast for many years, eloquently defended his burning belief in Calvinistic doctrine--of the concept that man, born totally depraved, could attain virtue and salvation only through God's grace--in his powerful sermons and most notably in the philosophical treatise Freedom of Will (1754). He supported his claims by relating them to a complex metaphysical system and by reasoning brilliantly in clear and often beautiful prose.But Mather and Edwards were defending a doomed cause. Liberal New England ministers such as John Wise and Jonathan Mayhew moved toward a less rigid religion. Samuel Sewall heralded other changes in his amusing Diary, covering the years 1673-1729. Though sincerely religious, he showed in daily records how commercial life in New England replaced rigid Puritanism with more worldly attitudes. The Journal of Mme Sara Knight comically detailed a journey that lady took to New York in 1704. She wrote vividly of what she saw and commented upon it from the standpoint of an orthodox believer, but a quality of levity in her witty writings showed that she was much less fervent than the Pilgrim founders had been. In the South, William Byrd of Virginia, an aristocratic plantation owner, contrasted sharply with gloomier predecessors. His record of a surveying trip in 1728, The History of the Dividing Line, and his account of a visit to his frontier properties in 1733, A Journey to the Land of Eden, were his chief works. Years in England, on the Continent, and among the gentry of the South had created gaiety and grace of expression, and, although a devout Anglican, Byrd was as playful as the Restoration wits whose works he clearly admired.The wrench of the American Revolution emphasized differences that had been growing between American and British political concepts. As the colonists moved to the belief that rebellion was inevitable, fought the bitter war, and worked to found the new nation's government, they were influenced by a number of very effective political writers, such as Samuel Adams and John Dickinson, both of whom favoured the colonists, and Loyalist Joseph Galloway. But two figures loomed above these--Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine.Franklin, born in 1706, had started to publish his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New England Courant, as early as 1722. This newspaper championed the cause of the "Leather Apron" man and the farmer and appealed by using easily understood language and practical arguments. The idea that common sense was a good guide was clear in both the popular Poor Richard's almanac, which Franklin edited between 1732 and 1757 and filled with prudent and witty aphorisms purportedly written by uneducated but experienced Richard Saunders, and in the author's Autobiography, written between 1771 and 1788, a record of his rise from humble circumstances that offered worldly wise suggestions for future success.Franklin's self-attained culture, deep and wide, gave substance and skill to varied articles, pamphlets, and reports that he wrote concerning the dispute with Great Britain, many of them extremely effective in stating and shaping the colonists' cause.Thomas Paine went from his native England to Philadelphia and became a magazine editor and then, about 14 months later, the most effective propagandist for the colonial cause. His pamphlet "Common Sense" (January 1776) did much to influence the colonists to declare their independence. "The American Crisis" papers (December 1776-December 1783) spurred Americans to fight on through the blackest years of the war. Based upon Paine's simple deistic beliefs, they showed the conflict as a stirring melodrama with the angelic colonists against the forces of evil. Such white and black picturings were highly effective propaganda. Another reason for Paine's success was his poetic fervour, which found expression in impassioned words and phrases long to be remembered and quoted.
63. Analysis of Sufism Through Art of Sufi Poetry
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Sufis way of life does not exhibit the most accurate instance of severe asceticism and a practice of physical rigors. The perfect Sufi lives in accordance with Quran and “never forgets God for a single moment.”(Abu Said, Ch.1, p.40) The essence of the mystics life corresponds to constant remembrance of God. Islamic mystics are aware of the true value and function of everything in the world; thus they accentuate Reality as the major concern of a human life. They advocate moderation in food and physical comforts as a profound condition to liberate hearts and minds from everything that is peripheral and transitory, and stay focused on God (Al-Ghazzali, Ch.1, p.37.) The eternal path of Sufis commences with their approach to daily life. Soul remains the primary tool in search of Reality. Body serves only as means of ensuring physical health, and the care for it is provided as to a camel in a caravan without adoration and contemplation, for camel is merely a device to reach the destination (al-Ghazzali, Ch.2, p.47.) Sufis destination is the unity with God, the truth and knowledge exposed when the “veil” is elevated. Muslim mystics teach that nothing is perpetual and everything is perishable in the world (Attar, Ch.6, p.80.) Everything has a beginning, a purpose and an end, and after completing the cycle returns to its original pattern. “The end is maturity, and the goal is freedom. The circle is complete. Completing the circle of existence is freedom” (Nasaft, Ch.2, p.53.)
