Статья

1141. What is E-Commerce?
Разное
1. enterprise computing (E C means that you have to purchase your own software and hardware and hire your own team of developers and supporters just to create and maintain your site big firms which are very frequently visited by customers would usually do this).
2. virtual hosting services (VHS means that all the facilieties required (such as the necessary hard- and software, security, ...) is provided and maintaned by another firm, for payment, of course. Usually it is a company specialised in providing VHS).
3. simplified e-commerce (Here you just pay a company specialised in developing e-commerce systems to create a simple site for you. You must already have the necessary hard- and software. The basic functions of a simplified e-commerce system include displaying a product catalogue, allowing users to browse through it and allowing them to buy items from it).
1142. What is Fashion
Разное

Religious expression: Orthodox Jewish men wear long black suits and Islamic women cover every part of their body except their eyes. Identification and tradition: judges wear robes, people in the military wear uniforms, brides wear long white dresses. Fashion is big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of clothing than any other business in the world. Everyday, millions of workers design, sew, glue, dye, and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards and magazines give us ideas about what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously. Clothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish class and race distinctions.
1143. What is Temperature?
Разное

It is easy to demonstrate that when two objectsof the same material are placed together (physicists say when they are put in thermal contact), the object with the higher temperature cools while the cooler object becomes warmer until a point is reached after which no more change occurs, and to our senses, they feel the same. When the thermal changes have stopped, we say that the two objects (physicists define them more rigorously as systems) are in thermal equilibrium . We can then define the temperature of the system by saying that the temperature is that quantity which is the same for both systems when they are in thermal equilibrium.
1144. What type of toys do the kids prefer nowadays?
Разное

In conclusion I would like to say that playing computer games gives the children an opportunity to be a hero in all the situations. Either it will be an arcade “shooter” or 3d action environment, this sort of game provides unreality, with the feel of the safety, therefore child can do anything and be anyone he or she wants and dreams about. On the other hand many scientists argue concerning the benefits of computer toys.
1145. What will be there in my new flat
Разное

Every young man wants to live independently. And Im not an exception. Of course, the time will come, when I will alone in my flat. I wait for this moment and imagine, that my new flat will be at least three roomed. There will be a study, a bed-room, a dinning-room. Of course, there also will be a kitchen and a bathroom. The dinning- room will be big comfortable room with big table in the center. There also will be several armchairs, and a big TV set in it. In this room I shall receive guests. I also shall put a piano in the one of corners of the room and shall start taking piano lessons cause I like this musical instrument very much.
1146. Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind... Пастернак и нравственная дилемма послереволюционной интеллигенции
Культура и искусство

Осмелиться говорить истинным и уникальным языком это то, что предписывает для себя Пастернак на всю жизнь. Можно привести цитаты из многочисленных писем, статей и художественных произведений. Флейшман рассказывает об одном инциденте, когда Пастернак предпочел молчать, вместо того, чтобы говорить. В 1935 году., в последнюю минуту, Пастернак получил приказ ехать в Париж, чтобы представлять Союз советских писателей на конгрессе в защиту культуры. Пастернак неохотно, но послушно поехал. Согласно Флейшману, он говорил с трибуны лишь один раз. Пастернак не читал речь, которую ему подготовил Эренбург; он говорил очень лаконично и неожиданно замолчал. Флейшман передает комментарий Тихонова о том, что это произвело потрясающее впечатление. Все с большим уважением отнеслись к его «...молчанию, усиленному микрофоном» (Fleishman 1990: 191). Пастернак сказал абсолютно противоположное тому, что от него ожидалось. Исайя Берлин пересказывает по памяти собственные слова Пастернака: «Я понимаю, что есть конгресс писателей, собравшихся, чтобы организовать сопротивление фашизму. Я могу вам сказать по этому поводу только одно. Не организуйтесь! Организация - это смерть искусства. Важна только личная независимость» (Пастернак IV: 883).
1147. Which languages are the hardest to learn?
Разное

To some extent, how difficult it is to learn a language depends on how much it has in common with the language (or languages) that you already speak. Learning a language that is closely related to your native language can be easier than learning one that is very different. French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are all descended from Latin, so they are closely related, and a speaker of one can learn any of the others fairly easily. Likewise, English, Dutch, and German are closely related, having all descended from an earlier language called Germanic, so it would be relatively easy for an English speaker to learn Dutch or German. But learning a language that's closely related to your native language can also bring problems, because their similarity can result in interference from your native language that would cause you to make mistakes.
1148. Whiskey
Разное

