Статья

• 961. The creation and activities of local organizations of the Bund Belarus
  История

  At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. basis of the organizational structure of the Bund continued to be cash struggle (strike funds). Their primary objectives are: to disseminate among the masses of social democratic ideas, the development of class and political consciousness of workers, improve their economic situation. The transition from propaganda in small circles to the general agitation among the working masses, marked changes in the tactics of the Social-Democrats, the middle 90's. XIX century., Demanded radical changes in prevailing before the work and organization. The reform plan was scheduled for leaders of the movement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final conversion of shop insurance funds in public resistance (cash counter), etching of them the last remnants of peaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct connection of the Social Democratic Center with these insurers through the permanent collections of prominent figures for each fund "with the center (meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of the circles to the problem of making the leaders of the mass movement of workers, so the clubs should be taken only active workers are able and inclined to engage in propaganda; classes in the groups must be free from academic and school nature, closer to life, 4) classes in the groups should be conducted primarily in the jargon, to make possible the participation of all capable of propaganda work of the proletarians [2, pp. 57].

• 962. The declaration of independence
  Разное

  Следовательно, Мы, Представители соединенных Штатов Америки, в Конгрессе, Собрались, обращаясь к Высшему Судье мира для суждения наших намерений, во Имя, и Полномочия этих хороших Людей, населяющих эти Колонии, торжественно опубликовать и объявить, что эти Соединенные Штаты имеют Право быть Свободными и Независимыми; что они Освобождаются от всей Зависимости к Британской Короне, и что все политическое связи между ними и Государством Великобританией полностью аннулированы; и, как Свободные и Независимые Государства, у них есть полное Право объявить Войну, заключить Мир или Союз, устанавливать Торговлю, и делать все другие Действия, которые Независимые Государства имеют право делать. И для поддержки этой Декларации, с твердым доверием в Защиту Провидения, мы взаимно обязываемся друг другу нашими Жизнями, нашими Судьбами и нашей священной Честью.