64. Analysis of Sufism Through Art of Sufi Poetry.
Другое Разное

Sufis way of life does not exhibit the most accurate instance of severe asceticism and a practice of physical rigors. The perfect Sufi lives in accordance with Quran and “never forgets God for a single moment.”(Abu Said, Ch.1, p.40) The essence of the mystics life corresponds to constant remembrance of God. Islamic mystics are aware of the true value and function of everything in the world; thus they accentuate Reality as the major concern of a human life. They advocate moderation in food and physical comforts as a profound condition to liberate hearts and minds from everything that is peripheral and transitory, and stay focused on God (Al-Ghazzali, Ch.1, p.37.) The eternal path of Sufis commences with their approach to daily life. Soul remains the primary tool in search of Reality. Body serves only as means of ensuring physical health, and the care for it is provided as to a camel in a caravan without adoration and contemplation, for camel is merely a device to reach the destination (al-Ghazzali, Ch.2, p.47.) Sufis destination is the unity with God, the truth and knowledge exposed when the “veil” is elevated. Muslim mystics teach that nothing is perpetual and everything is perishable in the world (Attar, Ch.6, p.80.) Everything has a beginning, a purpose and an end, and after completing the cycle returns to its original pattern. “The end is maturity, and the goal is freedom. The circle is complete. Completing the circle of existence is freedom” (Nasaft, Ch.2, p.53.)
65. Analysis: Atheism worldwide in decline
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A few years ago, European scientists sniggered when studies in the United States -- for example, at Harvard and Duke universities -- showed a correlation between faith, prayer and recovery from illness. Now 1,200 studies at research centers around the world have come to similar conclusions, according to "Psychologie Heute," a German journal, citing, for example, the marked improvement of multiple sclerosis patients in Germany's Ruhr District do to "spiritual resources."
66. Anwendung eines neuranalen Netzwrkes fuer die Erkennung der Zeit-Frequenz Repraesentationen
Другое Разное

Es its gut bekannt, dass die instationaere Regime der meschanischen Einrichtung (z.B. Anlauf, Ablauf von rotierenden Maschinen) viel mehr informativ als stationaere sind, also viel mehr information ueber technischen Zustand der Einrichtung tragen. Es ist aber problematisch, diese Regime mit Hilfe konventionele Methoden (z.B. FFT) zu untersuchen, so verwendet man dafuer Zeit-Frequenz Repraesentationen, solche wie z.B. Geglaettete Wigner Distribution (SWD), die die Veraenderung der Energieverteilung im Frequenzbereich mit der Zeit beschreiben, und deren Parametern angepasst sein koennen, die interessierende Signaleigenschaften (momentan Amplituden der Signalkomponenten) mit der vorgegebenen Genauigkeit zu bewerten [1]. Diese Zeit-Frequenz Repraesentationen werden als 2-dimensionale farben Abbildungen - Sonogrammen - grafisch dargestellt.
67. Archimedes of Syracuse
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... when Archimedes began to ply his engines, he at once shot against the land forces all sorts of missile weapons, and immense masses of stone that came down with incredible noise and violence; against which no man could stand; for they knocked down those upon whom they fell in heaps, breaking all their ranks and files. In the meantime huge poles thrust out from the walls over the ships and sunk some by great weights which they let down from on high upon them; others they lifted up into the air by an iron hand or beak like a crane's beak and, when they had drawn them up by the prow, and set them on end upon the poop, they plunged them to the bottom of the sea; or else the ships, drawn by engines within, and whirled about, were dashed against steep rocks that stood jutting out under the walls, with great destruction of the soldiers that were aboard them. A ship was frequently lifted up to a great height in the air (a dreadful thing to behold), and was rolled to and fro, and kept swinging, until the mariners were all thrown out, when at length it was dashed against the rocks, or let fall.
