Курсовой проект

• 61. 3D-модель и сборочный чертёж с применением SolidWorks планки МТМ80-3100030СБ
  Производство и Промышленность

• 62. 4 крестовый поход и завоевание Константинополя по хронике Робера де Клари "завоевание Константинопол...
  История

  Характеристика духовного облика Робера де Клари была бы неполна, если пройти мимо того факта, что он излагает события на разговорном языке и в этом отношении его хроника является одним из самых ранних во французской литературе прозаических повествований такого рода. В Северной Франции разговорный язык входит в литературный обиход на рубеже 12-13 веков. Обращение к прозе стало считаться показателем серьезности намерений писателя. Автор прекрасно осознает, что повествует об исторических событиях и поэтому подчеркивает правдивость поведанного им как свидетелем происходившего. Хроника первый историко-литературный труд, созданный на разговорном французском языке севера страны в 13 веке. Чрезвычайно существенная черта духовного и культурного облика хрониста его наблюдательность, острота социального зрения. У Р. де К. отсутствует особая глубина и основательность субъективного восприятия религиозных идей. Хотя влияние богословской литературы и официальной крестоносной проповеди сказывается в определенных местах хроники, но в достаточно дозированной мере, и не им определяются основные направления мысли автора. Помимо существенно снизившегося к началу 13 века общего накала былого крестоносного энтузиазма, это обстоятельство объясняется еще и низким уровнем образования хрониста. Он по-своему убедительно рассказал историю завоевания Константинополя крестоносцами, но так, как это способен был сделать человек невысокой культуры, зато наделенный богатым воображением. Портретные зарисовки у хрониста схематично иконописны. В основном же автор остается на почве традиции, предполагавшей символизированное, условно стилизованное, фиксированное в общепринятых эпитетах описание действующих лиц. Совершенно иные качества повествователя обнаруживает Р. де К., рассказывая о Константинополе. Здесь он умеет превосходно поведать именно то, что, с его точки зрения, заслуживает внимания аудитории, может вызвать ее восхищение и что надлежит возвеличить перед слушателями. В этих описаниях ярко проявляется одаренность хрониста как безыскусного рассказчика. Из хроники следует, что автора восторгали не сами по себе произведения искусства ему не дано было их понять, а лишь те аксессуары памятников архитектуры, скульптуры, прикладных искусств и т.д., которые более всего поразили провинциального французского рыцаря. Он увидел в Константинополе, прежде всего богатство мрамор и порфир колонн, драгоценные камни, украшавшие оклады икон, и золото алтаря в храме св. Софии, сотню лампадных люстр на его своде. Взглядом грабителя Робер оценивает каждый светильник в 200 марок серебра. Подобно всей титулованной и нетитулованной, крестоносной деревенщине, Робер был изумлен, прежде всего, византийской роскошью, обилием золота, великолепием мозаик, громадностью общественных сооружений. Об этом хронист и стремится рассказать в первую очередь таким же, как он, провинциальным мелким феодалам.

• 63. 9-ти этажная жилая блок-секция
  Строительство

  1.Город строительстваКурган2.Грунты на площадкеГлинистые3.ФундаментыСвайные с монолитным ростверком4.Основной материал наружных стенКирпич глиняный обыкновенный на ц/перл. р-ре.5.Вариант утеплителя стенВнутри кладки6.Материал утеплителя стенМВП жёсткие ? = 100кг/м 3 7.Наружная отделкаКрасный керамич. лицевой кирпич8.Внутренняя отделкаШтукатурка изв.-песч. р-ром9.Тип покрытияС теплым чердаком10.Материал кровлиИзопласт11.Материал утепления покрытияМВП повыш. Жесткости ? = 200 кг/м 312.Тип перекрытияСбор. ж/б пустотные плиты13.Перегородки Из глиняного кирпича

• 64. Abelard on Universals
  Иностранные языки

  It was the claim of extreme nominalists that the names were just sounds, that we could call one and the same thing quite opposite names, and it would not change anything in its essence. It very well can be so, but in the naming things we also do something to ourselves, to our understanding of the physical nature of the things. Is there really man or woman, masterpiece, junk, good guy, bad guy, traitor, falsifier, guilty, innocent? Or all those words are just “utterances”? Is there some reality behind the word mother, or John can be your mother if the court rules so? Abelard understood that there is some medium between things and names which is not the name and not the thing it signifies, and still to keep the language meaningful we must use certain words which point to that medium in order to form meaningful concepts in our minds. Without this physics would not be possible as well as any science and language itself. That is because of that medium it is possible to translate from one language to another. Without this there would be no dictionaries, and to understand Greek or Latin would be impossible. If you call a nominalist a genius, he will be pleased, and if you call him a fool he will likely to get offended. But why, if it is true what he is teaching? Words do signify something about physical world! The words we use to describe physical objects are symbols of meaningful concepts which we form about those things in our minds. They are mental in nature, but they necessarily belong to those particulars. For Abelard this was easy to see and demonstrate. But what about the names which do not point to particulars? There were three questions, which Peter Abelard and Porphyry before him asked: (1) whether genera and species subsist or are placed only in understanding; (2) if they subsist, whether they are corporeal or incorporeal; (3) whether they are separated from sensibles or are placed in sensibles. Also there was the forth question added by Abelard, whether genera and species must refer to something or whether, if their normal referents are destroyed, these universals could consist of mere meaning of the concept.

• 65. Adjective
  Иностранные языки

  Thus, the less/least-combinations, similar to the more/most-combinations, constitute specific forms of comparison, which may be called forms of "reverse comparison". The two types of forms cannot be syntagmatically combined in one and the same form of the word, which shows the unity of the category of comparison. The whole category includes not three, but five different forms, making up the two series respectively, direct and reverse. Of these, the reverse series of comparison (the reverse superiority degrees) is of far lesser importance than the direct one, which evidently can be explained by semantic reasons. As a matter of fact, it is more natural to follow the direct model of comparison based on the principle of addition of qualitative quantities than on the reverse model of comparison based on the principle of subtraction of qualitative quantities, since subtraction in general is a far more abstract process of mental activity than addition. And, probably, exactly for the same reason the reverse comparatives and superlatives are rivalled in speech by the corresponding negative syntactic constructions.

