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781. Outstanding people
Разное

- In December 1816 Abraham Lincoln's family moved to south-western Indiana. There his father built a cabin. Abraham helped to clear the fields and take care of the crops. The unhappiest period of his boyhood followed the death of his mother A year later his father married Sarah Bush Johnston. Later Lincoln called her his "angel mother". She encouraged the boy's taste for reading. Yet the original source of Lincoln's desire to learn remains a mystery. Both of his parents were almost completely illiterate, and he himself received little formal education. In March 1830 the Lincoln family moved to Illinois, with Lincoln himself driving the team of oxen. Having just reached the age of 21, he was about to begin life on his own. He was especially noted for the skill and strength with which he could wield an axe. Good-natured though somewhat moody, talented as a storyteller, he readily attracted friends. Later he demonstrated his other abilities.
782. Outstanding personalities
Разное

- In 1628 William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood and this led to great advances in medicine in the study of human body. James Cook discovered Australia and New Zealand, and sailed round the world three times. Isaac Newton formulated the law of gravitation, he discovered that white light was made up of rays of different colours, and developed a mathematical method, which is known as the Binomial Theorem, and also differential and integral calculus. Michael Faraday is famous for his work in electricity; he is known as the father of electric motor. James Watt invented the universal steam-engine. Smallpox has almost disappeared due to Edward Jenner who introduced the smallpox vaccination in 1800. The name of George Stephenson is connected with the first railway; he is often called the "Father of Railways". Alexander Mackenzie is known for his exploration of the Arctic.
783. Outstanding personalities of Russia
Разное

Born in 1921 Sakharov an outstanding scientist and public figure worked on hydrogen bomb and came to conclusion that any atomic and nuclear weapon should be banned. He protested against the invasion in Afghanistan, against any violation of human rights. Abroad he was recognised as a civil rights activist and received the Nobel Prize. At home he was persecuted, deprived of all his titles and orders and exiled to the city of Gorky. Only in 1985 he was allowed to come back to Moscow. He was given back all his titles and was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet. He said that our society should develop in a new direction and foresaw the changes that are taking place now
784. P. G. Wodehouse
Разное

Wodehouse was educated at Dulwich College, where the library is now named after him, but his anticipated progression to university was stymied by family financial problems. Subsequently he worked for the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in London (now known as HSBC) for two years, though he was never interested in banking as a career. He wrote part-time while working in the bank, eventually proving successful enough to take up writing as a full-time profession. He was a journalist with The Globe (a defunct English newspaper) for some years before moving to New York, where he worked for a time as theatre critic of The New Yorker, collaborated with Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern on several musical comedies, and began publishing short stories and novels. In the 1930s, he had two brief stints as a screenwriter in Hollywood, where he claimed he was greatly over-paid. Many of his novels were also serialised in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post and The Strand, which also paid well.
785. PageRank: анализ потоков
Реклама и PR

Итак, несмотря на явную зависимость P1 от N, нет возможности быстро увеличить свой PageRank - а это означает относительную устойчивость в распределении сил. К тому же, если сайт действительно очень хороший, и на него ссылаются "добровольно" - он всегда обгонит "плохой сайт" (за счет более полной индексации страниц в том числе). Алгоритм PageRank как бы подталкивает к постепенному развитию сайта и постепенному добавлению страниц.
786. PageRank: начала анализа
Реклама и PR

где: d -т.н. "damping factor", параметр затухания. Принимается равным 0.85-0.9. Выражает вероятность того, что пользователь, зашедший на страницу, будет продолжать путешествие и переходить по ссылкам. Pi - PageRank интересующей нас страницы i j - обозначение страниц, на которых есть ссылки на i-ю Pj - PageRank страницы j, ссылающейся на i-ю. Сj - Число ссылок на странице j. 1/Сj - Вероятность того, что пользователь, находящийся на странице j, из Сj доступных ему ссылок выберет именно ссылку на нашу страницу i. d*Pj/Сj - поток "теоретической посещаемости", который дойдет до страницы i со страницы j. Суммирование идет по всем страницам, ссылающимся на i-ю. (1-d) - минимальный PageRank страницы. Он не равен нулю за счет того, что пользователь регулярно выбирает новый сайт в качестве стартовой точки.
787. Painters
Разное

Старыми владельцами. Это влияние может быть замечено в его " Cupid Несвязь Зоны Венеры ". Картина - близко к стилю Титиана в использовании цвета, но это типично от 18-ого столетия Английской школы его подхода к предмету. Он часто включал реальных персонажей в его мифологические работы (Венера Леди Хамилтон). Reynolds делал. Не хотят, чтобы британское искусство было провинциальным и изолированным. Именно он настаивал, чтобы художники были воспитаны в соответствии с Европейским искусством и что они должны развить Великий стиль живописи. Как президент Королевской Академии Reynolds поставленный лекции. Эти лекции были расценены как наиболее заметная(разумная) выставка Академического представления(вида), что хорошо-направленной работой было возможно изучить правила об искусстве и открытиях использования и идеях относительно старых владельцев, чтобы создать новый стиль собственный. Он рекомендовал, чтобы потенциальный живописец поместил его веру в старые владельцы от того, кого он должен быть готов заимствовать. Он уведомлял(советовал), что в портретах изящество(любезность) должно состоять больше во взятии общего воздуха чем в точном предоставлении каждой особенности. Он предлагал, чтобы размеры числа(фигуры) пассажира были изменены в соответствии с установленным идеалом.
788. Painting
Разное

