Информация

• 1141. Russia and the international economy
  Разное

  Metal exports accounted for a 20 percent share in the Russian exports. Nickel and ferrous metals exports grew most rapidly at 37 and 26 percent accordingly. Average export prices of key metals surged, thus, price of nickel increased by 33.1 percent, of aluminum--by 36.9 percent, of copper--by 24.2 percent, of ferrous alloys--by 24.7 percent, of pig iron--by 14.6 percent. The pattern of metal exports has somewhat changed. Customs statistics reveal a growing number of contracts on export of finished metal articles, however, their share in the total export volumes is still insignificant. These articles are being made according to designs of foreign companies (mostly in aircraft and engineering industries) under a binding condition that they shall be manufactured in accordance with the West European standards and certified by a foreign firm. It is too early to suggest the end of an age of raw exports conducted in their most primitive form, however, the Russian metal industry is given an opportunity to participate in the international division of labor on equal basis and to reach a qualitatively new level of production.

• 1142. Russia and the international economy
  Иностранные языки

• 1143. Russia is my Motherland
  Иностранные языки

  Transport… Moscow is a very big city and its transport must be comfortable and fast. One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolleybuses and trams in the streets of our city. The Moscow metro began to work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient one. There are nine railway stations in Moscow and four airports around the city.

• 1144. Russian painting
  Разное

  The state Tretyakov Gallery is one of the best-known art galleries in Russia. Different genres of painting are exhibited there. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant and connoisseur. In the middle of the XIX th century Pavel Tretyakov began to collect Russian paintings. A man of high culture and fine aesthetic taste, he selected the most significant and characteristic works of the Russian school of painting. He dedicated 40 years of his life to his main calling: the establishment of a National Art Museum. Many works of “Peredvizhniki” are exhibited in this gallery. Tretyakov started by collecting contemporary paintings, but soon he extended the boundaries of his collection. Art of the XIX th century, works of Brulov, Ivanov, Vasnetsov; works of Art of the XVIII th century and ancient Russian art - all gradually found their way into Tretyakov`s collection. More than once he had to add wings to his house in the Lavrushinskiy pereulok. In 1881 he opened his collection to the public. In 1892 he denoted his collection to the city of Moscow. Since then, the gallery had received hundreds of pictures from other museums and private collections. It has a rich collection of old Russian icons. The world famous icon, "The Trinity”, painted in the early XV th century by Andrey Rubliov is exhibited there. The gallery contains halls, devoted to the magnificent works of such XVIII th century celebrities, as Rokotov, Levitskiy, Borovitskiy, Shchedrin. The first half of the XIX th century is represented by brilliant works of Brulov, Ivanov, Tropinin, Venitsianov. The second half is especially well represented. The gallery has the best collection of the “Peredvizhniki”, such as Kramskoy, Perov, Yaroshenko, Myasoedov and others. Linked with “Peredvizhniki” are such great names, as Surikov, Repin, Vereshagin, Vasnetsov, Levitan. Here you can see historical painting, portraits, stylists, landscapes, seascapes and others. Nowadays the gallery is an important source for studding and promotion of Russian Art.