68. Argentina
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Argentina has experienced slow economic growth since the 1940s. By the mid-1970s long-term growth declined noticeably, and in the last half of the 1980s the country suffered its longest period of stagnation in the century. Savings and investment rates fell precipitously from the mid-1970s until 1989. Argentines, responding to the unstable macroeconomic environment, increasingly saved and invested abroad. Labor productivity fell ang poverty worsened. This economic performance was tranceable to chronic public sector deficits and endemic inflation. Public sector deficits in the late 1970s ranged from 10 to 14 percent of GDP, and in the early 1980s surpassed IS percent of GDP. After the return to constitutional democracy in 1983, public demands to control inflation were translated into four successive stabilization programs. All failed to eradicate inflation, and each ended in a more virulent inflation than the one preceding it. The main reason for these failures was the inability of the stabilization programs to redress rapidly and permanently the public sector structural deficit. Structural deficits emerged from the post-war organization of the economy. Economic policy from the 1940s was used to propagate rules and transfers favoring the interests of private groups with access to power. By the early 1980s public expenditures approached 40 percent of GDP. Unionized labor benefitted from high wages, guaranteed employment, and rigid rules governing hiring and dismissals. Industry benefitted from highly protected markets, tax exemptions through special promotion regimes, subsidized credit-or effective grants, as many loans were not collected-subsidized inputs from public enterprises, and high prices on sales to public enterprises. Housing contractors and middleclass home buyers benefitted from enormous public transfers through earmarked taxes and effective grants through the Housing Bank. Tobacco growers, sugar growers, the merchant marine, and other small interest groups enjoyed special tax breaks. Consumers enjoyed below-cost tariffs from public enterprise and lax collectioll practices. Provincial governments could avail themselves of costless credit from the provincial banks, which the central bank reimbursed. The military enjoyed expanding budgets, especially over 1976-82, as well as management perquisites in state companies they controlled. By 1989 subsidies through the budget, tax exemptions, agriculcural regulations, public enterprise tariffs, and central bank rediscounts were estimated to amount to roughly 8 percent of GDP--the equivalent of some $8 billion. The growth of the state and concomitant rents and subsidies, along with the capital flight provoked by an inconsistent exchange rate policy, were financed during the late 1970s largely by external borrowing through the expanding Eurodollar market at low or even negative real international interest rates. This permitted the government to run large deficits and sustain a revalued exchange rate with relatively low levels of inflation in the second half of the 1970s. An abrupt end to voluntary foreign commercial credit in the early 1980s and the sudden rise in real international interest rates provoked a financial collapse and placed additional pressure on public finances. The situation was complicated by the South Atlantic War. The loss of external finance and lack of adjustment meant the treasury had to resort to increased inflationary finance through monetary creation. The private sector, in an effort to avoid the resulting inflation tax, gradually withdrew its resources from the financial system and reduced its real holdings of currency ; this, together with the negative effects of inflation on real tax collections, made Argentina's economy progressively more unstable in the 1980s. Even though the deficit fell from near 20 percent of GDP in the early 1980s to an average of about 10 percent over 1987-89, the base for the inflation tax shrank even faster--efforts to reduce the deficit were not fast or permanent enough to convince the private sector that savings in domestic currency would not be eroded by inflation. Inflation became high and unpredictable, and the main impediment to the recovery of private savings and investment. The decade ended with two episodes of hyperinflation in 1989.