• 66. Adjectives
  Иностранные языки

  The subject of our investigation was adjectives. What we have learnt about adjectives is that most English adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. These are generally constructed in one of two ways: either by suffixes (big, bigger, biggest) or by the use of the grammatical particles more and most. We have investigatedthat some adjectives have suppletive forms in their comparison, such as good, better, best. Comparative and superlative forms apply only to the base form of the adjective, so that duplicate forms like most biggest or worser are nonstandard (although lesser is sometimes permitted as a variant of less). A few adjectives have no comparative but a superlative with -most: uppermost, westernmost, etc. Also it has its own degrees, such as comparison, etc. Those such as male, female, extant and extinct which express "absolute" qualities do not admit comparisons: one animal cannot be more extinct than another. Similarly in a planktonic organism the adjective planktonic simply means plankton-type; there are no degrees or grades of planktonic. Other cases are more debatable. Grammatical prescriptivists frequently object to phrases such as more perfect on the grounds that something either is perfect or it is not. However, many speakers of English accept the phrase as meaning more nearly perfect. An adjective that causes particular controversy in this respect is unique. The formulations more unique and most unique are guaranteed to raise the hackles of purists. Which English adjectives are compared by -er/-est and which by more/most is a complex matter of English idiom. Generally, shorter adjectives (including most monosyllabic adjectives), Anglo-Saxon words, and shorter, fully domesticated French words (e.g. noble) use the suffixes -er/-est. Adjectives with two syllables vary. Some take either form, and the situation determines the usage. For example, one will see commoner and more common, depending on which sounds better in the context. Two-syllable adjectives that end in the sound [i], most often spelled with y, generally take -er/-est, e.g., pretty: prettier: prettiest. It was pleasant to investigate adjectives and we think that it is not the end of its investigation. We will continue this theme on our diploma work. Thank you for spending time on reading our course work!

• 67. Advertising and popular culture
  Маркетинг

  Before advertising is done, market research institutions need to know and describe the target group to exactly plan and implement the advertising campaign and to achieve the best possible results. A whole array of sciences directly deal with advertising and marketing or is used to improve its effects. Focus groups, psychologists and cultural anthropologists are de rigueur in marketing research.[44] Vast amounts of data on persons and their shopping habits are collected, accumulated, aggregated and analysed with the aid of credit cards, bonus cards, raffles and internet surveying. With increasing accuracy this supplies a picture of behaviour, wishes and weaknesses of certain sections of a population with which advertisement can be employed more selectively and effectively. The efficiency of advertising is improved through advertising research. Universities, of course supported by business and in co-operation with other disciplines (s. above), mainly Psychiatry, Anthropology, Neurology and behavioural sciences, are constantly in search for ever more refined, sophisticated, subtle and crafty methods to make advertising more effective. Neuromarketing is a controversial new field of marketing which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -- not to heal, but to sell products. Advertising and marketing firms have long used the insights and research methods of psychology in order to sell products, of course. But today these practices are reaching epidemic levels, and with a complicity on the part of the psychological profession that exceeds that of the past. The result is an enormous advertising and marketing onslaught that comprises, arguably, the largest single psychological project ever undertaken. Yet, this great undertaking remains largely ignored by the American Psychological Association. Robert McChesney calls it "the greatest concerted attempt at psychological manipulation in all of human history."

• 68. AGraph: библиотека классов для работы с помеченными графами
  Компьютеры, программирование

  Ниже перечисленные структуры хранения графов будут рассмотрены более подробно, но перед этим необходимо сделать следующее замечание. В теории графов вершины и ребра графов, как правило, лишены индивидуальности: при таком подходе граф можно задать, например, булевской матрицей смежности, где логическая единица на пересечении i-ой строки и j-го столбца означает существование ребра (или дуги) между i-ой и j-ой вершинами графа. В то же время, во всех рассматриваемых библиотеках вершины и ребра графа считаются уникальными объектами (здесь термин "объект" употребляется в контексте объектно-ориентированного программирования), которые различаются, по крайней мере, тем, что каждый из них занимает отдельный участок в оперативной памяти ЭВМ. Объект-вершина может содержать или не содержать какие-либо данные; объект-ребро содержит, как минимум, указатели на инцидентные ему вершины. Если подходить с технологической точки зрения, то наличие уникальных объектов-вершин и объектов-ребер повышает удобство реализации и эффективность многих алгоритмов (хотя и неэкономично в смысле расхода оперативной памяти). Существует и более фундаментальная причина: при решении прикладных задач вершины графа, а иногда и его ребра, соответствуют реальным объектам предметной области. Таким образом, структуры хранения графов в объектно-ориентированной библиотеке для работы с графами обеспечивают хранение не только "математического" графа, но и объектов, представляющих вершины и ребра этого графа. Еще одно замечание необходимо сделать относительно использования списков и/или массивов: эти структуры данных будут считаться взаимозаменяемыми, пока изложение не коснется конкретных библиотек.

• 69. Algorithmic recognition of the Verb
  Компьютеры, программирование

  It is a well known fact that many difficulties are encountered in Text Processing. A major difficulty, which if not removed first would hamper any further progress, is the ambiguity present in the wordforms that potentially belong to more than one Part of Speech when taken out of context. Therefore it is essential to find the features that disambiguate the wordforms when used in a context and to define the disambiguation process algorithmically. As a first step in this direction we have chosen to disambiguate those wordforms which potentially (when out of context, in a dictionary) can be attributed to more than one Part of Speech and where one of the possibilities is a Verb. These possibilities include Verb or Noun (as in stay), Verb or Noun or Adjective (as in pain, crash), Verb or Adjective (as in calm), Verb or Participle (as in settled, asked, put), Verb or Noun or Participle (as in run, abode, bid), Verb or Adjective or Participle (as in closed), and Verb or Noun or Participle or Adjective (as in cut). We'll start with the assumption that for every wordform in the Sentence there are only two possibilities: to be or not to be a Verb. Therefore, only provisionally, exclusively for the purposes of the present type of description and subsequent algorithmic analysis of the Sentence, we shall assume that all wordforms in the Sentence which are not Verbs belong to the non-verbal or Nominal Word Group (NG). As a result of this definition, the NG will incorporate the Noun, the Adjective, the Adverb, the Numeral, the Pronoun, the Preposition and the Participle 1st used as an attribute (as in the best selected audience) or as a Complement (as in we'll regard this matter settled). All the wordforms in the Sentence which are Verbs form the Verbal Group (VG). The VG includes all main and Auxiliary Verbs, the Particle to (used with the Infinitive of the Verb), all verbal phrases consisting of a Verb and a Noun (such as take place, take part, etc.) or a Verb and an Adverb (such as go out, get up, set aside, etc.), and the Participle 2nd used in the compound Verbal Tenses (such as had arrived). The formal features which help us recognize the nominal or verbal character of a wordform are called 'markers' (Sestier and Dupuis, 1962). Some markers, such as the, a, an, at, by, on, in, etc. (most of them are Prepositions), predict with 100 per cent accuracy the nominal nature of the wordform immediately following them (so long as the Prepositions are not part of a phrasal Verb). Other markers, including wordform endings such as -ing and -es, or a Preposition which is also a Particle such as to, etc., when used singly on their own (without the help of other markers) cannot predict accurately the verbal or nominal character of a wordform. Considering the fact that not all markers give 100 per cent predictability (even when all markers in the immediate vicinity of a wordform are taken into consideration), it becomes evident that the entire process of formal text analysis using this method is based, to a certain degree, on probability. The question is how to reduce the possible errors. To this purpose, the following procedures were used: a) the context of a wordform was explored for markers, moving back and forth up to three words to the left and to the right of the wordform; b; some algorithmic instructions preceded others in sequence as a matter of rule in order to act as an additional screening; no decision was taken prematurely, without sufficient grammatical and syntactical evidence being contained in the markers; no instruction was considered to be final without sufficient checking and tests proving the success rate of its performance. The algorithm presented in Section 3 below, numbered as Algorithm No 1 i.Georgicv, 1991), when tested on texts chosen at random, correctly recognized on average 98 words out of every 100. The algorithm uses Lists of markers.