• 963. The Demise of Democracy
  Политология

  This was a great step in the history and political culture of mankind. In the long run even the most successful political systems, those of Great Britain and the United States, for example, could not remain wholly immune from it (ibid.). in Decline only two centuries on from the dawn of the age of democracy, this great step in history-this force that empowered the governments of Britain, the U.S. and the British dominions to endorse, underwrite and succor the most inventive age of man, this great Anglo-American democratic movement-has faded most significantly from the vigor and vitality of its original vision. To quote Roberts, To many in the West, their civilization appears to have gone wrong. Much that is unique about it has seemed to turn out to be weakness, or worse. Cultural self-criticism and self-questioning have seemed to lead to cultural self-destruction (ibid.). problem, spawned a century ago with the birth of modernism, has more recently led to the current fashion for revisionist history, particularly in Britain, with many from the intelligentsia and the chatterati decrying their great and ancient British heritage, even to the point of becoming profoundly ashamed of it, having no concept of the reason for it! , Freudianism, Leninism and Marxism combined to throw doubt on traditional Western mores, culture and standards of behavior. This challenge to the old way profoundly impacted politics. According to Roberts, In politics, the decline of confidence in the absolute values of liberalism was rapid and spectacular. It ran away at best into an easy pragmatism and at worst into the outright irrationality which fed fascism. Appropriately, the Nazis consciously adopted the symbols of a pre-Christian, and therefore a pre-Western, pagan past (ibid.). In other words, God was left out of the picture. Western culture, which had developed to its peak prior to World War i, began its descent into the shoddy mess it is today, with the tenets of classic Western democracy becoming increasingly corrupted in its wake. combined effects of the warped thinking of modernists such as Freud, Darwin, Hegel and Nietzsche (with the German rationalist thought underpinning the modernists credo from the early 20th century on) consummated in the 1960s and 70s to rock the very system of virtues upon which Western democracy had been founded. The result has been the production of a generation-now in positions of leadership within corporate, bureaucratic and political circles in the Anglo-American democracies-that has the minds of immature children (Isa. 3:4). all post-war governments, it was the Clinton administration that brought to bear, on both domestic and international politics, some of the worst aspects of the moral relativism. This administration was overpopulated with children of the 60s and 70s who had their minds closed to reality (in the terms of professor Alan Bloom in his masterful work The Closing of the American Mind) via the brainwashing received from liberal-socialist professors at their universities and colleges during those two sad decades. the U.S., in particular during the Clinton administration, moral sickness in the White House skewed the perspective of the governing elite away from the old moral absolutes and tore at the fabric of true democracy that had underpinned America in its greatest era of growth and development. The result has been a warping of the national perception of just what it is that American democracy stands for. Prof. Wesley McDonald of Elizabethtown College, Penn., comments, The American political culture has changed so dramatically during the Clinton era that it is now reasonable to conclude that the social, moral and cultural basis necessary for the prevalence of genuinely conservative ideas no longer exists (Salisbury Rework, Winter 2000). simply cannot be a genuine democracy without a strong representation of the genuine conservative ideas upon which it was founded. Unless those fundamental democratic virtues are given a strong voice of support, the moral relativism of the left will overwhelm society and work to destroy its democratic foundations. the Word back over the past century, what is of greatest significance that Western democracy has gifted to the rest of the world? terrible legacy of left-wing, liberal-socialist revisionism is that the baby has been thrown out with the bathwater. In their self-righteous attempts to decry their own rich heritage, Anglo-American revisionist historians, media merchants and their ilk simply try to bury the facts of history in their overt attempts to be politically correct. more objective analysis of the legacy of the Western democracies comes from the pen of J.M. Roberts: [I]f we are seriously concerned about our own sensitivity to ethical nuance, we ought also to recognize that administrators, missionaries, teachers were often right in thinking that they brought valuable gifts to non-Europeans. Those gifts included gentler standards of behavior toward the weak, the ideal of a more objective justice, the intellectual rigor of science, its fruits in better health and technology, and many other good things. They spread progressive, humane aspirations about the world. In some places, the mere bringing of settled order was by itself an unquestionable good. They could also point, as time went by, to economic changes which brought new opportunities, longer lives, more comfort (op. cit.). deepest roots of the missionary zeal that has promoted liberal democracy worldwide are anchored in America. Eric Bjornlund, former director of Asia programs at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, explained, From the time of President Woodrow Wilsons crusade to make the world safe for democracy to the era of the Cold War, Americans of virtually all political persuasions shared an ideological commitment to advancing the democratic cause in the world. … Washington now devotes some $700 million annually to democracy promotion (Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2001). problem is that this effort to spread the gospel of democracy is predicated on one erroneous assumption-that all peoples think and act like Americans. They dont! Hence, when the U.S. naively tries to force foreign nations into the mold of its style of liberal democracy, it is nonplussed when it finds out that not all of the industrys players share the same commitment to democracy, and some are willing to sacrifice its pursuit to other foreign-policy goals (ibid.). the 1970s, the democratization of many of the worlds nations has been a priority in U.S. policy. Samuel Huntington has observed that in the late 1970s, a third wave of democratization commenced with transitions of forms of government in Spain and Portugal. This spread to the Hispanic countries of Latin America and leaped across the Pacific to parts of Asia. fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 catalyzed the spread of democratic government throughout Eastern and southern Europe. During the 1990s, parts of Africa and Asia jumped on the democratic bandwagon. All told, 50 countries have transitioned from other forms of government to democratized administrations since 1988. the question is, why? Why this wave of democracy sweeping across the world over the past 30 years, and in particular the past decade and a half? How legitimate is this change, and what has motivated it? tenuous nature of much of this process is highlighted by Eric Bjornlund: In the last decades of the 20th century, democracy established itself as the worlds dominant political ideal. Yet much of the worlds population has yet to enjoy democratic rights, and the commitment of many ostensibly democratic countries remains questionable (ibid.). this