• 1145. Russian Revolution
  История

  Thе еrosіon of іnnеr-pаrty dеmocrаcy іs bеst shown by thе fаtе of succеssіvе opposіtіons to thе cеntrаl lеаdеrshіp. Іn 1917 аnd 1918 frее dіscussіon wіthіn thе pаrty, wіth thе rіght of dіffеrеnt groups to orgаnіsе аround plаtforms, wаs tаkеn for grаntеd. Lеnіn hіmsеlf wаs іn а mіnorіty іn thе pаrty on аt lеаst two occаsіons (аt thе tіmе of hіs Аprіl Thеsеs аnd nеаrly а yеаr lаtеr durіng thе Brеst-Lіtovsk nеgotіаtіons). Іn Novеmbеr 1917 іt wаs possіblе for thosе Bolshеvіks who dіsаgrееd wіth thе pаrty tаkіng powеr аlonе, to rеsіgn from thе govеrnmеnt so аs to forcе іts hаnd, wіthout dіscіplіnаry аctіon bеіng tаkеn аgаіnst thеn. Dіvіsіons wіthіn thе pаrty ovеr thе quеstіon of thе аdvаncе of thе Rеd Аrmy on Wаrsаw аnd ovеr thе rolе of thе trаdе unіons wеrе dіscussеd quіtе opеnly іn thе pаrty prеss. Аs lаtе аs 1921 thе Progrаmmе of thе Workеrs Opposіtіon wаs prіntеd іn а quаrtеr of а mіllіon copіеs by thе pаrty іtsеlf, аnd two mеmbеrs of thе opposіtіon еlеctеd to thе cеntrаl commіttее, Іn 1923 whеn thе Lеft Opposіtіon dеvеlopеd, іt wаs stіll possіblе for іt to еxprеss іts vіеws іn Prаvdа, аlthough thеrе wеrе tеn аrtіclеs dеfеndіng thе lеаdеrshіp to еvеry onе opposіng іt.

• 1146. Scanning tunneling microscopy: a natural for electrochemistry
  Иностранные языки

  The ideal tip for use in solutions would have its entire surface insulated except for the terminal atom of the tunneling probe. It is known that a voltage applied between any two electrodes in solution drives electrochemical process at the electrode surface and result in a current whose amplitude depends on the solution, the electrode surfaces, and the applied voltage. For a given set of these three parameters, the total current can be minimized by minimizing the uninsulated surface of the tip. In principle, only the last atom of the tip needs to be conductive for tunneling, the rest of the exposed tip only serves to increase the unwanted faradaic currents. Tip isolation can be done with glass and, furthermore, with SiO2. Still, islolation reduces the intrusiveness of the probe on the surfaces themselves, so the isolating layer should be as thin as possible.

• 1147. School
  Разное

  Each of us has to study at school. Only school can make a person educated. School teaches us moral values, helps to understand ourselves better and make our own decisions. Thats why school plays one of the greatest roles in everyones life. Its often at school that we learn to make friends and get on with other people. A students experience at school can influence how he or she relates to the rest of the society. The kind of education a student receives will of course influence his or her job prospects. Besides, it offers many opportunities for many kinds of activities. So schools are often responsible for producing the citizens of tomorrow. Besides school introduces us to different sorts of people, it makes us polite and well-behaved and helps us to use our free time sensibly. And, which is most important, it teaches us about our country, its history, culture and its present-day place in the world, because an educated person contributes more to the rest of the society and education on the other hand gives a person the prospect for professional advance. Taking part in all kinds of contests, making reports and holding discussions give us opportunities to develop speaking skills and explore new ideas. The scientific knowledge, which pupils get at their lessons of chemistry, biology and physics will be valuable to them.

• 1148. School education in the USA
  Иностранные языки

  In some schools where the community is stable, the funding good, and the school environment orderly, a hardworking student can get an excellent education. But in other schools - especially those in poor neighborhoods in the nation's large cities - it is very difficult to become educated. The flight of middle-class families to the suburbs left big city public schools with mostly lower-income students. Many are deprived children from impoverished homes with only one parent. Many come to school ill-prepared and poorly motivated to learn. A large number need help in learning English. Many change residences and schools often, and a changing classroom population is difficult to teach. In some poor neighborhoods, the students do not attend school regularly because they are frightened by violent gangs. In some class-rooms, teachers have difficulty keeping the students' attention because disrespectful, uncooperative students disturb the class. Because the quality of education varies so much from one school district to another, parents who are planning to move to a new neighborhood often inquire about the schools - and even visit them - before deciding which community to move to.

• 1149. Schooling in Great Britain
  Педагогика

  The University of London, for instance, includes internal and external students, the latter coming to London only to sit for their examinations. Actually most external students at London University are living in London. The colleges in the University of London are essentially teaching institutions, providing instruction chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, however, are essentially residential institutions and they mainly use a tutorial method which brings the tutor into close and personal contact with the student. These colleges, being residential, are necessarily far smaller than most of the colleges of the University of London.