• 70. Allusion as discourse symbol
  Иностранные языки

  Any research can not be stated in proper way without pointing out the main functions of the subject under consideration. So now we should pay attention to different functions of allusion and especially to its stylistic functions.we have already mentioned allusion is a technique used in literature in which a literary work references another work of literature, work of art, historical figure, place, or event. In general, this passing reference is not explained by the writer, so only readers who are familiar with the source of allusion tend to understand or notice it. The wide use of allusions is caused by many reasons. In some special cases, allusion is used because it already communicated what the author wants to say better than he could have himself. More often, though, the writer uses allusions because of the many emotions or ideas that readers may associate with the text to which the writer alludes.in many cases, allusion serves a more specific purpose than simply tapping into a body of associations. Sometimes a reference to another work is given in a context that is drastically opposed to the original meaning. This technique is often used to refute the meaning of the original and to assert a new meaning. [20] Other case of the use of allusion in poetic texts actually reference several different sources simultaneously to create new associations and to make the reader to evaluate one or more sources of allusions.implies presence of the contextual elements which function consists in indication on the relation between the given text and other texts or reference to the certain historical, cultural and biographic facts.function of allusion consists in the help for the author to depict his attitude towards the world by comparison of two (or several) realities or text systems.scholars suggested diverse approaches to differentiation of functions of allusion. Let us firstly innumerate these functions and then proceed to their analysis. So stylistic functions of allusion in the poetic text are the following:of the idea of the textof the subtextformationof the pragmatic structureof time categoryformationincreasevalueon the authors subtextlet us proceed to the brief analysis of above mentioned functions.their work scientists Dashtamirova and Serdukova stated the function of allusion that they called the expression of the idea of the text [4, pp.4-54]. Later other scholars continued their work where they stated the position of allusion as the expression of the authors intention in the text. The main idea of the text may be hidden in the allusive process, so as we have already studied from the work of scientist Mashkova, using this function of allusion the author is expecting for the prepared reader [9, p.28].next function called the creation of the subtext was studied by various scientists such as Kashkimbaeva [5, pp. 28-33], Mamaeva [10, p.20], Serdukova [4], Fedosiuk. They stated allusion to be the means of creation of associative subtext which is possible by realization of intertextual references. In her work Kashkinbaeva points out that the sense of allusion is in the interrelation between situational usage of speech means in the context created by the allusion and the new context where the reader can find authors attitude to these means. [5, p.33] In Mamaevas work we can also find the examination of this function of allusion. She explains [10, p.20] that allusion is not way different well known facts but just the hint for understanding of the subtext.Diadechko [6, pp.117-123] mentioned the style forming function of allusion. He examined this function analyzing the above mentioned type of allusions called reminiscence and their use and influence in poetic text.as the means of irony was also studied by different scholars (Dzhilkibaev, Kashkimbaeva [5, pp.28-33], Homleshko [2, p.6]). Homleshko states allusion to be one of the major stylistic devices used for creating irony (together with oxymoron, zeugma, hyperbole [2, p.24].)function of allusion was examined by major Russian linguists such as Davydova [3, pp.141-150], Mamaeva [10], Polubychenko, Tukharelli [13, pp.110-116]. Davydova points out that allusion is often used for the explanation of thematic problems raised in the text. At the same time the author is expecting again for the readers background knowledge [3, p.145].main partisan of regarding allusion as the microcomponent of the pragmatic structure was researcher Dashtamirova. This approach became the topic of her major works [4, pp.4-54]. She stated that the pragmatic power of the text as one of the sides of pragmatic influence of the language is based on the special choice of stylistic devices one of which is the allusion.also examined allusion as the realization of time category [6, pp.117-123]. According to him allusion can be one of major stylistic devices dealing with this function.states that allusion (so as the phraseology) can provide the economy of expression [6, p. 118]. This function was also studied by Evseev [7] and Kashkimbaeva [5, p.28-33].about such type of allusion as the citation various scholars (Davydova [3, pp.145-150], Diadechko [6, pp.117-120], Tukharelli [12]) mtention its structure forming function. According to Belozerova allusions can depict the structure of characters and events in the poetic text [1].increase function of allusion was firstly mentioned by Tukharelli [14, p.163]. He points out that active interrelation between texts content (and their stylistic peculiarities) and the authors mind depicts one of the major intertextual principles which consists in the following phenomenon - the appeal to them creates productive semantic fluctuation - leads to sense increase and sense transformation. Other scholars such as Dashtamirova [4] and Evseev [7, p.10] also paid attention to this function. Examining their works we can come to a conclusion that allusion lead to sense increase not only because allusion markers create the relation with the source text but also because in the sense of the new text the source text is also transformed. This transformation changes the semiotic structure of the new text [18]. So we can treat the allusive process as a kind of exclusive circle.value as a function of allusion was studied by Polubychenko and Fedosiuk [15]. It is ease to understand that allusions (as other stylistic devices) increase the poetic value of the text.of the most important functions of allusion in the poetic text is the indication on the authors subtext. Linguist Dzhilkibaev [5, pp.28-33] and later his colleague scolar Tsyrenova [17, pp.115-161] mentioned this major function in their research. According to Tsyrenova allusion is one of the means of realization of intertextuality [17, p.155] which, in tern, often becomes the basis for the authors subtext.function of allusion helps authors to provide the reader with the special features of any character. It is can be often examined while allusion is used in dialogues. Such scientists of Dashtamirova [4, pp.48-50], Dzhilkibaev [5, pp.28-33], Diadechko [6, p.118] and Polubychenko also pointed out the interrelation between characterological function and the influence of allusion on the intertextuality in poetic texts. Linguist Davydova states that allusion can be used as the contextual synonym of any character [3, p.147].function of allusion studied by Serdiukova and Dzhilkibaev [5, p.30] consists in symbolic meaning of events and characters referred to in allusive process.examining the theoretical points according the allusion phenomenon, major approaches to its classification and the most important functions of allusion we should proceed to more profound analysis the use of allusion in poetic texts.