process has coincided with the massive export of American-produced television programs, music and other entertainment is more than coincidental. Human beings are generally not moved by logic or reason. It is imagination, emotion, feelings that motivate the masses of mankind. The appeal of the good life-typed by everything from its subculture of entertainment and national laid-back uniform of jeans, sweatshirt and sneakers to its voracious American-style consumerism and promotion of free and unmitigated choice within an economy of plenty-has been a powerful magnet to those in foreign lands. The simple equation in most minds is, Democracy equals all of this. is a problem in this idea, however. As America has dumbed down its culture-its taste in all things from food to dress, from music to sitcoms-the quality of life and the fruits thereof are painting a very different picture of the results of democracy to the rest of the world from that which our Founding Fathers envisioned. Family breakdown, a huge drug subculture, rampant sexual perversion, violent crime-all these bitter fruits now being reaped by an Anglo-American society in decline are being perceived by undemocratic, religiously zealous, reactionary regimes as dramatic proof of the failure of the great Western dream. perception has contributed to the Islamic backlash. It is, right now, exacerbating relationships between the U.S. and Europe. It is destined to have a horrific effect, ultimately, on the U.S. and Britain and its dominions. Already, comparisons between the benefits of old-style autocratic rule and Western-style democracy are being made, even by some in the West. Without Responsibility journalist Katie Grant recently visited the autocratically ruled country of Turkmenistan. Her summation? Turkmenistan may not be a free country, but there is no trash culture, no graffiti, and the people are happy. This country has no tradition of democracy. Yet, as Grant observes, [T]he rule of an autocrat does have an up side. We extol democracy, which allows societies to operate on the level of the lowest common denominator, as the best way to function. But when you compare our filthy streets and yob culture with the dignity of the Turkmen, democracy seems a shoddy affair. We havent risen to Bach; we have sunk to Marilyn Manson (Spectator, June 29). Grants message to those who seek to impose, with such zeal, the Wests form of liberal democracy on foreign countries is bitingly accurate, given the massive evidence of the systems current failures. [T]hose who try to export Western democratic values should remember that for many of the Turkmen people there are a good many things that are right. When we export democracy, we export Big Brother. When we insist on the supremacy of individual rights, we export family breakdown and the culture of whinge and litigation (ibid.). perceived by the Founding Fathers, democracy was to offer the citizenry freedom under the law. But if the citizenry lose their fear of breaking the law because those responsible for legalization and the upholding of the law remove its sting, the process simply breaks down. It is well known that, in some Arabian countries, you may leave your Mercedes Benz at curbside with the keys in the ignition. Why is this so? The fear of having a hand chopped off for thievery simply diminishes drastically the motive of any would-be car thief. Tough justice-but it works! idea of Western-style democracy contained, from its beginnings, the seeds of its own destruction. By stressing that human beings possessed certain inalienable rights, the Founding Fathers opened the way for a far-less-democratic liberal-socialist generation to elevate the concept of human rights above the obligation of human responsibility. managing editor of The New Criterion, Roger Kimball, puts it this way: In our own time, a time when everyone is clamoring for his or her rights-when new rights pop up like mushrooms-it is worth remembering that every right carries with it a corresponding duty. Some rights may be inalienable, but none is without price (National Interest, Spring 2002). of Excellence additional price that failing Western democracy is now paying is in a particular form of the dumbing down of society-a move away from the old desire to be the best and toward a desire to blur all distinctions between peoples unique abilities. expresses this phenomenon thus: Radical egalitarianism-egalitarianism uncorrected by the aspirations of excellence-would have us pretend that there are no important distinctions among people; where the pretense is impossible, it would have us enact compensatory programs to minimize, or at least to paper over, the differences. The results are a vast increase in self-deception, cultural degradation and bureaucratic meddlesomeness (ibid.). standards of excellence which were the aspirations of previous generations-in times when the British benignly ruled the greatest empire and the U.S. became the mightiest single nation on Earth-are buried in a mire of mediocrity. The false premise that we all must dumb down into a gray, amorphous mass of equality threatens to overwhelm the impulse to achieve and to excel (ibid.). insidious trend saps the nations political will. Such is certainly in evidence over the present debate on Iraq. The U.S., rather than show the courage for immediate retaliation against a crazed, petty despot rattling his bio-chemical and pending nuclear weaponry in the Middle East, is spending months in fruitless debate seeking the approbation of the world, including its enemies, before it deigns to strike with any force to wipe such a pestilential threat from off the face of the map! Government Tried democracy has had its day. civilization is in crisis and decline. It has been so since the First World War shattered the hope that Western culture was on the road to continuous progress toward a more rational and enlightened age. The Second World War shook Western democracy to its foundations. The cradle of democracy, the continent of Europe, came to realize at that point that the savagery of the civilized man had far outdone that of the barbarians who had preceded him. reflection, there appears to be no other forms of government left for man to try. Having experimented with all forms over millennia of time, the major shift over the past two centuries has been from aristocracy to democracy-from being governed by a small, privileged elite to government by the masses. Anglo-American democracies lost more of their own precious nationals fighting in defense of this democratic system over the past century than any other campaigns in the history of humankind. Has it been worth it? A most provocative work has been put forward in reflection on this question by Mark Malvasi, history teacher at Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. Reflecting on 100 years of democracy, Malvasi muses, To the extent that we have mastered nature and won our freedom, we have rejected the limitations of the human condition. No longer compelled to beseech God, we are confident that we are gods unto ourselves. Yet every day we witness the terrible consequences that follow when men, who no longer see the virtue of imitating Christ, arrogate to themselves the role of God (Intercollegiate Rework, Fall/Spring 2000-2001; emphasis mine). intriguing! The system that shopped God around the world, that publicized the life of Jesus Christ to millions of pagans in far-off lands, no longer see[s] the virtue of imitating Christ. enlightened historian John Lukacs maintains that The historicity of Jesus Christ … is incontestable (A Students Guide to the Study of History), other members of the intelligentsia seek to bury this fact as an irrelevance in terms of the heritage of Western democracy!