• 1150. SCM-системы
  Компьютеры, программирование

  «Глобальная» многонациональная компания. «Фокус» - не удовлетворение специфических потребностей потребителей конкретной страны, а проблема управления глобальной дистрибьюцией и снижение общих операционных логистических издержек. Интересно провести различие между концепциями Supply Chain Management и DRP - Distribution Requirements Planning (планирование ресурсов распределения), которая позволяет планировать «пополнение» распределенной складской системы, причем не только из «центрального» склада, но и за счет перемещения товара между складами одного уровня, в том числе и путем перемещения из магазина в магазин, без снижения операционной стоимости и установления обратной связи. Такой подход будет оптимальным для пополнения системы складов сервисных центров, обменных фондов или системы оптовых складов продовольственной продукции массового спроса, например сахара, соли, крупы и тому подобных продуктов, которые мало подвержены особым требованиям к упаковке и слабо дифференцируются по качеству. Концепция DRP внедрена достаточно давно, например, в таких программных продуктах, как С А - PRMS, а также в заказных системах. Особенность системы в том, что она вполне качественно работает и с off-line информацией. В принципе ее можно успешно реализовать и на Excel.

• 1151. Scotland /english/
  Разное

  The terrain of Scotland is predominantly mountainous but may be divided into three distinct regions, from north to south: the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. More than one-half of the surface of Scotland is occupied by the Highlands, the most rugged region on the island of Great Britain. Consisting of parallel mountain chains with a general northeastern-southwestern trend and broken by deep ravines and valleys, the Highlands are noted for their scenic grandeur. Precipitous cliffs, moorland plateaus, mountain lakes, sea lochs, swift-flowing streams, and dense thickets are common to the Highlands, the most sparsely inhabited section of Scotland. The region is divided in two by a depression, known as the Glen More, or Great Glen, which extends from Moray Firth to Loch Linnhe. To the northwest of this lie heavily eroded peaks with fairly uniform elevations ranging from 610 to 915 m (about 2000 to 3000 ft). In the Highlands southeast of the Great Glen the topography is highly diversified. This region is traversed by the Grampian Mountains, the principal mountain system of Scotland. The highest peak of the Grampians is Ben Nevis (1343 m/4406 ft), the highest summit in Great Britain.