• 71. America and Indian race
  Разное

  The territory west of the Mississippi, it turned out, was not so remote as had been supposed. The discovery of gold in California (1848) started a new sequence of treaties, designed to extinguish Indian title to lands lying in the path of the overland routes to the Pacific. The sudden surge of thousands of wagon trains through the last of the Indian country and the consequent slaughtering of prairie and mountain game that provided subsistence for the Indians brought on the most serious Indian wars the country had experienced. For three decades, beginning in the 1850s, raids and sporadic pitched fighting took place up and down the western Plains, highlighted by such incidents as the Custer massacre by Sioux and Cheyenne Indians (1876), the Nez Perce chief Joseph's running battle in 1877 against superior U.S. army forces, and the Chiricahua Geronimo's long duel with authorities in the Southwest, resulting in his capture and imprisonment in 1886. Toward the close of that period, the Ghost Dance religion, arising out of the dream revelations of a young Paiute Indian, Wovoka, promised the Indians a return to the old life and reunion with their departed kinsmen. The songs and ceremonies born of this revelation swept across the northern Plains. The movement came to an abrupt end December 29, 1890, at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. Believing that the Ghost Dance was disturbing an uneasy peace, government agents moved to arrest ringleaders. Sitting Bull was killed (December 15) while being taken into custody, and two weeks later units of the U.S. 7th Cavalry at Wounded Knee massacred more than 200 men, women, and children who had already agreed to return to their homes. A further major shift of policy had occurred in 1871 after congressional discussions lasting several years. U.S. presidents, with the advice and consent of the Senate, had continued to make treaties with the Indian tribes and commit the United States to the payment of sums of money. The House of Representatives protested, since a number of congressmen had come to the work that treaties with Indian tribes were an absurdity (a work earlier held by Andrew Jackson). The Senate yielded, and the act of March 3, 1871, declared that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe" would be recognized "as an independent power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." Indian affairs were brought under the legislative control of the Congress to an extent that had not been attempted previously. Tribal authority with respect to criminal offenses committed by members within the tribe was reduced to the extent that murder and other major crimes were placed under the jurisdiction of the federal courts. The most radical undertaking of the new legislative policy was the Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887. By that time the Indian tribes had been moved out of the mainstreams of traffic and were settled on lands that they had chosen out of the larger areas that they had formerly occupied. Their choice in most cases had been confirmed by treaty, agreement, act of Congress, or executive order of the president. The tribes that lived by hunting over wide areas found reservation confinement a threat to their existence. Generally, they had insisted on annuity payments or rations, or both, and the U.S. peace commissioners had been willing to offer such a price in return for important land cessions. In time the work came to be held that reservation life fostered indolence and perpetuated customs and attitudes that held Indians back from assimilation. The strategy offered by proponents of this theory was the Allotment Act authorizing the president to divide the reservations into individual parcels and to give every Indian, whether he wanted it or not, a particular piece of the tribally owned land. In order not to make the transition too abrupt, the land would be held in trust for a period of 25 years, after which ownership would devolve upon the individual. With it would go all the rights and duties of citizenship. Reservation land remaining after all living members of the tribes had been provided with allotments was declared surplus, and the president was authorized to open it for entry by non-Indian homesteaders, the Indians being paid the homestead price. A total of 118 reservations was allotted in this manner, but the result was not what had been anticipated. Through the alienation of surplus lands (making no allowance for children yet unborn) and through patenting of individual holdings, the Indians lost 86,000,000 acres (34,800,000 hectares), or 62 percent, of a total of 138,000,000 acres in Indian ownership prior to 1887. A generation of landless Indians resulted, with no vocational training to relieve them of dependence upon land. The strategy also failed in that ownership of land did not effect an automatic acculturation in those Indians who received individual parcels. Through scattering of individuals and families, moreover, social cohesiveness tended to break down. The result was a weakening of native institutions and cultural practices with nothing offered in substitution. What was intended as transition proved to be a blind alley. The Indian population had been dwindling through the decades after the mid-19th century. The California Indians alone, it was estimated, dropped from 100,000 in 1853 to not more than 30,000 in 1864 and 19,000 in 1906. Cholera in the central Plains in 1849 struck the Pawnee. As late as 1870-71 an epidemic of smallpox brought disaster to the Blackfeet, Assiniboin, and Cree. These events gave currency to the concept of the Indian as "the vanishing American." The decision of 1871 to discontinue treaty making and the passage of the Allotment Act of 1887 were both founded in the belief that the Indians would not survive, and hence it did not much matter whether their works were sought in advance of legislation or whether lands were provided for coming generations. When it became obvious after about 1920 that the Indians, whose numbers had remained static for several years, were surely increasing, the United States was without a policy for advancing the interests of a living people.

• 72. American Revolution and War for Independence
  Иностранные языки

  Spurred by Patrick Henry, the Virginia Assembly passed a set of resolutions denouncing taxation without representation as a threat to colonial liberties. A few days later, the Massachusetts House invited all the colonies to appoint delegates to a Congress in New York to consider the Stamp Act menace. This Congress, held in October 1765, was the first inter-colonial meeting ever summoned on American initiative. Twenty-seven men from nine colonies seized the opportunity to mobilize colonial opinion against parliamentary interference in American affairs. After much debate, the Congress adopted a set of resolutions asserting that "no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them, but by their respective legislatures" and that the Stamp Act had a "manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonists."

• 73. Analysis of Control System and Synthesis of Real Compensator
  Компьютеры, программирование

  Poles of the transfer function are the roots of the system characteristic equation. Characteristic equation is the denominator of transfer function reduced to zero.of the transfer function are the roots of equation which is obtained by reducing the numerator of the transfer function to zero.method is based on using of the operators pole(sys) which calculates the poles of the transfer function and zero(sys) which calculates zeros.method is based on using of the operator pzmap(sys), which plots the pole-zero map of the continuous-time LTI model sys on a complex plane. For SISO systems, pzmap plots poles and zeros of the transfer function.

• 74. Ancient and modern pronunciations
  Иностранные языки

  Why is proper pronunciation important? Because without correct pronunciation- no matter how vast the students vocabulary may be, no matter how well the student understands and uses grammatical rules, no matter what their level of reading or writing skills may be- if they don't use correct pronunciation it may be very difficult for listeners to understand what they say. And that is a huge hindrance to communication. In addition, some research indicates that if a student can not pronounce a word correctly, they may not be able to hear it when spoken by another person either, which furthers hinders communication. The students can then repeat the correct version or tell you what the difference between the two sentences was and why their version was wrong. Because the students dont do much of the work in this way of being corrected, it might not be as good a way of remembering the correction as methods where you give more subtle clues. Its advantages are that it is quick and suits cultures, classes and students that think of elicitation as shirking by the teacher. It can also be more face-saving than asking them for self-correction, as trying to correct themselves risks making even more mistakes. The “right version” could mean the whole sentence or just the correction of the part that was wrong. In the latter case, you can then ask them to put it into the sentence in the right place and repeat the whole thing.