• 964. The development of computers in ukraine and the former USSR
  Разное

  The first serious steps in the development of production base were made initially in the late 1950s when the work on creating the first industry samples of the electronic counting machines was finished and there were created M-20, “Ural-1”, “Minsk-1”, which together with their semi-conductor successors (M-220, “Ural-11-14”, “Minsk-22” and“Minsk-32”) created in the 1960s were the main ones in the USSR until the computers of the third generation were put into the serial production, that is until the early 1970s.

• 965. The development of the drama. The theatres and actors
  Разное

  It was about the time of King Henry VIII, when the Protestants drove theatricals out of the church, that acting became a distinct profession in England. Now the actors performed in inncourt yards, which were admirably suited to dramatic performances consisting as they did of a large open court surrounded by two galleries. A platform projected into the middle of the yard with dressing rooms at the back, There was planty of standing room around the stage, and people came running in crowds as soon as they heard the trumpets announcing the beginning of a play. To make the audience pay for its entertainment, the actors took advantage of the most thrilling moment of the plot: this was the proper time to send the hat round for a collection.

• 966. The development of the Tower
  Разное

  These fortifications may have included Baynards Castle built in the south-west angle of the City (near Blackfriars) and the castle of Monfichet (near Ludgate Circus) and almost certainly the future Tower of London. Initially the Tower had consisted of a modest enclosure built into the south-east corner of the Roman City walls, but by the late 1070s, with the initial completion of the White Tower, it had become the most fearsome of all. Nothing had been seen like it in England before. It was built by Norman masons and English (Anglo-Saxon) labour drafted in from the countryside, perhaps to the design of Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester. It was intended to protect the river route from Danish attack, but also and more importantly to dominate the City physically and visually. It is difficult to appreciate today what an enormous impression the tower and other Norman buildings, such as St Pauls Cathedral (as rebuilt after 1086) or the nearby Westminster Hall (rebuilt after 1087) must have made on the native Londoners.