Whiskey was made in England in the 11th cent., chiefly in monasteries, but in the 16th cent. distilling was carried on commercially. No whiskey can be released from bond in Great Britain until it has matured in wood at least three years, and in practice most whiskey is stored seven or eight years before marketing.
1149. Whistler, James Abbott McNeill
Разное

Whistler's art is in many respects the opposite to his often aggressive personality, being discreet and subtle, but the creed that lay behind it was radical. He believed that painting should exist for its own sake, not to convey literary or moral ideas, and he often gave his pictures musical titles to suggest an analogy with the abstract art of music: `Art should be independent of all claptrap-- should stand alone, and appeal to the artistic sense of eye or ear, without confounding this with emotions entirely foreign to it, as devotion, pity, love, patriotism, and the like. All these have no kind of concern with it, and that is why I insist on calling my works "arrangements" and "harmonies".' He was a laborious and self-critical worker, but this is belied by the flawless harmonies of tone and color he created in his paintings, which are mainly portraits and landscapes, particularly scenes of the Thames. No less original was his work as a decorative artist, notably in the Peacock Room (1876-77) for the London home of the Liverpool shipping magnate Frederick Leyland (now reconstructed in the Freer Gallery, Washington), where attenuated decorative patterning anticipated much in the Art Nouveau style of the 1890s. Whistler's Peacock Room, or Harmony in Blue and Gold (1876-1877, Freer Gallery of Art), done for Leyland, exerted a strong influence on the Aesthetic movement's interior design.
1150. White House USA Washington
Разное

It is the oldest public building in Washington, its cornerstone having been laid in 1792. John Adams was the first President to live there (1800). The building was restored after being burned (1814) by British troops, and the smoke-stained gray stone walls were painted white. Despite popular myth the cognomen "White House" was applied to the building some time before it was painted.
1151. Why was Washington made the capital of the United States?
Разное

The architect of the new city planned straight streets with trees on both sides, beautiful buildings, and monuments to honour great men. The buildings for the Congress of the United States and some other buildings were built on a hill. These buildings were called the Capitol. Then the hill was renamed Capitol Hill.
1152. William Blake
Разное

His family background was obscure. We don't even know his mother's name. But he showed a talent for drawing early and at 14 he became apprentice to an engraver. When he was 21 he became an engraver on his own account and later married a girl called Catherine who learnt to draw and paint so that she could work together with him.
1153. William Makepeace Thackeray
Разное

Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. Richmond Thackeray, born at South Mimms, went to India at the age of sixteen to assume his duties as writer. By 1804 he had fathered a daughter by a native mistress, the mother and daughter being named in his will. Such liaisons being common among gentlemen of the East India Company, it formed no bar to his courting and marrying Anne Becher. Anne Becher (17921864) was the second daughter of Harriet and John Harman Becher, also a writer for the East India Company. They sent Anne abroad in 1809, telling her that the man she loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, had died. This was not true, but her family wanted a better marriage for her than with Carmichael-Smyth, a military man. She married Richmond Thackeray on 13 October 1810. The truth was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited to dinner the supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth. After Richmond's death, Henry Carmichael-Smyth married Anne in 1818 and they returned to England the next year.
1154. William Shakeseare
Разное

During Shakespeare's early career, dramatists invariably sold their plays to an actor's company, who then took charge of them, prepared working promptbooks, and did their best to prevent another company or a publisher from getting copies; in this way they could exploit the plays themselves for as long as they drew an audience. But some plays did get published, usually in small books called quartos. Occasionally plays were "pirated," the text being dictated by one or two disaffected actors from the company that had performed it or else made up from shorthand notes taken surreptitiously during performance and subsequently corrected during other performances; parts 2 and 3 of the Henry VI (1594 and 1595) and Hamlet (1603) quartos are examples of pirated, or "bad," texts. Sometimes an author's "foul papers" (his first complete draft) or his "fair" copy--or a transcript of either of these--got into a publisher's hands, and "good quartos" were printed from them, such as those of Titus Andronicus (1594), Love's Labour's Lost (1598), and Richard II (1597). After the publication of "bad" quartos of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet (1597), the Chamberlain's Men probably arranged for the release of the "foul papers" so that second--"good"--quartos could supersede the garbled versions already on the market. This company had powerful friends at court, and in 1600 a special order was entered in the Stationers' Register to "stay" the publication of As You Like It, Much Ado About Nothing, and Henry V, possibly in order to assure that good texts were available. Subsequently Henry V (1600) was pirated, and Much Ado About Nothing was printed from "foul papers"; As You Like It did not appear in print until it was included in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies, published in folio (the reference is to the size of page) by a syndicate in 1623 (later editions appearing in 1632 and 1663).
1155. William Shakespeare
Разное