• 1152. Scottish Customs and Traditions
  Иностранные языки

  The Great Highland Bagpipe (Scottish Gaelic <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language>: a' phìob mhòr; often abbreviated GHB in English) is a type of bagpipe <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe> native to Scotland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland>. It has achieved widespread recognition through its usage in the British military <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_military> and in pipe bands <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_band> throughout the world. It is closely related to the Great Irish Warpipes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Irish_Warpipes>.bagpipe is first attested in Scotland around 1400 AD, having previously appeared in European artwork in Spain in the 13th century. The earliest references to bagpipes in Scotland are in a military context, and it is in that context that the Great Highland Bagpipe became established in the British military and achieved the widespread prominence it enjoys today, whereas other bagpipe traditions throughout Europe, ranging from Portugal to Russia, almost universally went into decline by the late 19th and early 20th centuries.widely famous for its role in military and civilian pipe bands, the Great Highland Bagpipe is also used for a solo virtuosic style called piobaireachd (aka pibroch <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pibroch>).popular belief sets varying dates for the introduction of bagpipes to Scotland, concrete evidence is limited until approximately the 15th century. The Clan Menzies <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Menzies> still owns a remnant of a set of bagpipes said to have been carried at the Battle of Bannockburn <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn> in 1314, though the veracity of this claim is debated. There are many ancient legends and stories about bagpipes which were passed down through minstrels and oral tradition, whose origins are now lost. However, textual evidence for Scottish bagpipes is more definite in 1396, when records of the Battle of the North Inch of Perth <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_North_Inch> reference "warpipes" being carried into battle. These references may be considered evidence as to the existence of particularly Scottish bagpipes, but evidence of a form peculiar to the Highlands appears in a poem written in 1598 (and later published in The Complaynt of Scotland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complaynt_of_Scotland> which refers to several types of pipe, including the Highland: "On hieland pipes, Scotte and Hybernicke / Let heir be shraichs of deadlie clarions." 1746, after the forces loyal to the Hanoverian government <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover> had defeated the Jacobites <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism> in the Battle of Culloden <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden>, King George II <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain> attempted to assimilate the Highlands <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands> into Great Britain by weakening Gaelic culture <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels> and the Scottish clan <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan> system, though claims that the Act of Proscription 1746 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746> banned the Highland bagpipes are not substantiated by the text itself. It was soon realised that Highlanders made excellent troops and a number of regiments were raised from the Highlands over the second half of the eighteenth century. Although the early history of pipers within these regiments is not well documented, there is evidence that these regiments had pipers at an early stage and there are numerous accounts of pipers playing into battle during the 19th century, practice which continued into World War I <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I> when it was abandoned due to the high casualty rate (though sporadic incidents of pipers playing into battle have occurred regularly since).Great Highland Bagpipe is classified as a woodwind instrument <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument>, like the bassoon <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon>, oboe <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe>, or clarinet <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet>. Although it is classified as a double reed <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_reed> instrument, the reeds are all closed inside the wooden stocks, instead of being played directly by mouth as other woodwinds are. The GHB actually has four reeds; the chanter reed (double), two tenor drone reeds (single), and one bass drone reed (single).modern set has a bag, a chanter, a blowpipe, two tenor drones, and one bass drone. The scale on the chanter is in Mixolydian mode <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixolydian_mode>, which has a flattened 7th or leading tone. It has a range from one whole tone <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone> lower than the tonic to one octave above it (in piper's parlance: Low G, Low A, B, C#, D, E, F#, High G, and High A; the C and F could or should be called sharp <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_%28music%29> but this is often omitted).* Yet the notes played are actually in the key of B?. Although less so now, depending on the tuning of the player, certain notes are tuned slightly off just intonation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation>, for example, the D could be tuned slightly sharp for effect. However, today the notes of the chanter are usually tuned in just intonation to the Mixolydian scale. The two tenor drones are an octave <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave> below the keynote <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote> (Low A) of the chanter) and the bass drone two octaves below.developments have included reliable synthetic drone reeds, and synthetic bags that deal with moisture arguably better than hide bags.pipes were originally constructed of locally-available woods such as holly <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly>, laburnum <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum>, and boxwood <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxwood>. Later, as expanding colonisation and trade expanded access to more exotic woods, tropical hardwoods such as cocuswood <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocuswood> (the Caribbean), ebony <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony> (West African and South and Southeast Asia) and African blackwood <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_blackwood> (Subsaharran Africa) became the standards in the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the modern day, synthetic materials, particularly Polypenco <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypenco>, have become quite popular, particularly in pipe bands where uniformity of chanters is desirable.Gaelic word pìobaireachd simply means "pipe music", but it has been adapted into English as piobaireachd <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piobaireachd> or pibroch. In Gaelic, this, the "great music" of the GHB is referred to as ceòl mòr, and "light music" (such as marches and dance tunes) is referred to as ceòl beag.òl mòr consists of a slow "ground" movement (Gaelic ùrlar) which is a simple theme, then a series of increasingly complex variations on this theme, and ends with a return to the ground. Ceòl Beag includes marches (2/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/4, etc), dance tunes (particularly strathspeys, reels, hornpipes, and jigs), slow airs, and more. The ceòl mòr style was developed by the well-patronized dynasties of bagpipers - MacArthurs, MacGregors <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacGregors&action=edit&redlink=1>, Rankins, and especially the MacCrimmons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacCrimmon_%28piping_family%29> - and seems to have emerged as a distinct form during the 17th century.to many other musical instruments, the GHB is limited by its range (nine notes), lack of dynamics, and the enforced legato <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legato> style, due to the continuous airflow from the bag. The GHB is a closed reed instrument, which means that the four reeds are completely encased within the instrument and the player cannot change the sound of the instrument via mouth position or tonguing. As a result, notes cannot be separated by simply stopping blowing or tonguing so gracenotes and combinations of gracenotes, called embellishments, are used for this purpose. These more complicated ornaments using two or more gracenotes include doublings, taorluaths, throws, grips, birls. There are also a set of ornaments usually used for pìobaireachd, for example the dare, vedare, chedare, darado, taorluath and crunluath. Some of these embellishments have found their way into light music over the course of the 20th century. These embellishments are also used for note emphasis, for example to emphasize the beat note or other phrasing <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_phrasing> patterns. These three single gracenotes (G, D, and E) are the most commonly used and are often played in succession. All gracenotes are performed rapidly, by quick finger movements, giving an effect similar to tonguing <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguing> or articulation on modern wind instruments. Due to the lack of rests and dynamics, all expression in GHB music comes from the use of embellishments and to a larger degree by varying the duration of notes. Despite the fact that most GHB music is highly rhythmically regimented and structured, proper phrasing of all types of GHB music relies heavily on rubato, the ability of the player to stretch specific notes within a phrase or measure. In particular, the main beats and off-beats of each phrase are structured, however, sub-divisions within each beat are flexible.