• 967. The diabetic diet
  Разное

  General Guidelines for the Diabetic Diet.

  1. Avoid concentrated sources of carbohydrates (sugars) such as table sugar, honey, jelly, jam, molasses, syrup, corn syrup, candy, regular soft drinks, pies, doughnuts, cookies, pastries, regular chewing gum, and sweet pickles.
  2. Avoid sweetened fruits, juices and fruit drinks. Choose fruit, which is fresh, frozen or packed in water or its own juice. Avoid fruits canned in heavy syrup.
  3. Avoid sweetened carbonated sodas, juices and water.
  4. Learn foods both high and low in sugar that are presented in the No Concentrated Sweet Food List
  5. Three meals at regular times should be consumed daily. Do not skip meals.
  6. A nutritionally adequate meal plan that limits the amount of saturated fat, cholesterol and salt in the diet. Fat intake should be 30% or less of caloric intake and less than 10% of daily caloric intake from saturated fat. Dietary cholesterol should be limited to 300 mg or less daily. 2,400 mg or less per day of sodium is recommended.
  7. Daily consumption of 20-35 g of dietary fiber from a wide variety of foods is recommended.
  8. Mild to moderate weight loss (10-20 pounds. has been shown to improve diabetes control, even if desirable body weight is not achieved.)
  9. Read the label to determine the sugar content of packaged foods. In addition to sugar, brown sugar and corn syrup, other names that are used on ingredient labels include: sucrose, glucose, dextrose, fructose, maltose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, honey, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, maple syrup.
  10. Monitoring of lipids, blood pressure and body weight is crucial.
  11. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and daily monitoring of blood glucose are standard tools to measure glucose control.
  12. For individuals with Type 1 diabetes, self-monitoring 4 times daily or more is recommended to maintain near-normal blood glucose levels and gain control. Testing 4 times a day, before each meal, and at bedtime, facilitates adjustments to insulin, meals, and exercise program.
  13. For individuals with Type 2 diabetes, self-monitoring 1-2 times daily or more is recommended to avoid hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia symptoms.
  14. Newly diagnosed individuals should test blood glucose 4 times a day, before each meal, and at bedtime, or more is recommended to maintain near-normal blood glucose levels and gain control. Testing facilitates adjustments to insulin, meals, and exercise program.
  15. After a stable pattern has been established in blood glucose levels, individuals should test before breakfast, 3-7 times each week. Once or twice each month you should return to testing 4 times a day (before each meal, and at bedtime) to assure maintenance of a stable pattern.

• 968. The Ecological Crisis: A Myth or Reality
  Разное

  Besides conditions for life grow steadily worse due to numerous facets of environmental pollution. And worst of all, today's man constantly contributes to his own deadly crisis. We have got too many cars, too many factories, too much sewage and carbon dioxide, too little water and food deficiency - all that can be easily faced to too many people.

• 969. The economy of KOREA - Looking Ahead to the 21st Century
  Разное

  The rise of the Korean economy over the past several decades, often called the “Miracle of the Han”, has been an inspiring model of modern economic development. The rapid pace with which the Koeran economy rose from the ashes of war and expanded stunned the outside world. However, this rapid growth was not unaccompanied by growing pains which began to manifest themselves in all sectors of society particularly during the late 1980s. Excessive wage hikes, high capital costs and an overly bureaucratic administration, not to mention institutionalized corruption, served to weaken Koreas international competitiveness, and this was aggravated by unfavourable external circumstances. In the past year, though, strenuous efforts have been made to overcome these impediments and through this, as well as improving international economic climate, it appears that the Korean economy is regaining its former vigor. The upcoming years pose severe challenges for the Republic in light of the December 1993 conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the rise of the Asia-Pacific region as the new global economic center, but with the increasing emphasis in both the public and private sector on globalization and internalization, the Republic seems braced to meet these challenges.