69. Aristotle
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We have commented above on the disputes among modern scholars as to whether Aristotle wrote the treatises now assigned to him. We do know that his work falls into two distinct parts, namely works which he published during his lifetime and are now lost (although some fragments survive in quotations in works by others), and the collection of writings which have come down to us and were not published by Aristotle in his lifetime. We can say with certainty that Aristotle never intended these 30 works which fill over 2000 printed pages to be published. They are certainly lecture notes from the courses given at the Lyceum either being, as most scholars believe, the work of Aristotle, or of later lecturers. Of course it is distinctly possible that they are notes of courses originally given by Aristotle but later added to by other lecturers after Aristotle's death.
70. Arkhangelsk
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The Russian word "Gosti" meant "merchant", so it was often called merchant yard, a trading center. In the 17-th century it was the largest building of its kind, but today we can see only small part of this magnificent and outstanding building, which is now used as an exhibition hall. Preparations are being made for reconstruction of this unique complex. It is planned to restore the Russian merchant yard in its original form.
71. Atmiņa, tās attīstīšana
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1. Vairakatminu modelis
- Waugh un Norman (1965) atminu iedala primaraja un sekundaraja. Ienakosa informacija noklust primaraja atmina, kura vienlaicigi var glabaties 5-9 objekti (items). Regularas atkartosanas rezultata objekti no primaras atminas noklust sekundaraja, kas nodrosina ilgstosu uzglabasanu. Saja gadijuma turpmaka atkartosana vairs nav nepieciesama.
- Atkinson un Shiffrin (1965, 1968, 1971) si dalijuma apzimesanai lieto terminus “istermina atmina” (ITA) un “ilgtermina atmina” (ITA). Istermina atmina informacija glabajas aptuveni 30 sekundes, ilgtermina atmina ta pariet atkartojot. Minetie autori papildinaja ari sajutu atminas koncepciju. Informacija sajutu atmina tiek uzglabata pavisam isu bridi vizuala (Ikon) 0,5 sekundes, auditiva (Echo) dazas sekundes (Sperling, 1963). Ja sai informacijai pievers uzmanibu, ta tiek paklauta apstradei istermina atmina.
- Cowan (1988) uzskata, ka ITA un ITA veido vienotu veselu, no ka ITA ir aktiva dala.
72. Aufbau der Gerichtsbarkeit
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Die Besetzung der Gerichte der einzelnen Gerichtsbarkeiten ist sehr unter-scniedlich. Ganz allgemein und ьberwiegend entscheiden die Gerichte durch kollegial zusammengesetzte Spruchkцrper, der Einzelrichter (Berufsrichter) ist systematisch die Ausnahme. Innerhalb der kollegialen Spruchkцrper ist zwischen Berufsrichtern und ehrenamtlichen Richtem zu unterscheiden. Die Berufsrichter sind hauptberuflich tдtig, und zwar in der Regel im Status des Richters auf Lebenszeit. Einzelrichter (stets Berufsrichter sind vor allem beim Amtsgericht tдtig (§22 GVG), und zwar in bьrgerlichen Streitigkeiten wie in Familiensachen uneingeschrдnkt, in Strafsachen nur in Angelegenheiten von geringerer Bedeutung. Das Landgericht entscheidet in Zivilsachen grundsдtzlich als Kollegialgericht.