Shakespeare's work as a playwright is subdivided into 3 periods. Written in the first period, Shakespeare's plays are mostly history plays like "Henry VI", and comedies with strong elements of farce. His masterpiece of this period is "Romeo and Juliet". In the second period Shakespeare wrote a number of comedies where he moved away from farce towards romance. In the third period, after 1600, appeared his major tragedies - "Hamlet", "Othello". They presented a clear opposition of order to chaos, good to evil. Shakespeare was a great poet and would be well known for his poetry alone. His major achievement as a poet is his sonnets, first published in 1609. A sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines, with a moral at the end. The sonnets are addressed to some "W.H.", and to mysterious "Dark Lady of Sonnets". The sonnets deal with the great themes of love, friendship, death, change and immortality. Shakespeare looks at his own poetry as a means of immortality. Shakespeare's sonnets are excellent. They are full of harmony and music; they praise love, friendship and beauty, though there is no sentimentality in them. Shakespeare's poetry is at the summit of human achievement. Many centuries have passed since his death in 1616, but Shakespeare is still considered to be the greatest of all playwrights and poets. The prideses of Shakespeare. The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16'th and begining of 17'th centure.Sometimes it's called "Elizabethen age" after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized. The english people were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight's of literature of this period were riached in drama. 2. Life of Shakespeare. The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people "Our National Bard", "The Immortal. Poet of nature" and "The Great Unknown". More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described as beign in the middle of England. Shakespeare's father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners. Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering of Greek. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith. Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of "the Globe" theatre and later of "the Blackfriars" theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609. 3. Shakespeare's works. Shakespeare's literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeare's comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are: "Richard 3" (1592), "The comedy of errors" (1592), "Romeo and Juliet" (1594), "Julius Caesar" (1599), "As you like it" (1599), 1600 - "Twelth night". Shakespe-are's poems are also attributed to the first period, "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucrece", and 154 sonnets. "Venus and Adonis" was the first of Shakespeare's works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeare's creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period: 1601 - "Hamlet", 1604 - "Othello". Shakespeare's plays of the third period are called the "Romantic dramas". There is no tragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609 till 1612. 1609 - "Cymbeline", 1610 - "The Winters Tale", 1612 - "Henry 8".
1156. William Wordsworth
Разное

In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" which is called the 'manifest' of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems ' Experimental'. 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he also met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume had neither the name of Wordsworth nor Coleridge as the author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was significantly augmented in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry askeets "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.
1157. Windows Xp: Войди в систему красиво
Компьютеры, программирование

Для начала хочу сказать, что Wellcome Screen это то синее окно, которое возникает при загрузке Windows. У некоторых в этом окне красуется поле, куда требуется ввести пароль у других же это голубой экран с надписью ПРИВЕТСТВИЕ. Так вот, мне это окно и надпись уже успели надоесть, и я решил поискать в Сети какую-нибудь инфу по поводу того, как от него избавиться. К счастью, нашел. Так вот, для изменения Wellcome Screen нам понадобятся следующие программы: ResHack, XP LogonUI, MS Paint :-) и файл Logonui.exe, который находится в папке c:\windows\system32. Кстати, программу XP LogonUI вы можете найти на сайте http://www.software.deviantart.com/ download.php?id=240, а ResHack %20%d0%9e%d1%82%d0%ba%d1%80%d1%8b%d1%82%d1%8c%20%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b1%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc%20%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9%20%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b8%20%d1%84%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%bb%20%d0%b8%20%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bc%20%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%be%20%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2,%20%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b8%d1%85%20%d0%b0%d0%b6%20%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%82%d1%8b%d1%80%d0%b5%20%d1%88%d1%82%d1%83%d0%ba%d0%b8.%20%d0%92%20%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bf%d0%ba%d0%b5%20UIFILE%20%d1%85%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%81%d1%8f%20%d1%81%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bf%d1%82,%20%d0%bd%d0%be%20%d0%be%d0%b1%20%d1%8d%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bc%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b6%d0%b5,%20%d0%b2%20%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bf%d0%ba%d0%b5%20Bitmap%20"> на http://www.diddl.firehead.org/ censor/icq_ads/reshack. Ну, программа MS Paint, я думаю, есть у каждого уважающего себя пользователя :-). Для начала скопируйте файл Logonui.exe в любую папку. После этого в окне программы ResHack в пункте меню Файл > Открыть выбираем скопированный вами файл и видим дерево каталогов, коих аж четыре штуки. В папке UIFILE хранится скрипт, но об этом позже, в папке Bitmap рисунки, которые использует система при появлении Wellcome Screen, в String Table все системные сообщения. Папка Version Info нас не интересует, так как там есть лишь сведения о версии Windows. Зато в Bitmap есть много папок с картинками, а именно:
1158. Winning a Fortune english
Разное