Highly spiritualized in concept, the medieval painting tradition gave way to a more worldly orientation with the development of Renaissance art. The murals of Giotto became a vehicle for the expression of new and living ideas and sentiments. At the height of the Renaissance a large proportion of the works were decorations of walls and altarpieces, which were necessarily conceived in terms of their part in a larger decorative whole and their appeal for a large public. The greatest masterpieces of Raphael and Michelangelo and of the Florentine masters are generally public works of this character. The same period also saw the rise of the separate easel painting and the first use of oil on canvas. Simultaneously are found the beginnings of genre and other secular themes and the elaboration of portraiture .
789. Paris
Разное

Au centre de lile se trouve la cathedrale Notre-Dame de Paris. Ce batiment est une de merveilles de larchitecture gotique. Sa construction a ete commence au 12 siecle, est dure plus que 2 cent ans. La cathedrale possede 4 portes et est decore des compositions sculptes et des vitraux, le plus remarcable desquels est la rose. Les deux toures de la cathedrale ne sont pas complete, et aujourdhui on vois la 12 monstres qui ont apparu au 19 siecle apres la restauration de la cathedrale. Sur la place devant Notre-Dame on peut voir une plaque metallique, cest une point zero on dit que tout le routes de la France commencent ici.
790. Percy Bysshe Shelley
Разное

Son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament, and his mother a Sussex landowner, Shelley grew up in Horsham, Sussex, and received his early education at home, tutored by Reverend Evan Edwards of Warnham. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford. In 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared little better, subjected to an almost daily mob torment his classmates called "Shelley-baits". Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and torn until he cried out madly in his high-pitched "cracked soprano" of a voice.[2] On April 10, 1810, he matriculated at University College, Oxford. Legend has it that Shelley attended only one lecture while at Oxford, but frequently read sixteen hours a day. By all accounts, he was unpopular with both students and dons.[citation needed] His first publication was a Gothic novel, Zastrozzi (1810), in which he gave vent to his atheistic worldwork through the villain Zastrozzi. In the same year, Shelley, together with his sister Elizabeth, published Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire. While at Oxford, he issued a collection of verses (perhaps ostensibly burlesque but quite subversive), Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson, with Thomas Jefferson Hogg.
791. Personality of Hamlet
Разное

Among Shakespeares many great works, Hamlet probably is the greatest. The whole play is about power and authority. The king of Denmark was murdered by his brother Claudius, who married his wife Gertrude, and became a king of Denmark. Hamlet was the son of murdered king, who was getting his education away from the kingdom of Denmark. He comes back and finds his mother married to his uncle. This makes Hamlet very frustrated. Then Hamlet sees his fathers ghost and he tells him that his uncle, the present king has murdered him. He was suspecting that it even before his fathers ghost had told him. So he starts thinking of ways of killing the king and his mother. The queen, wasnt aware that the king was murdered by his brother. So Hamlet after couple of attempts succeeds in killing his uncle. His mother dies by drinking poisoned wine, which was prepared for Hamlet. Hamlet gets wounded while sword fighting with son of Polonius, whom he have murdered earlier, because he though that he helped his uncle to murder his father. During this fight poisoned Hamlet gets wounded. And son of Polonius, tells him that this sword was poisoned by king to kill him. So he stabs the king and kills him. At the end of course he dies himself.
792. Peter the Great
Разное

He completely changed the Russian government and military system: he increased the power of the monarch and reduced the power of the boyars and the church. In foreign policy. Peter I waged a war with Turkey ( 1695-1696) and the Great Nothern War with Sweden ( 1700-1721), and a war with Persia (1722-1723). In these wars, he wanted to get access to the Baltic, Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
793. Pets
Иностранные языки

As for me I like parrots. They are my favourite pets. They are clever and nice. I've got a parrot. His name is Kesha. He's blue. He's not big, he's little. He has got a small head, a yellow beak, a short neck, two beautiful wings and a long tail. He lives in a cage.
794. Pets in Britain
Разное

Every year thousands of animals arrive at London Airport, some stay the night there; others stay several weeks. In one month, for example, "the hotel" looked after 47000 creatures: birds, insects, fish, elephants, monkey and other animals. There are about 4000000 dogs, 6000000 cats, 8000000 caged birds and lots of other animals in Britain.
795. Philosophers
Разное