73. Aбдулгадир Мараги - ученый, композитор, музыкант
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Мараги выделяет 9 основных ладов музыки, исполняемой тюркскими певцами- сказителями. Первый из них - "Улуг как" (Великий лад). Возможно, это обозначение лада Раст (у арабов - Умм-ал-магам - "Мать всех ладов"). Кроме специфических тюркских ладов, Мараги называет и другие лады (Ушшаг, Нава, Бусалик, Нехофт, Баяты-Ноуруз). Большой интерес вызывает описание Абдулгадиром Мараги смычковых инструментов (кеманча, гиджак, най-танбур), щипковых инструментов (рубаб). Най-танбур - предок сато (Средняя Азия) и яйлы танбура (Турция). Влияние Мараги на последующее развитие музыкальной науки в странах Ближнего и Среднего Востока было весьма значительно. Есть основания полагать, что результаты исследований Мараги приобрели в свое время каноническое значение и стали неотъемлемой частью музыкальной науки последующих веков. Научные положения Мараги занимают важное место в трудах Ал-Лазики (XV век), Абдулазиза Мараги (XV век), Махмуда Челеби (XVI век), Хусейни (XVI век). Особенно долгую жизнь получила теория 24-х шу'бэ, отраженная в трактатах ученых разных веков. На Мараги ссылаются среднеазиатские авторы - Ковкаби (XVI век), Дервиш Али (XVII век), иранский автор Абдулмо'мин-бин Сафиаддин (XVII век). Даже в трактате о музыке Газневи (XIX век) присутствует теория 24-х шу'бэ. Большое место в трактатах отведено поведению музыкантов на меджлисах и выбору репертуара. Если для большинства средневековых ученых (Хорезми, Ибн Сина, Ширази, Амули) теория музыки составляла один из необходимых разделов энциклопедий, то каждый из трактатов Мараги представляет собой самостоятельное исследование о музыке. Главная причина в том, что музыкальному искусству была посвящена вся жизнь Абдулгадира Мараги - выдающегося музыканта-практика. Научные труды Мараги - одна из вершин восточной науки о музыке. Абдулгадир бин Гейби Мараги до конца своих дней сочинял музыку, создавал научные труды. В стихах, написанных в последние годы жизни, отразились и свежесть чувств и надежда на признание потомков: Хотя и стар я, но сердце мое молодо, Та же пылкость в голове и в сердце - огонь. Хотя и в старости веду себя я молодо И рассыпаю (не жалея) жемчуга своих напевов, Но мои творения, как память (обо мне), Останутся до конца света.
74. Bevoelkerung in Deutschland
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Unter den Ausländern stellen die türkischen Staatsangehörigen mit etwa 1,7 Millionen die größte Gruppe, an zweiter Stelle stehen die Italiener (530000). Bei der Integration der Migranten in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten sind Fortschritte erzielt worden: Der Erwerb der deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit wurde gesetzlich erleichtert, die Kontakte zwischen Migranten und Deutschen sind intensiver, die Akzeptanz der ethno-kulturellen Vielfalt hat zugenommen. Und mit dem neuen Zuwanderungsgesetz gibt es erstmals eine umfassende gesetzliche Regelung, die alle Bereiche der Migrationspolitik berücksichtigt. Doch bleibt Integration eine Herausforderung an Politik und Gesellschaft. Die Bundesregierung sieht in der Integration der in Deutschland lebenden Ausländer einen Schwerpunkt ihrer Arbeit. Dabei stehen Sprachförderung, Bildung und die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt im Vordergrund. Im Juli 2006 hatte Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel zu einem ersten Integrationsgipfel mit Vertretern aller für Integration relevanten gesellschaftlichen Gruppen eingeladen. Das Ergebnis der „Nationale Integrationsplan“ wurde Mitte 2007 vorgestellt. Er enthält klare Ziele sowie über 400 konkrete Maßnahmen der staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Akteure: So soll ein Netzwerk von Bildungspaten Kinder und Jugendliche aus Zuwandererfamilien in Schule und Ausbildung unterstützen, und die Wirtschaftsverbände sagten zu, jungen Migrantinnen und Migranten bessere Chancen bei der Ausbildung zu gewähren. Die Umsetzung des Plans soll regelmäßig überprüft werden.