• 75. Appendix a for the course paper "Australia"
  География

  capital of Australia is very famous city - Canberra. Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.. Queensland is Australias second largest state, covering 1 722 000 km2 and the third most populous with more than 3.6 million inhabitants. It occupies 22.5 per cent of the continent in the north-east and has boundaries with New South Wales, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It is bounded by the Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait and the Coral Sea in the north, and the South Pacific Ocean in the east. The total coastline is 7400 km with the corals of the Great Barrier Reef fringing the eastern coastline for more than 2000 kilometres. Brisbane, the capital, is located in the south-eastern corner of the State. The people of Queensland enjoy an outdoor lifestyle with world class beaches and waterways, national parks, rainforests and tropical reefs. Our pleasant climate (average summer temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius, average winter temperatures of 15 degrees Celsius) means that Queenslanders enjoy more winter sunshine and warmth than most other Australian states. With up-to-date technology and services, the lowest taxes in Australia and plenty of space to develop and expand, Queensland is the preferred location for many new businesses each year.'s enviable lifestyle ensures that its current population of over 3.6 million continues to grow and prosper.State flag dates from the time when Queensland was a self-governing British colony with its own navy. In 1865, the Governor of Queensland was told by the Admiralty in London that the colony's vessels of war should fly the Blue Ensign, imposed with the colony's badge, on the stern, and a blue pennant at the mastheadSouth Wales. New South Wales is in the south-east part of the Australian continent and is the most populous and heavily industrialized State in Australia, with a highly urbanized population.capital of New South Wales is Sydney, the site of the country's oldest European settlement and its largest and most cosmopolitan city, with ethnic communities from more than 100 countries. The city's icons include The Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney Harbour Bridge and The Sydney Opera House. Sydney hosted the 2000 Olympic Games, an important international finance centre and home to one of the world's great seaports.total area of the State is 802 000 km2 or 10.4 per cent of Australia's total area and includes Lord Howe, a small island in the Pacific Ocean. We have included information on the people of each region to show some simple statistics on the local demographics. When learning about a new place it's helpful to see how many people live there. The histories of each region are unique and have mounded communities to what they are today. Knowing a places past can help you know the people just a little better. In a similar way, the government and local councils are helping to mould the future of each region and its people.appreciation for the landscape gives insight into the environment and its inhabitants. Both inland and offshore geography has had an impact on how the country has developed.Capital Territory. For more than 20,000 years the region has been home to the Ngunnawal people. Rock paintings in Namadgi National Park and archeological evidence found at Birrigai Rock Shelter at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve are evidence of their long occupation the region.first European settler in the district was a Joshua John Moore who took up the first land grant and established a stock station called 'Canberry' in 1824. It has been suggested that the name Cranberry is based on an Aboriginal name for the area Canberra. Moore's property is approximately where Canberra's city centre is currently sited.1901 the New South Wales Government commissioned a report suggesting possible locations for the seat of Government for the new Commonwealth of Australia. The report short-listed three places, Bondable, Yass-Canberra, and Orange. The decision for the Yass-Canberra option was made in 1908 by the Commonwealth Parliament and shortly afterwards the Commonwealth surveyor, Charles Scrivener, was dispatched to choose a site.1911 an international competition for a city plan was held. It was awarded to an American landscape architect named Walter Burley Griffin and his wife and partner, Marion Mahoney Griffin. In the same year, The Australian Government took possession of 2 357km2 of land from New South Wales (NSW) to form the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as the site for the Australian national capital. Canberra lies between Sydney, 307km north-east, and Melbourne 655km south-west.1913 Canberra became the official name for the area at the laying of a foundation stone on Capital Hill. Today the majority of the population of the ACT lives and work in Canberra.is nearly 300km from Sydney and some 650km from Melbourne. A planned city, it is laid out around an artificial lake. The Territory became self-governing in 1989. National government remains its main industry, but private sector employment has expanded and includes production of sophisticated scientific and communications equipment, and computer software. With Canberra being a relatively new and carefully planned city in Australia, some people think its a bit on the boring and conservative side. Being the nations seat of government and politics probably doesnt help that image. But to the contrary, Canberra is a graceful and industrious city surrounded by an awesome and mostly untouched natural environment. And its residents have a nearly utopian approach towards conserving the citys quality of life.. Hugging the tip of the Australian east coast, Victoria is Australia's second-smallest state, covering 227,600 square kilometers - roughly the size of the British Isles.'s capital, Melbourne is located around the shores of Port Phillip Bay. The city itself sits beside the Yarra River, about five kilometers from the bay.occupies the south east corner of the continent between latitudes 34 and 39 south and longitudes 141 and 150 east. It covers 227 600 km2 - about the same area as England, Wales and Scotland; three-fifths of Japan and slightly larger than the US State of Utah. About 36 per cent of Victoria is covered by forest with the major forest belt in the east. The highest peaks are Mt Bogong (1986 m) and Mt Feathertop (1922 m). Victorias 1800 km coastline borders on Bass Strait, which separates the mainland from Tasmania, and in the west on the Southern Ocean. Its a generally rugged coastline but includes many wide sandy beaches and three large, almost fully enclosed harbors. Melbourne and Geelong are on the shores of the most important of these harbors, Port Phillip Bay.vary widely but most of the State falls within the warm, temperate belt of the south-east corner of Australia, characterized by warm and dry summers and cool to mild, wet, winters. Daily summer temperatures range from 14 to 23 C in the coastal areas, 11 to 20 C in the mountains and 16 to 31 C inland. In winter, temperatures range from 7 C to 14 C in coastal areas, 0 C to 5 C in the mountains and 5 C to 16 C inland. Snow settles on the Australian Alps in the north-east of Victoria from June to September. Rainfall is heaviest in the eastern highlands, in Gippsland in the east of the State and in the Otway Ranges in western Victoria. Some areas receive annual rainfalls of more than 1000 mm. Lowest falls are in the Mallee region, where the average is 327 mm. Melbournes average rainfall is about 660 mm a year.. Separated from mainland Australia by the 240 km stretch of Bass Strait, Tasmania is a land apart a place of wild and beautiful landscapes; friendly, welcoming people; a pleasant, temperate climate; wonderful wine and food; a rich history; and a relaxed island lifestyle. Tasmania is an island roughly the size of West Virginia, located 240 km off the south-east corner of mainland Australia. Next stop south is Antarctica, 2000 km away.is a natural island a land of dramatic coastlines, rugged mountains, tall forests and sparkling highland lakes. Over a third of the state is reserved in a network of National Parks and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, a refuge and habitat for rare plants and animals, including survivors of the ancient southern super continent, Gondwana.population of Tasmania is 485,000. Main centres are Hobart (the capital city with 200,000 people) Launceston (98,500) Burnie (18,000) and Devonport (25,000).has more than 2000 km of walking tracks and 18 national parks. The Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area covers 1.38 million hectares. Hobart has the nations second-lowest rainfall (626 mm or 24 inches) of all Australian capital cities.average summer temperature is a comfortable 21°C (70°F). Winters average is 12°C (52° F).Australia. South Australia has a healthy Mediterranean climate with cool wet winters and hot dry summers. The average summer temperature is 29 degrees Celsius, although each year brings one or two hot periods (generally with low humidity)., the capital city of South Australia, jealously guards its reputation as Australias arts capital, boasting a multitude of festivals, a vibrant live music scene, galleries, design and fashion, theatre, architecture The average winter temperature is a mild 15 degrees Celsius. 2,500 hours of sunshine a year means South Australians enjoy outdoor living almost year round. Outdoor sports, eating and events are easy to enjoy because of the weather, excellent facilities and easy accessibility.Australia has many contrasts with rugged outback wilderness, scenic mountain ranges, an extensive coastline, offshore islands and a large, meandering river. Surprisingly, the driest State in the driest continent has more than 3,700 kilometers of varied coastline and the Murray River weaves its magic through 650 kilometers of South Australia.are also national parks and world heritage listed areas to explore and an outdoor adventure to suit everyone. South Australia is known as a wine and food centre with 13 wine regions and a higher ratio of cafes and restaurants to residents than any other city in Australia. The wine industry in South Australia benefits from a variety of terrain, character and climate. Few other regions of the world can match our range of warm and cool-ripening conditions.Australia. The state of Western Australia, is Australias face on the Indian Ocean. Its capital Perth is closer to Singapore and Jakarta than it is to Canberra. The majority of people live in and around Perth.Australia is the largest Australian State. With an area of more than 2 500 000 sq km, a 12 500 km coastline and spanning 2 400km from north to south, it occupies a third of the continent.the narrow Timor Sea separates its northern coastline from equatorial islands of the Indonesian Archipelago and to the south is the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.its tropical north, to temperate areas in its south-west corner, Western Australia experiences a variety of climatic conditions. With distance from the coast, rainfall decreases and temperature variations are more pronounced. Perth averages eight hours sunshine per day and 118 clear days per year. Mean monthly maximum temperatures range from 17ºC in July to 30ºC in February. Even in the coldest months, minimum temperatures rarely fall below 5ºC. Most of its 802mm annual rainfall occurs in the winter months.