После буржуазной французской революции и образования северо -американских штатов наступил окончательный крах патриархальной цивилизации. Вандейское восстание было, вероятно, последней вспышкой сакрального огня. В девятнадцатом веке мужское начало рассеялось в материально ориентированном мире, давая о себе знать в дендизме, в художественных направлениях, в независимой философской мысли, в авантюрах исследователей неведомых стран. Но его представители, разумеется, не могли остановить позитивистского прогресса. Общество любило выражать локальное восхищение их книгами, картинами и высокими деяниями, но в целом относилось к ним очень и очень подозрительно. Макс и Фрейд много сделали для победы материалистической гинекократии. Один объявил стремление к экономическому благосостоянию главной движущей силой истории, другой выразил глобальное сомнение в психическом здоровье людей, чьи духовные интересы не служат "общественному благу". Носители подлинного мужского начала постепенно превратились в "лишних людей" наподобие некоторых героев русской литературы. "Wozu ein Dichter?" (Зачем поэт?) иронически спросил Гельдерлин еще начале прошлого века. Действительно, зачем нужны в прагматическом обществе прожектеры, изобретатели миражей, опасных доктрин и прочие мастера беспокойного присутствия? Готфрид Бенн точно отразил ситуацию в замечательном эссе "Паллада": "... представители умирающего пола, пригодные лишь в качестве сооткрывателей дверей рождения... Они пытаются завоевать автономию своими системами, негативными или противоречивыми иллюзиями все эти ламы, будды, божественные короли, святые и спасители, которые в реальности не спасли никого и ничего все эти трагические, одинокие мужчины, чуждые вещественности, глухие к тайному зову матери-земли, угрюмые путники... В социально высоко организованных государствах, в государствах жесткокрылых, где все нормально заканчивается спариванием, их ненавидят и терпят только до поры до времени".
1159. World War I and the Armenian Genocide
Разное

With onslaught of World War I, the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire engaged during the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was due to the fact that the Russian army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide. However as Turkey is an ally of the west and holds a strategic position near to the Middle East, both the United States and United Kingdom governments continue to maintain that there is a lack of unequivocal evidence to categorise the events as genocide. Turkish authorities maintain that the deaths were the result of a civil war coupled with disease and famine, with casualties incurred by both sides. Most estimates for the number of Armenians killed range from 650,000 to 1.5 million. Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on April 24, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian Genocide.
1160. XI век
История

Надо отметить еще одно обстоятельство, крайне осложнявшее средневековую торговлю. Не только каждый император или король чеканил свою монету, но это делал каждый сколько-нибудь крупный город, сеньер, епископ. Благодаря этому возникало большое количество монетных систем. К тому же многие феодалы, имевшие право чеканить монету, выпускали низкопробную монету с целью наживы. Для того чтобы разобраться в этих монетных системах, чтобы отличить низкопробную монету от полноценной, создалась особая профессия менял, занимавшихся разменом монеты и ее оценкой. Всякая сколько-нибудь крупная денежнаясделка могла произойти лишь при их посредстве. Менялы постепенно становятся банкирами. Наряду с операциями по размену они занимались также и операциями по переводу денег. Так как в то время обращалась, главным образом, серебряная и медная монета, то перевозка денег представляла сложное и небезопасное
дело. Для того чтобы купец из Италии, отправлявшийся, например, на шампанскую ярмарку, мог произвести закупку товаров, ему надо было везти через Альпы целые тюки с деньгами. В связи с этим создалась особая операция - перевод денег, которым занимались особенно итальянские менялы. Приняв известную сумму денег от купца, отправлявшегося на ярмарку в Шампань, они поручали своему агенту на этой ярмарке выдать купцу соответствующую сумму по предъявлении расписки или квитанции. Такого рода операции по переводу денег сливались с операциями по кредиту. Так стали возникать банки.

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