75. Biopolitics in Russia: History and Prospects for the Future
Другое Разное
The role of biopolitics as an important component part of the post-communist "overarching cognitive map" is further enhanced by the fact that it can be used not only in social technologies and in a quasi-ideological role. Evolutionary biology has recently developed important ramifications applicable to a variety of social problems and issues. Among them, the following problems & issues seem to be of paramount importance for Russia:
- Environmental Protection. This dimension of biopolitics has been long one of the foci of the activities of various action groups, both formal and informal. Under Gorbachev, many of such groups, starting their activities as "environmentalists", gradually switched over to more political agendas. It is pertinent that in the Baltic countries, which still formed part of the Soviet Union in the late 80s, national liberating movements often employed ecological and "green" slogans. Generally speaking, struggle against environmental destruction provides a very attractive ideological basis for the development of network-like groups including the type discussed above (in this case, such a network group is biopolitical in terms of both its structure and specific goals). Despite all the activities of environmentalists, however, environmental deterioration still remains a burning question in contemporary Russia. This is in part due to the economic chaos and a low standard of living (for a majority of people), so that protecting the bio-environment (as termed by A. Vlavianos-Arvanitis) is sometimes considered a luxury, in work of the more vital concerns. Importantly, biopolitics provides a broader conceptual basis for environmental protection than, e. g. the "green" or purely "environmental" movements. Since it includes the behavioral and neurophysiological dimensions, it encourages scholars and scientists to consider the relationships between environmental factors and human behavior and the performance of the nervous system. In this vein of research, R. Masters has recently investigated the correlations between heavy metal (Pb, Mn) pollution, alcoholism, and violent criminality in the US. A similar study would be even more interesting in Russia, which is notable for its heterogeneity in terms of both pollution (there are great differences between polluted and ecologically clean regions, or, for that matter, even between "dirty" and "clean" districts of Moscow) and criminality rates. A. Vlavianos-Arvanitis (e. g., 1985, 1991) considers the whole package of problems in more philosophic (almost mystical) terms. She describes the totality of all living organisms on Earth as a single body of bios, and she compares destroying the Amazon rainforests to damaging the "lungs" of this planetary quasi-organism.
- Education. The above discussion on environmental protection provides per se a sufficiently important reason for introducing a biological curriculum into the educational system for non-biologists and thereby attempting to eradicate bio-illiteracy (Gusev 1991; 1994; Vlavianos-Arvanitis 1985; 1991). An additional reason is that biological (and specifically biopolitical) knowledge seems to be mandatory for lawyers, political decision-makers, public activists, medical doctors, and reprentatives of a large number of other professions in their everyday activities. The international Commission for Biological Education (CBE) currently pays considerable attention to Russia, which is in part due to the fact that CBE includes an active Russian member;
- Legislation. The development and enforcement of a reliable legal framework, with respect to environmental concerns and other issues of bio-policy (e. g., abortion, euthanasia, organ transplantation, patenting genetically engineered organisms, etc.) still represents a seroius challenge for Russia, despite the considerable recent progress in this field. Bearing in mind the relationship between the environmental and behavioral issues of biopolitics, special attention should be given to the following questions: "What species-specific behaviors are most relevant to environmental law?... What are the implications of these behaviors for laws dealing with environmental preservation?" (Gruter, 1991, p.123);
- Technology. Using living cells and their components for the purpose of producing drugs, food additives, etc. has become an important industrial strategy in Russia. An active role in these developments has been played by the Biotechnology Center of MSU, which for a long time was headed by Prof. V. D. Samuilov. Another active catalyst of these biotechnological developments was Prof. Manakov from the Fine Chemical Technology Institute (Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences). The Biotechnology Center published, in the late 80s, a series of 8 guide-books covering genetic and cell engineering, enzyme technology, cell cultivation in vitro, protein production, and other dimensions of modern biotechnology. Inportantly, biotechnological and environmental problems often overlap. On the one hand, biotechnological developments can help protect the environment. For example, industrially cultivating and then using under field conditions the natural enemies of weeds and harmful insects (e. g., the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis can be used to fight insect pests) is an ecologically clean alternative to employing pesticides. On the other hand, biotechnology can itself produce ecologically dangerous substances. For instance, large-scale industrial production of bacterial protein in the Russian town of Kirishy resulted in releasing huge amounts of this protein (as an aerosol) into the atmosphere. This kind of air pollution caused an upsurge of "green" protesters' activityalmost to the point of an organized rebellion.