• 76. Archaisms in literature
  Педагогика

  Original wordOriginMeaningExampleComments artform of the verb 'to be', from Old English eartpresent second-person singular form of the verb be.…Who may stand in thy sight when once thou art angry? (Psalm 76:7)used in Biblical/Shakespearian/poetical languageastoniedpast participle of 'astony' from Middle English astonien < Old French estoner < Vulgar Latin *extonare = 'to thunder'to stun, amaze, or astonish; astound or bewilder…and I sat astonied unitl the evening sacrifice. (Ezra 9:4)used in Biblical/Shakespearian/poetical languagebetwixtfrom Old English betweohs or dative betweoxum (between)between…He shall lie all night betwixt my breasts.(Song of Solomon 1:13)used in Biblical/Shakespearian/poetical language, also used in some Southern and Appalachian dialects of the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries.bilboFrom Bilbao, Spain, the best known place of manufacturean obscure and seldom used word for a short swordBilbo is the Basque word for Bilbao. (Bilbo Baggins is a fictional character.)bobbishfrom bob move up and down, dance, rebound + -ishbrisk, wellUsed in 1860sBouncableunknown by smellinessa swaggering boasterUsed in 1860sBridewellfrom the London prison of that namea prisonUsed in 1860s (and in common current use in Nottingham where the police station attached to the Magistrates' Court is called The Bridewell)caddishfrom the noun cadwickedthe noun 'cad' is dying outcag-magunknowndecaying meatUsed in 1860schalk scoresunknowna reference to accounts of debt, recorded with chalk marksUsed in 1860scoddleshellunknowncodicil; a modification to one's legal willUsed in 1860sCoinerunknowna counterfeiterUsed in 1860sconnexionFrom French "Connexion"variant spelling of connectionImagination could conceive almost anything in connexion with this place. (At the Mountains of Madness, by H.P. Lovecraft)Used in the 19th centurycostermongercoster comes from Costard, a type of cooking apple, monger means trader or sellera greengrocer, seller of fruit and vegetablesfishmonger, ironmonger and warmonger are among the surviving words ending in -mongercoveunknowna fellow or chapIt's what a cove knows that counts, ain't it, Sybil? (The Difference Engine, by Bruce Sterling and William Gibson)Used in 1860scrazeOld Norse, through Old Frenchto shatterUsed in 14th Century. A remnant survives in the phrase "cracked and crazed", also in ceramics where a glaze that has fine lines like cracks is called a craze. A modern usage would be in crazed paving.dostfrom dopresent second-person singular form of the verb doI cry unto thee, and thou dost not hear me... (Job 30:20)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.dothfrom dopresent third-person singular form of the verb doThe north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry countenance a backbiting tongue. (Proverbs 25:23)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.drabunknowna prostituteFinger of birth-strangled babe, ditch-delivered by a drab. (Shakespeare's Macbeth)dreamA part of the root stock of the OE vocabulary.joyUnder the influence of Old Norse speakers in England, the word dream changed its meaning from ``joy, festivity, noisy merriment" to ``a sleeping vision". Died out before the 13th century.ducatsA bullion coin (not legal tender) used in international trademoneyAustrian Ducats were displaced by Gold Sovereigns throughout the British Empire. The term is used today only to refer to the coin in numismatic circles, as Ducats are still produced by the Austrian mint. Ducat, in Latin, means "he rules", "she rules", or "it rules".eek, ekeOld English "ecan", to increase. Compare Dutch "ook" (also).alsoWhen Zephyrus eke with his swoote breath Inspired hath in every holt and heath (in this case, meaning is closer to "also") (Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) ;Used mostly in Middle English, but also later on until the 1600s. Is the origin for the word "nickname" (in Middle English "ekename").-estfrom Old English "-est". Compare with German "-st".suffix used to form the present second-person singular of regular verbsWhen thou goest, thy steps shall not be straitened; and when thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble (Proverbs 4:12)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.-ethfrom Old English "-eр". Compare with Dutch and German "-t".suffix used to form the present third-person singular of regular verbsHe maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. (Psalm 23:2)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.fire a rickunknownto burn a stack of hay (rick), as a form of protestUsed in 1860sForsooth!Really!Used in Shakespearian EnglishflueyFrom the flue of a chimney, normally coated with soot from log or coal firesdustyUsed in 1860sGrinderunknowna tutor who prepares students for examinationsUsed in 1860shastfrom havepresent second-person singular form of the verb haveThou hast proved mine heart; thou hast visited me in the night; thou hast tried me, and shalt find nothing... (Psalm 17:3)Compare to hast in German. Used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.hathfrom havepresent third-person singular form of the verb haveThis is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it. (Psalm 118:24)used in Biblical/Shakespearian/poetical languagehither(to) hereEnglish accusative case formivory tabletsunknownpaper for notetakingUsed in 1860skineMiddle English kyen, a plural of the Old English cy, plural of cu, meaning cowcattleUsed until late 1800s; still in Biblical use; Spenser used the form kynemoteunknownmay, mightNB. It may be argued that it is not technically defunct since the word is still used in freemasonry and wicca as part of certain rituals.over the broomstickunknownto be married in a folk ceremony and not recognized by the law. Still commonly used as part of the ceremony in modern Pagan weddings by Wiccans, Witches and other alternative spiritualities."Then if somebody been wantin' to marry they step over the broom and it be nounced they married" (Slave Narratives Betty Curlett of Hazen, Arkansas).Used in 1860s, "over the brush" still used in British English, c.f. jumping the broomstick.quantumLatin for "as much", "how much"money to pay a billUsed in 1860s. Still used in this sense in some legal terminology.rantipoleunknownto behave in a romping or rude mannerUsed in 1860sread withunknownto tutorUsed in 1860s, still used in Caribbean Englishshake-downunknowna bedUsed in 1860s, also a modern slang term dealing with law enforcement, and, as an adjective indicating an initial cruise for a Navy shipshaltfrom shallused to form the future tense of verbsThou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel. (Psalm 2:9)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical languageshewunknownVariant of show.'To shew Louisa, how alike in their creeds, her father and Harthouse are?' - (Dickens' notes on Hard Times).Used in the 19th centurysmotepast participle of 'smite' from Old English smitan = 'to strike'To strike hard, beat, inflict a blowAnd he smote them hip and thigh with a great slaughter... (Judges 15:8)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.stand highunknownto have a good reputationUsed in 1860sthee, thou, thy/thinefrom Old English юъold 2nd person singular pronounThou art my God, and I will praise thee: thou art my God, I will exalt thee. (Psalm 118:28)"Thee" is used when it is the grammatical object, "thou" when it is the subject. "Thy" and "thine" are both genitives, but "thine" is only used in front of an initial vowel or h. Still used in Biblical/Shakespearian/poetical language.
  Also still used in northern dialects of British English e.g. Yorkshire.thither(to) thereEnglish accusative case form of indicative pronoun theretholefrom Old English юolianto bear; put up with; sufferA man with a good crop can thole some thistles (Scots Proverb)Still used in northern and Scottish dialects of British English e.g. Yorkshire.untoto, onto, uponAnd the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? (Genesis 3:9)Mainly used in Early Modern English.wertfrom beimperfect second-person singular form of the verb beIf thou wert pure and upright; surely now he would awake for thee, and make the habitation of thy righteousness prosperous. (Job 8:6)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.whitesmithfrom blacksmith, an iron workera tinsmithUsed in 1860swhithercontraction of where hitherto where (destination)whence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go? (Genesis 16:8)Compare to wohin in German. used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.whitlowunknowna sore or swelling in a finger or thumbUsed in 1860s, still used in British Englishwiltfrom willused to form the future tense of verbswhence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go? (Genesis 16:8)used in Biblical, Shakespearian and poetical language.wittlesfrom "victuals"foodYou bring me, to-morrow morning early, that file and them wittles. (Great Expectations, Charles Dickens)Used in 1860s, vittles still used in British and American Englishzoundscorrupted form of "Christ's wounds"expletivestill used occasionally in British English