• 1153. SCSI-Интерфейс
  Компьютеры, программирование

  Èíòåðôåéñ SCSI óõîäèò ñâîèìè êîðíÿìè â íà÷àëî 1960-õ ãîäîâ.  òî âðåìÿ â øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ áîëüøèõ ìàøèíàõ êîðïîðàöèè IBM ïðèìåíÿëàñü áàéòîâàÿ ïàðàëëåëüíàÿ øèíà Â/Â, íàçûâàåìàÿ áëîê ìóëüòèïëåêñíûì êàíàëîì è îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà áëî÷íûå ïåðåäà÷è. Îñîçíàâàÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè èíòåðôåéñîâ, êîìèòåò X3T9.3 Àìåðèêàíñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà ñòàíäàðòîâ (ANSI) â íà÷àëå 1980-õ ãîäîâ ïðèñòóïèë ê ðàçðàáîòêå ïîäîáíîãî ñòàíäàðòà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà øèðîêóþ ïîïóëÿðíîñòü áëîê-ìóëüòèïëåêñíîãî êàíàëà êîðïîðàöèè IBM, êîìèòåò ðåøèë íå ïðèíèìàòü åãî â íåèçìåííîì âèäå - îò÷àñòè, áûòü ìîæåò, ïîòîìó, ÷òî «ýòî íå íàøå», à îò÷àñòè ïîä äàâëåíèåì êîíêóðåíòîâ êîìïàíèè IBM. Ñòàíäàðò, êîòîðûé ðàçðàáàòûâàë ANSI, ïîëó÷èë íàçâàíèå èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîãî ïåðèôåðèéíîãî èíòåðôåéñà(IPI). Øèíà IPI ïðåäñòàâëÿëà ñîáîé ïî ñóùåñòâó ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé ýêâèâàëåíò áëîê-ìóëüòèïëåêñíîãî êàíàëà ñ äîáàâëåíèåì íåêîòîðûõ íîâûõ ñâîéñòâ.  êà÷åñèâå àëüòåðíàòèâû áëîê-ìóëüòèïëåêñíîìó êàíàëó êîðïîðàöèè IBM äðóãèå ãðóïïû ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â òî âðåìÿ ðàçðàáàòûâàëè ñîáñòâåííûå ïàðàëëåëüíûå øèíû Â/Â.