• 970. The English Countryside
  Разное

  At one time large areas of England were covered with thick forests, mainly of oak, but gradually these were cut down, partly to provide timber for ships. There are still quite large areas of woodland left, such as the New Forest, the Forest of Dean, just as there are large expanses of fairly wild and desolate country - Dartmoor, Exmoor and the Yorkshire Moors are typical examples -and efforts are constantly being made to ensure that they are preserved.

• 971. The English Judicial System
  Разное

  Police. There are about 60 police forces in Britain, each employed and paid by the local authorities. They get half their money from the local rates and half from the Treasury. The forces are completely independent of one another. Each force has its C.I.D. - Criminal Investigation Department. The London Police Force, called the Metropolitan Police, is not controlled by the local authority. It is responsible to the Home Secretary, and its chief officers are appointed by the Government. 'Scotland Yard', the C.I.D. of the Metropolitan Police, is so called because the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police are in New Scotland Yard, near Whitehall.

• 972. The English language
  Разное

  Knowledge of the foreign language is becoming more important nowadays. There are many reasons why we study English. Now, in a period when we are reconstructing our economy, when there are many joint ventures with foreign companies operating in our country, we need a number of specialists who know foreign languages. If you know English, you can communicate (personally or in writing) with others who use this language.

• 973. The English year
  Разное

  There 30 days in April. In April or at the end of March people celebrate Easter Day. They celebrate it as the start of spring or a religious festival. In England it is time to give and get presents.On Easter Sunday children get chocolate Easter eggs or rabbits. The Easter holidays are at the end of March and in the first half of April. Pupils go back to school after Easter. In April there is a day for fun -April Fool's Day. It's on the first of April. English children like this day very much. They play jokes and tricks on other people: other children, parents, friends, relatives, school teachers. "Oh, Ted, look, your right shoe is on your left foot!" When the boy looks at his feet and sees that he has got them all right, the one, who is playing the joke, says, "April Fool!" So children play different jokes and tricks. May, June. July. August, In Great Britain summer begins in May. So there are four summer months. The weather is usually warm, but not always. It is often changeable. The days are long and the nights are short. When the sun is high in the sky, it is hot. People wear light clothes - cotton shirts, jeans, skirts, T-shirts and light shoes. In May on the first Monday English people celebrate the May Day holiday. In June the English people celebrate Father's Day. On that day children send cards and give presents to their fathers. On the 4th of July the Americans celebrate their most important holiday - the Independence Day. They display their flags, decorate their houses and hold street parades on that day. If the weather is fine, there are a lot of people on the beaches in July and August. September. October. Autumn comes in September. Autumn is usually a nice season in England. It is warm and dry. But it can rain a lot too. The summer holidays are over in September. The parks, beaches and streets of Britain are very quiet. It is time to go back to school. In Great Britain school begins in the second week of September.

• 974. The faculty of mathematics of Irkutsk State University
  Разное

  14. They are mathematical analysis, algebra, geometry and topology, differential equations, the theory of probability, mathematical modeling, numerical methods, operations research, and system analyses, optimization and optimum management, mathematical cybernetics, mathematical software, and others.

• 975. The fastest computers of the world
  Разное

  They are executed on the logic circuits. The style programming is determined by use of group parallel of processors. We can divide given on a portion between different processors. Each of processor carries out a part of work together with others. During process they exchange the data. Modern supercomputers are expansionly. You can add processors for acceleration of calculation. For the reference to external memory, the processor should use the circuit of transfer of the information.

• 976. The Feather of Finist the Falcon
  Разное

  Through that long night also the merchant's daughter bent over her loved one, weeping and crying: "Finist, my own dear, my bright falcon with coloured feathers, awake and know me! I have worn through the three pairs of iron shoes, I have broken to pieces the three iron staves, I have gnawed away the three stone church-loaves, all the while searching for thee, my love!" But by reason of the enchanted pin, although he heard through his sleep her crying and lamenting, and his heart grieved because of it, Finist the Falcon could not waken. So at length, when day-dawn was near, the girl said to herself: "though he shall never be mine, yet in the past he loved me, and for that I shall kiss him once before I go away," and she put her arms about his head to kiss him. As she did so, her hand touched the pin in his hair and she drew it out, lest by chance it harm him. Thus the spell of its enchantment was broken, and one of her tears, falling on his face, woke him.