• 77. ATL и BTL технологии
  Маркетинг

  .%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20(POS%20materials)%20-%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b6%d0%ba%d0%b8,%20%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b%d0%b5%20%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d1%83%d1%8e%d1%82%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8e%20%d0%b1%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b0%20%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%20%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b0.%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%8e%d1%82%20%d0%b8%d0%b7%20%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b1%d1%8f%20%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5%20%d1%81%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b0%20%d0%be%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%20%d0%b8%20%d1%8f%d0%b2%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%8e%d1%82%d1%81%d1%8f%20%d1%8d%d1%84%d1%84%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc%d0%b8%20%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b8%20%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%20%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%20%d0%b8%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%20%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2.%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%88%d0%b0%d1%8e%d1%82%20%d1%83%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c%20%d0%b1%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b0,%20%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%20%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bc%d1%8b%d0%bc%20%d1%83%d0%b2%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%8f%20%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%be%d1%8f%d1%82%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bf%d0%ba%d0%b8%20%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b0.%20%d0%9d%d0%b0%20%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d1%8f%d1%88%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b9%20%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20-%20%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bc%d1%8b%d0%b5%20%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%82%d1%8b%20%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%ba,%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b9%20%d0%b8%20%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d1%85%20%d0%bc%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b0%d0%b6.%20%d0%97%d0%b0%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%20-%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2%20%d0%b8%20%d1%83%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b3%20%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8.%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b,%20%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba%20%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%8f%20%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%8f%20%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f,%20%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b1%d0%bd%d1%8b%20%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%20%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8e%20%d0%be%20%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b5%20%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%be%d0%bc%d1%83%20%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d1%83%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d1%8b%d1%85%20%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2.%20POS%20%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b%20%d1%8f%d0%b2%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%8e%d1%82%d1%81%d1%8f%20%d0%be%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c%20%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc%20%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc%20%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bc.%20[29]">Последний, шестой вид BTL носителей - POS-материалы <http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/POS-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B>. POS материалы (POS materials) - материалы рекламной поддержки, которые способствуют продвижению бренда или товара. POS материалы представляют из себя рекламные средства оформления и являются эффективными инструментами для привлечения внимания и продвижения товаров. POS материалы повышают узнаваемость бренда, тем самым увеличивая вероятность покупки товара. На сегодняшний день POS материалы - необходимые атрибуты выставок, презентаций и непосредственных мест продаж. Задача POS материалов - популяризация продуктов и услуг компании. POS материалы, как никакая другая продукция, способны донести информацию о фирме большому количеству потенциальных клиентов. POS материалы являются очень популярным рекламным инструментом. [29]

• 78. Attaction of foreign inflows in East Asia
  Экономика

  In some East Asian countries (Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand) domestic banks have been major issuers of bonds into external markets. Since 1990, 40 percent of placements have been by financial institutions, with banks accounting for 27 percent. Large banks obviously have better credit rating than many of their clients and are thus able to raise funds less expensively. This is a legitimate intermediation function and has opened financing opportunities to many domestic firms that would otherwise have had less access to funds. For the ultimate borrower, lower interest rates, not foreign exchange rates, are typically the critical factor. For the intermediating banks, the spreads and volumes are attractive, and the operations help establish the banks international presence. These actions, however, pose two risks. First, there may be a relative decrease in the effectiveness of monetary police, since in the effectiveness of monetary policy, since the financial system can miligate or offset government attempts to expand or contract credit by modulating its foreign borrowing for domestic clients. When foreign interest rates are lower than domestic rates, borrowers will be tempted to seek more funds abroad, which may undermine domestic policies of monetary restraint. Second, banks (especially public or quasi-public banks) may be borrowing abroad with the implicit or explicit expectation of a government quartette. They may not take full account of the exchange risk and may face interest risks as well, since they are intermediating across currencies and between short-term liabilities and long-term assets. These risks are likely to be passed on to the government, should they adversely affect the banks. The recently reported instance of BAPINDO, a troubled Indonesian bank that borrowed internatinally, seems to have involved an implicit guarantee, as that bank would not have been able to borrow on its own account. More generally, central banks may be forces to intervene to protect the banking sector with official reserves if there are major disruptions of commercial banks capacity to refinance abroad. For some large borrowers, domestic markets may not yet be deep enough to absorb the size and other requirements of their financing needs, so that these enterprises must turn to international markets.