• 1154. Sellers and buyers in Russia and in foreign countries
  Иностранные языки

  For long use goods (service), the manufacturer (executor) has the right to establish service life the period during which the manufacturer (executor) undertakes to provide to the consumer the opportunity to use of goods and to bear the responsibility for essential lacks. On food stuffs, the perfumer cosmetic goods, medicines, the goods of household, chemical goods and other similar goods the manufacturer (executor) is obliged to establish working life the period after which the goods are considered unsuitable for use. Sale of the goods after a target date of the validity, and also the goods on which working life should be established, but it is not established is forbidden. The manufacturer (executor) has the right to establish a warranty period the period during which in case of detection of lack of the goods the manufacturer (executor), the seller, is obliged to satisfy requirements of the consumer. The seller has the right to establish a warranty period if it is not established by the manufacturer. The manufacturer (executor) is obliged to provide safety of the goods during working life of the goods. The seller (manufacturer) is obliged to accept the goods of inadequate quality from the consumer and in case of the need to inspect the quality of the goods. The consumer has the right to participate in the check of the quality of the goods. If term of elimination of lacks of the goods is not determined in writing by the agreement of the sides, these lacks should be eliminated by the manufacturer (seller) immediately. If the consumer has found out lacks of the goods the seller is obliged him to replace within 7 days. If the seller (manufacturer) at the moment of presentation of the requirement does not have goods necessary for replacement, replacement should be carried out within a month from the date of presentation of such requirement. The goods which be replaced should new. The warranty period, in this case, is estimated anew, from the date of replacement. For infringement of terms of an exchange, the seller pays to the consumer the penalty per every day of delay.

• 1155. Senasis egyptieciu kalendorius
  История

  Egiptieciai dalino metus i dvylika menesiu ir lygiai taip pat padalino diena ir nakti i dvylika valandu. Vargu ar jie dalino valanda i dar smulkesnius laiko tarpus. ?od?io "at", verciamo kaip "akimirka", reik?me neturejo jokios apribotos trukmes. Kiekviena valanda turejo savo pavadinima. Pirmoji dienos valanda vadinosi "?erejancia", ?e?toji - "pasikilimo valanda", dvyliktoji - "Ra susilieja su gyvybe". Pirmoji nakties valanda buvo "Ra prie?u ?lugimo" valanda, dvyliktoji - valanda, "stebiancia Ra gro?i". Susidaro ispudis, jog tokiu pavadinimu valandu ilgumas keitesi kasdien. Taciau tai netiesa. Dienos ir nakties valandos buvo lygios lygiadieniais. Visa kita laika egiptieciai ?inojo, kad saule veluoja arba u?bega u? akiu.

• 1156. SEO: черные методы
  Компьютеры, программирование

  В узкой среде специалистов и на профессиональных SEO форумах репутация фирм, применяющих такие методы, всем известна, но, к сожалению, достаточно много заказчиков попадается на уловки таких недобросовестных фирм. По несколько раз в месяц к нам обращаются фирмы, которые уже пострадали от работы «псевдооптимизаторов» и их сайты были забанены. Эти «горе-оптимизаторы», просто экономят на покупке ссылок. Для этого они подставляют под удар сайты своих же клиентов, размещая на них линкопомойки, которые зачастую содержат рекламу конкурентов. Проверьте свой сайт на наличие «Бизнес-Новостей» или других ссылочных обменников, ведь в лучшем случае снятие санкций происходит через месяц.

• 1157. Sexual violence and capitalism
  Иностранные языки

  Increases in reported sexual assault do not necessarily reflect a rise in violence. It may, as Grabosky pointed out, reflect changes in police practices, changes in social attitudes which mean more women feel able to report the attack, or even the fact that the legal definition of rape has changed. There are several reasons for the shift in emphasis which intersect and reinforce each other. Firstly, the continuing increase in the number of women working raises expectations of what relationships should offer. Women who feel relatively independent are likely to be more self-confident, more able to get out of a relationship, so they are not prepared to accept the same level of abuse as previously. There is quite a lot of evidence to suggest most women do not passively accept their situation (contrary to the efforts of many academic sociologists to establish otherwise). Eighty per cent of women contacted by the Queensland Task Force attempted to leave at some time. American studies back up this figure with one finding that seventy-five per cent of abused women left the violent family situation. Even a study of adolescent women, who could be expected to have the least self-confidence, found that a majority were able to stop the attack and avoid rape. Where the assault was perpetrated by a date or boyfriend, two thirds of the relationships changed and 87 per cent ended. Womens ability to assert their own interests was improved from the mid-seventies when divorce laws began to be reformed and later, when rape in marriage acknowledged abusive behaviour as criminal. The provision of welfare, insufficient as it is, can make the difference between staying or leaving an intolerable situation. Many studies quote women as giving more ideological reasons, such as commitment to the family, feelings of guilt or even believing they were to blame, for staying in a marriage they hated. This should not blind us to the way economic circumstances constrain the options open to an individual, thereby limiting their work of their position. Economic and ideological factors feed each other. Once the material circumstances change, there is a space for new ideas to take root and influence a persons actions.