- Energy. With the help of unicellular organisms, one can produce renewable fuel (ethanol, bio-gas, hydrogen) as an environment-friendly and economical alternative to oil, gas, coal, or uranium. Curiously enough, some of these bio-fuels can be produced only by mixed cultures of microorganisms. For example, no single microorganism species can convert industrial or municipal waste to methane-containing biogas; this requires a concerted action of at least 3-4 microbial species, each carrying out one of the many reaction steps. The cooperation-based microbial association required for this task is characterized by complex biosocial interactions and can itself be described in quasi-biopolitical terms (Oleskin, 1993).
- Urban Planing, a part of bio-architecture (Eibl-Eibesfeldt und Hass, 1985; Vlavianos-Arvanitis and Oleskin, 1992). This is a research direction aiming to use biological patterns (e. g., a honey comb, a spider's web, a bio-membrane structure) in architecture. It also emphasizes the idea that an architect should pay sufficient attention to ethologically based human behavioral trends. In a primate group or in primitive human society, there was virtually no distinction between social and family life, public and private activities. Bearing in mind these evolutionary considerations, the idea of a creative mix was put forward in bio-architecture. This idea envisages mixing, within a small area, educational facilities, industrial enterprises (on condition that they are prevented from polluting the environment), recreational facilities, as well as apartment houses. Moreover, architectural innovations may promote the people's feeling of self-identification with a specific local community (e. g., by installing sports facilities and constructing leisure game club rooms on the roofs of houses), bring the people closer to nature (by cultivating ivy plants climbing up the house walls), and provide necessary premises for partial economic self-sustainability of such a community. This can be achieved, for instance, by cultivating vegetables on house roofs and balconies. The color palette used in the interior of a house is also of considerable importance. Since our evolutionary ancestors spent most of their time in forests or on savannas, the green color still carries a special, subconsciously perceived message, comforting and reassuring us, and also stimulating the operation of the eye and the visual cortex. Bio-architecture is one of the foci of the activities of the Creative Lab Future of Russia under the Moscow City Council.
- State Politics. The process of social self-structuring, discussed above in the example of the network group model, can be facilitated by establishing a horizontal network structure (e. g., a hirama or an association of hiramas) inside the state machine itself. There are different strategies for attaining this goal. Either the state can be persuaded to set up a new hirama-type structure dealing with an overarching socio-political doctrine, or one of the pre-existing network structures can pressurize the state, by winning popular support, into incorporating it into its apparatus. This network group could then make good use of all state-supported facilities, such as mass media and publishing houses, in order to propagandize its doctrine. Importantly, in contrast to the Soviet-epoch "ideological commissions" of the Communist Party, this network group inside the state must not be able to coerce or oppress the people. This organization must not persecute dissidents, who should feel free to express and defend their works (unless they come into conflict with laws). It should try to convince the people of its works by organizing public discussions and debates.
76. Boпpoc кaк фopмa paзвития мышлeния
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Логика вопросов и ответов (интерогативная, этротетическая или эротематическая логика) находит в правовой практике многообразное применение: в судебном, арбитражном и административном процессах, в деятельности следственных органов и так далее. В юридической науке имеет особое значение логическая сторона умелой постановки вопросов и оценки ответов в ходе применения методов конкретно-социологических и социально-психологических исследований, в первую очередь методов анкетирования и интервью. Во всех случаях правильность вопроса и часто истинность ответа зависит от логически правильной постановки вопроса. Правильная постановка вопроса, естественно, истинности ответа не гарантирует, но ошибочная постановка вопроса затрудняет, а иногда и исключает истинные ответы. Значение, конечно, имеет формально-логическая оценка не только вопроса, но и ответа, так как за логически неточным ответом может скрываться ответ уклончивый или даже ложный.