• 79. Aдвoкaтскaя деятельнoсть, ее виды и oргaнизaциoнные oснoвы
  Юриспруденция, право, государство

  Зaкoн oб aдвoкaтуре в п. 2 ст. 1 oпределяет aдвoкaтскую деятельнoсть, кaк деятельнoсть не предпринимaтельскую. Нo дaннoе oгрaничение oн oтнoсит тoлькo лишь к сaмoй aдвoкaтскoй деятельнoсти (oкaзaнию квaлифицирoвaннoй юридическoй пoмoщи, именнo, aдвoкaтoм). Из этoгo мoжнo сделaть вывoд o тoм, чтo aдвoкaт индивидуaльнo, если этo не связaнo с aдвoкaтскoй деятельнoстью мoжет зaнимaться предпринимaтельствoм и другoй oплaчивaемoй рaбoтoй (в сфере нaуки или искусствa, нaпример, - писaть кaртины и прoдaвaть их). Тaк же мoгут пoступaть и учрежденные ими aдвoкaтские oбрaзoвaния, - кoллегия aдвoкaтoв, aдвoкaтскoе бюрo мoгут зaнимaться предпринимaтельскoй деятельнoстью (единственнoе, кoму этo зaпрещенo делaть - aдвoкaтскaя пaлaтa субъектa РФ). В предпринимaтельских прaвooтнoшениях oни выступaют, кaк некoммерческие oргaнизaции, oсуществляющие всевoзмoжные кoммерческие прoекты, при услoвии, чтo предпринимaтельствo преследует цель, для дoстижения кoтoрoй эти oбрaзoвaния сoздaны (тo есть улучшение функциoнирoвaния кoллегии aдвoкaтoв, пoкупкa неoбхoдимoгo oбoрудoвaния и т.п.) К примеру, кoллегия aдвoкaтoв приoбретaет недвижимoсть, a зaтем сдaет ее в aренду, и пoлучaет средствa для бoлее кaчественнoгo oкaзaния aдвoкaтских услуг, рaзвития сoбственнoй бaзы.

• 80. Aнaлиз динaмики и структуры ВВП зa 2004-2009 гoды
  Экономика

  Пoкaзaтель2004200520062007200820091234567Прoизвoдствo тoвaрoв2493327,83339 674,54 581 092,45 575 678,47 314 681,07581731,1Сельскoе хoзяйствo, oхoтa, лесoвoдствo; рыбoлoвствo, рыбoвoдствo418 127,2483 484,6561 329,8727 335,8853 341,61045440,5Сельскoе хoзяйствo, oхoтa, лесoвoдствo412 329,8477 445,0554 064,5717 000,7840 815,41034832,4Рыбoлoвoствo, рыбoвoдствo5 797,46 039,67 265,310 335,112 526,210 608,1Прoмышленнoсть1719 372,32261 203,73 018 544,03 635 126,05 162 639,05194801,2Гoрнoдoбывaющaя прoмышленнoсть799 555,01198887,41 646 628,01 934 762,23 003 647,43036305,6Oбрaбaтывaющaя прoмышленнoсть781 558,7914 013,21 188 108,01 476 647,61 890 053,01849097,5Прoизвoдствo и рaспределение элктрoэнергии, гaзa и вoды138 258,6148 303,1183 808,0223 716,2268 938,6309 398,1Стрoительствo355 828,3594 986,21 001 218,61 213 216,61 298 700,41341489,4Прoизвoдствo услуг3133483,53948 769,85272 838,56 968 485,48 364 352,49183315,0Тoргoвля, ремoнт aвтoмoбилей и изделий дoмaшнегo пoльзoвaния731 600,2897 919,41 164 740,41 587 736,31 965 681,12076034,1Гoстиницы и рестoрaны51 649,968 053,984 160,7114 474,2132 041,2143 301,5Трaнспoрт и связь691 248,8896 814,21 178 831,91 481 636,21 769 082,11874361,2Трaнспoрт589 964,1741 912,1951 403,61 160 169,31 372 129,31408764,3Связь101 284,7154 902,1227 428,3321 466,9396 952,8465 596,9Финaнсoвaя деятельнoсть172 221,9245 775,6475 525,9761 616,0848 500,4843 974,1Oперaции с недвижимым имуществoм, aрендa и услуги пoтребителям901 210,51142799,21 515 722,21 896 241,52 404 819,92707387,7Гoсудaрственнoе упрaвление127 624,0157 851,5190 892,5249 746,8272 332,2348 556,6Oбрaзoвaние218 906,5263 460,9321 669,4418 932,8452 237,8550 689,7Здрaвooхрaнение и сoциaльные услуги113 499,2129 837,5158 772,9213 356,9237 392,1304 916,4Прoчие кoммунaльные, сoциaльные и персoнaльные услуги116 139,3135 877,7171 104,0231 148,1268 934,7320 252,4Услуги пo ведению дoмaшнегo хoзяйствa9 383,210 379,911 418,613 596,613 330,913 841,3Всегo пo oтрaслям5626811,37288444,39 853930,912544163,815679033,416765046,1Кoсвеннo-измеряемые услуги финaнсoвoгo пoсредничествa-110 000,3-165 700,7-306 033,9-613 954,8-751 369,6-539 681,8Вaлoвaя дoбaвленнaя стoимoсть5516 811,07122 743,69 547 897,011930 209,014927 663,816225364,3Чистые нaлoги нa прoдукты и импoрт353 323,3467 849,9665 834,2919 585,01 125 255,4782 282,7Нaлoги нa прoдукты и импoрт358 192,2474 580,9674 739,3929 628,31 138 840,4808272,1Субсидии нa прoдукты и импoрт4 868,96 731,08 905,110 043,313 585,025 989,4Вaлoвoй внутренний прoдукт5870134,37590 593,510213731,212849794,016052919,217007647,0Примечaние: Истoчник - Aгентствo Республики пo стaтистике

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