• 1158. Short Overwork of African Countries
  География

  From this time and up to 20-th century African continent was a big colony of a number of European countries. After a century of rule by France, Algeria became independent in 1962. Angola former Portugal colony got its freedom in 1975. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon merged in 1961 to form the present country. Chad was a part of France's African holdings until 1960. The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. Mozambique almost five centuries was a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Rwanda gains its independence in 1962. The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until takeover by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated to keep whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. But even after formal independence most countries are heavily dependant on Europe in terms of investitions and aids. After the "lost decade" of the eighties when tumbling commodity prices, debt, economic and political mismanagement brought African economies to near bankruptcy, the majority of African countries have embarked on International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and donor supported economic reform programmes. In December of year 2000, the World Bank gave US$155 million in credits to help seven African countries Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Zambia, and Uganda cope with an unexpected surge in oil prices and other losses in their terms of trade. These factors were causing serious hardship for the poor in terms of rising energy and transportation costs, which in turn were jeopardizing the success of the countries' reform programs. Still, poverty is higher in Africa than in any other region of the world. According to the latest data two out of five Africans subsist below a poverty line of less than $20 per month; the majority of these are women. This mean that some 300 million Africans live on barely 65 cents a day. Africa has the most unequal distribution of income of any region in the world. The richest twenty percent of Africans own 51 percent of total income, compared to 40 percent in western countries and in South Asia. The last report on Africa made by World Bank group also shows how civil conflict in the region has blunted and reversed growth prospects for war-torn countries. While the trend for many African countries during the 1990s was one of slow but steady economic improvement, those in conflict suffered negative growth and an alarming deterioration in basic conditions (Angola -0.2 percent, Burundi -2.4 percent, Democratic Republic of Congo, -4.6 percent, Rwanda, -2.1 percent, Sierra Leone, -4.6 percent). In essence, the present forecast is that the world's poverty will become even more concentrated in Africa.

• 1159. Should be press liable or not
  Разное

• 1160. Siemens и Россия
  История

  Карл Сименс к тому времени принял российское подданство. Через некоторое время он получил звание купца первой гильдии, а также личное дворянство. Так как импортируемая продукция облагалась в России весьма высокими пошлинами, Сименс решил построить в Петербурге в 1882 году крупный кабельный завод, и воплотил свое решение в жизнь. По истечении еще нескольких лет им было основано петербургское "Общество электрического освещения", остававшееся вплоть до революции самой крупной российской компанией в своей отрасли. Капитал этого общества оценивался в миллион рублей. Им было получено множество заказов, крупнейшим из которых было монопольное право на электрификацию Москвы. Результатом выполнения этого обязательства стал запуск в 1898 году в самом центре Москвы, на Раушской набережной, мощной электростанции, которая, кстати, существует и по сей день. Естественно, здесь не могло обойтись без оборотной стороны медали. У этой долгосрочной концессии в ее роли выступило то обстоятельство, что жители Москвы платили тогда за киловатт-час 50 копеек, а это была самая высокая цена за электричество во всей Европе.

• На первую страницу
• Назад
• 48
• 49
• 50
• 51
• 52
• 53
• 54
• 55
• 56
• 57
• 58
• 59
• 60
• 61
• 62
• 63
• 64
• 65
• 66
• 67
• 68
• Далее
• На последнюю страницу