• 977. The Fire Bird
  Разное

  Ivan Tsarevich's adventure begins when after a long day's ride he falls asleep, only to awake in the morning and find his horse gone. Wondering through the woods he meets a gray wolf who confesses that he ate the horse. Grateful that Ivan had spared his life, Gray Wolf offers to let Ivan ride on his back. Grey Wolf takes Ivan to Tsar Afron's kingdom, where the Fire Bird is kept in a golden cage inside the Tsar's walled garden.

• 978. The Formation of Youth Subcultures
  Разное

  The new ideas in youth culture suggest a more positive work of the role of youth in society. Youth is worked as an active category - a sociocultural work of youth is introduced where youth are involved in the development of society through their creations. Youth must be allowed to exercise the power to bring change - they do so in their cultural expressions all the time. Youth culture is about individualism - an expanding degree of separation of individuals from their traditional ties and restrictions. As people have 'broken free' they feel a need to look for fixing points - material with which to form a new social and cultural identity. The motivation behind participating in the activities of a subculture involves coping with suffering (the sense of loss at being cut off from the past and hence ones identity), ie. alienation, loneliness, meaningless, etc. The motive is to be reinstated into responsive and responsible relationships. The individualisation has produced post-traditional communities - because they are focussed on the individual they are looser and more fluid than traditional communities but they are still settings in which youth find self-expression and identity. The subculture is an identity-related substitute for the lost collective world of modernism but with the disintegration of tradition, subcultures has lost their identity-creating potential. There is a now a pluralisation of needs and interests that result from the process of individualisation and culturalisation - so culture ruptures are normal. Not only do these ruptures affect all social classes, but the traditional generational gap is also blurred. Alongside individualisation there is a tendency towards self-organisation - probably the new communities will be organised around the needs of the individuals and their interests. Douglas Rushkoff, in Playing the Future, suggests that as the world has become increasingly complex the children have adapted to its demands, and they have the ability to navigate it's terrain - adults must learn from them!

• 979. The Frog Princess
  Разное

  Meanwhile, Prince Ivan slipped out and ran home. There he found the frog skin and threw it into the fire. When Vasilisa the Wise came home, she looked for the frog skin but could not find it. She sat down on a bench, sorely grieved, and said to Prince Iva n, "Ah, Prince Ivan, what have you done? Had you but waited three more days I would have been yours forever. But now, farewell. Seek me beyond the Thrice-Nine Lands, in the Thrice-Ten Kingdom, where Koshchei the Deathless dwells." So saying, Vasilisa the Wise turned herself into a gray cuckoo and flew out of the window. Prince Ivan wept long and hard, then bowed in all four directions and went forth he knew not where to seek his wife, Vasilisa the Wise. How long he walked is hard to say, but h is boots wore down at the heels, his tunic wore out at the elbows, and his cap became battered by the rain. By and by he met a little man, as old as old can be.

• 980. The Frog-Tzarevna
  Разное

  Then the Baba-Yaga, being pleased with his spirit, gave him food and drink and made ready a bath for him; and when he had refreshed himself, he related to her the whole a~Tair just as it had been. And when she learned that Wassilissa the Wise was in truth his wife, she said: "I will indeed render thee this service, not for love of thee, but because I hate her father. The fairy flies across this forest every day, bringing messages for her father, and stops in my house to rest. Remain here, and as soon as she enters, seize her by the head. When she feels herself caught, she will turn into a frog, and from a frog to a lizard, and from a lizard to a snake, and last of all she will transform herself into an arrow. Do thou take the arrow and break it into three pieces, and she will be shine for ever! But take heed when thou hast hold of her not to let her go."

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