Persian Islamic philosopher and physician whose Kitab Al-Shifa (Book of Healing) commented on the philosophy of Aristotle. As a leading neoplatonist, Ibn Sina emphasized the causal necessity that characterizes emanations from the divine, but supposed that human knowledge can best be achieved by mystical illumination.
796. Piotr Il'ich Tchaikovsky
Разное

The year of 1877 was the most crucial for Tchaikovsky. In the August he married Antonina Miljukova. She was one of his students, who had written him a confession of love. "The letter had been written so genuinely, so warmly, that I decided to answer it." "I am marring the girl not particular young but entirely respectable and who has one main virtue: she is in love with me like a cat?" On the day of marriage he wrote several bravura letters to his friends, informing them of this event. But on the train to St. Petersburg, where they wanted to spent their fisrt days together, he was "ready to scream from the sobs that were suffocating me." The marriage appeared as a real disaster for his life. Later, in a letter to relatives, he wrote: "?She has agreed with absolutely everything and will never displeased? I have reserved for myself complete freedom of action?" He had only one wish - to die. It a week he tried to commit suicide - standing in cold Moscow river water for one reason: to catch cold and to die from pneumonia. The main dilemma in his life at this point was Tchaikovsky's homosexuality. During his years in the boys School of Jurisprudence, he was involved in homosexual relations with other students. Such an experience, even if it takes place in the most important period of psychological development, does not necessarily lead to the future homosexuality. Tchaikovsky most likely did not consider himself as exclusively homosexual and probably saw his marriage as a possible solution to his sexual problems. Maybe his extremely sensitiveness played a very important role, which he inherits from his father. From his early years he was very hysteric, nervous and susceptible. Many of his mental problem probably were genetically passed to him: at least one of his ancestors on his mother's side suffered from epilepsy and Tchaikovsky might have displayed, albeit in a lesser form, certain secondary appearance of this disorder (all his "little apoplectic fits"). In the early years he was found to have a spinal cord problem, which, as the doctors said was the reason for his extremely sensitivity and nervousness. These factors combined together made his life very unhappy and unsatisfactory. At the same time, maybe they made his music more sentimental, more melodious. Herman Laroche, a musical critic and one of the Tchaikovsky's best friends, and other critics would later casually suggest, that even Tchaikovsky's music bore the imprint of his "feminine" nature. This was a description the composer himself strongly disliked.
797. Places of interest in Ukraine
Разное

Then in a week there is Christmas. In Ukraine it is an old and popular holiday. In the morning boys go from house to house, from flat to flat, sing traditional holiday songs and wish everything good to the people they visit. The people give them sweets, cakes and money.
798. Places to Visit in England
Разное

York: a medieval city, built on Roman foundations and strongly influenced by the Vikings, it has, during more than 1900 years of recorded history, been a bright thread in the tapestry of England's history. It is exciting to wander through its ancient alleyways, walk on top of the city walls, wide enough for horses to pass, look at medieval timber-framed buildings, to see the Minster, Britain's largest cathedral, that dominates York.
799. Pluto
Разное

Interestingly, a similar thing happens with Jupiter's moons: Many orbit on the ecliptic, but some are inclined from that plane. Did you wonder: Will Pluto and Neptune ever collide? They won't, because their orbits are so different. Pluto intersects the solar system's ecliptic, or orbital plane, twice as its orbit brings it "above," then "below" that plane where most of the other planets' revolve -- including Neptune.
800. Pogroms in Azerbaijan and Armenia of 1988-89 As Historical Echo of the 1915 Armenian Genocide (Погромы в Азербайджане и Армении 1988-89 как историческое эхо 1915 Армянского Геноцида)
Разное

By November and then aggravating in December 1988, pogroms started to spread in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The attitude towards Armenian population rapidly began to decline after Sumgait pogroms with only periodic help from the Soviet Army. Breaks out of hostility and hatred were directed even at religious objects. The Armenian Cathedral in Baku was burned. On December 5, 1989, crowds of Azeris started threatening Armenian population. Gangs of young Azerbaijanis (age range was 16-30), carrying the Turkish flag stopped buses, checked IDs of passengers and after tracking down an Armenian they would pull a person out of a bus and beat him/her (!) up, regardless of age of the victim. Such violence and cruelty are not easy to understand, for Armenians and Azerbaijanis were living in peace and harmony prior to the events. The perpetrators apparently were given the implicit approval from the Azerbaijani government in regards to Armenians. Azereis were granted with right to do whatever they wanted with Armenian population. In stores if a sales person suspected in a customer an Armenian, a clerk would refuse to sell bread to that person. And the more harming assaults are not even to mention. They raped young pregnant women and older women, torturing and outraging them; Azeris poured their victims with gasoline and burned them. The entire city seemed infected by hysteria. On the day of the earthquake in Armenia Azerbaijanis were jumping up and down in celebration of the catastrophe, rejoicing over sufferings of other humans. Only on January 19, 1990, a state of emergency was declared and 20 000 Soviet troops were dispatched to put down the riots again the Armenian population of Azerbaijan.

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