77. British Royal Ceremonies
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British people are proud of pageants and ceremonies of the national capital London. Many of them are world famous and attract numerous tourists from all over the world. They include daily ceremonies and annuals. Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace at 11.30 a. m., Ceremony of the Keys at 10 p. m. in the Tower, Mounting the Guard at the Horse Guards square are most popular daily ceremonies. Of those which are held annually the oldest are the most cherished are: the glorious pageantry of Trooping the Color, which marks the official birthday of the Queen (the second Saturday in June); Firing the Royal Salute to mark anniversaries of the Queens Accession on February 6 and her birthday on April 21; opening of the Courts marking the start of the Legal Year in October; and Lord Mayors Show on the second Saturday in November, when the newly elected Lord Mayor is driven in the beautiful guilded coach pulled by six white horses to take the Royal Court of Justice where he takes his oath of office and becomes second in importance in the City only to the Sovereign (Queen).
78. British traditional holidays
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Easter is one of the most important holidays in Christianity. In England its a time for giving and receiving presents, mostly Easter eggs. We can say that the egg is the most popular emblem of Easter, but spring-time flowers are also used to stress the natures awakening. Nowadays there are a lot of chocolate Easter eggs, having some small gifts inside. But a real hard-boiled egg, decorated and painted in bright colours , still appears on breakfast tables on Ester Day, or its hidden in the house or garden for children to finny. In egg that is boiled really hard will last for years. Egg-rolling is a traditional Easter pastime. You roll the eggs down a clope until they are cracked and broken, after they are eaten up.
79. Britney Spears - princess of pop
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That funkier spirit is loud and clear on up-tempo rump shakers like
"Stronger" and "Don't Go Knockin On My Door" which find Britney in a
frisky and fierce state of mind. But as she proved on her debut, Britney
can deliver ballads with as much intensity as her more high energy cuts.
On the aching "When Your Eyes Say It" (written by Diane Warren and
produced by Steve Lunt and Robert Jazayeri) and the thoughtful "Don't
Let Me Be The Last To Know" (penned by Shania Twain and Robert Mutt
Lange and produced by Lange), Britney shows her depth. "I dont want
to just be some singer who sings a song just to sing it," Britney offers
speaking to the emotional range of the album. "When you sing a song
with feeling and do your all you connect and thats crucial to me.
Especially since I think that the songs on this album are ten times better
than on my first album, so I really want my fans to feel and hear how
much these songs mean to me."

In keeping with that need to communicate is "Dear Diary", co written by
Britney. Britney began writing melodies and songs while on the road and
she has plans to learn guitar (she is proficient on the piano) in hopes of
writing more songs in the future. "I think Ive always had these songs
that I've been writing in my head," Britney explains. "Now I feel ready to
let people start to hear them."
80. Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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1. Der Bundestag hat das Recht, Gesetzentwьrfe aus seiner Mitte einzubringen. 2. Der Prдsident ist befugt, die vom Bundestag verabschiedeten Gesetze auszufertigen. 3. Der Bundesprдsident ist berechtigt, im Notfall den Bundestag vorzeitig einzuberufen. 4. Der Bundesprдsident strebt danach, den Abbruch der diplomatischen Beziehungen zu diesem Land zu verhindern. 5. Grundgesetz der BRD Artikel 1. (1) Jeder hat das Recht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu aьЯern und zu verbreiten und sich aus allgemein zugдnglichen Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten. 6. Grundgesetz Artikel 26 (1) Handlungen, die geeignet sind und in Absicht vorgenommen werden, das friedliche Zusammenleben der Vцlker zu stцren, insbesondere die Fьhrung eines Angriffkrieges vorzubereiten, sind verfassungswidrig. Sie sind unter Strafe zu stellen. 7. Der Bundestag hat das Recht, den SchluЯ und Wiederbeginn seiner Sitzungen selbst zu bestimmen.

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