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1041. Jealousy as the cause of internal self-destruction in Kreutzer Sonata by Leo Tolstoy (Ревность как причина внутреннего самоуничтожения в Крейцеровой сонате Льва Толстого)
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

“Kreutzer Sonata” is a very solid, yet unobtrusive piece of music. It is flowing into the mood, brightens it up and softens down. The first presto is not long, yet it reflects a sinful abundance of passion. Indeed, the dialogue of the violin and the piano amazes with its vivacity and glorification of feelings. It overwhelms and subdues emotions from the very first loud pianos accords and violin singing its second part to piano on the contrary in a tender, twittering tone. Then piano is flying into crescendo and as if waiting for the imminent amalgamation of two hearts into sweet harmony of an increasing rhythm, it decides to cease to a voluptuous retreat. But prior to the immediate withdrawal it sends sensuous hints of the near victory to the violin. And if though the violin senses this hesitation it falls into flirting, mischievous playfulness. The next swift turns into calamity, sweet exhaustion of piano and violin, when a dialogue of two is almost sound. They are questioning, comforting each other, and perhaps seeking an answer to “maybe not?” But it does not last long, because the next accords of piano are assertive and irresistibly inviting. There is a notion of violin speculations and balance upon a thin line while making the right decision, but the crowning part of the allegro is the triumph over obstacles, doubts and moral norms. It is a celebration of feelings, glory of eroticism and delight of lust.
1042. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Having contested the various results [ Biot and Poisson] now recognise that they are exact but they protest that they have invented another method of expounding them and that this method is excellent and the true one. If they had illuminated this branch of physics by important and general works and had greatly perfected the analysis of partial differential equations, if they had established a principal element of the theory of heat by fine experiments ... they would have the right to judge my work and to correct it. I would submit with much pleasure .. But one does not extend the bounds of science by presenting, in a form said to be different, results which one has not found oneself and, above all, by forestalling the true author in publication.
1043. Johann (III) Bernoulli
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

At the early age of fourteen he graduated with the degree of master of law. He was appointed to a chair at Berlin Academy at the age of only 19. Frederick II asked him to revive the astronomical observatory of the Academy but this was not a task for which Johann(III) was particularly well suited. His health had never been particularly good and his qualities as an astronomical observer were relatively poor.
1044. Johann(II) Bernoulli
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

... thereafter his mathematical production dwindled to occasional academic papers and a treatise, although he lived to almost as old as his father. His shyness and frail constitution did not, however, prevent him from engaging in extensive scientific correspondence (about 900 items) and from furthering the publication, in four volumes, of his father's Opera Omnia. He personified the mathematical genius of his native city in the second half of the eighteenth century.
1045. Johannes Kepler
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

At this time, it was usual for all students at a university to attend courses on "mathematics". In principle this included the four mathematical sciences: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. It seems, however, that what was taught depended on the particular university. At Tьbingen Kepler was taught astronomy by one of the leading astronomers of the day, Michael Maestlin (1550 - 1631). The astronomy of the curriculum was, of course, geocentric astronomy, that is the current version of the Ptolemaic system, in which all seven planets - Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn - moved round the Earth, their positions against the fixed stars being calculated by combining circular motions. This system was more or less in accord with current (Aristotelian) notions of physics, though there were certain difficulties, such as whether one might consider as 'uniform' (and therefore acceptable as obviously eternal) a circular motion that was not uniform about its own centre but about another point (called an 'equant'). However, it seems that on the whole astronomers (who saw themselves as 'mathematicians') were content to carry on calculating positions of planets and leave it to natural philosophers to worry about whether the mathematical models corresponded to physical mechanisms. Kepler did not take this attitude. His earliest published work (1596) proposes to consider the actual paths of the planets, not the circles used to construct them.
1046. John F. Kennedy
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Almost everything about the new President caught the imagination of the people, and his Inauguration was no exception. In his eloquent address the President set the tone of youthful energy and dedication that was the mark of his administration. Kennedy said: "Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed. . . Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty. " But the address was not merely a call to battle but an invitation to peace as well. "Let us never negotiate out of fear," said the President, "but let us never fear to negotiate. Co-operation is better than conflict; let us then substitute co-operation for conflict. Let both sides explore what problems unite us. . . Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease. "
1047. John Grisham's book ”The Firm”
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The main hero of a book is Mitch McDeere, a poor guy with a Harvard law degree, can't refuse the offer he gets from a small Memphis law firm. A brand new BMW, a house for him and his wife in a nice neighborhood even. Well, as he started working, everything was fine. But there was a small catch... As he went on, he started to realize that his employers were rather curious (strange). Then he began to snoop around and found out about former employees who were "accidentally" killed. As time went on, he realized that his law firm was corrupt. Well, the FBI, who had the firm under surveillance (watch), was trying to help Mitch get them evidence so they could indict this company.
1048. John Maynard Keynes
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

Lanalyse de Keynes intиgre lEtat , acteur essentiel, et prйconise son intervention pour pallier les dйfaillanes de lйconomie du marchй. [2,p.57 ].LEtat ne doit plus se contenter du rфle de gendarme prйconisй par les nйo-classiques; il peut et doit agir, intervenir dans lйconomie si linitiative individuelle est dйfaillante.[6,p75]. Keynes,partant du constat que la thйorie des nйo-classique de lйquilibre est inopйrante pour assurer le plein emploi, propose une action trиs pregante de lEtat pour briser le cercle vicieux de la crise. Comment pourrait-on espйrer une issue favorable alors que les investisseurs, faute dune demande solvable suffisante, sont dйcouragйs? Selon Keynes, le niveau de lemploi est principalement liй аcelui de la demande effective (ou solvable). Il convient donc que lEtat intervienne directement (par une politique budgйtaire de dйpences publiques) et indirectement (par ses politiques monйtaire, fiscale, du crйdit etc..) dans les fonctions de consommation et dinvestissement. Constatant que les catйgories sociales dйfavorisйes sont celles dont la couverture des besoins par les revenus disponibles est la moins йlevйe, il pose la nйcessitй de lier la politique dintervention economique а une politique sociale de rйduction des inйgalitйs. Pour ce faire il prфne un accroissement significatif du revenu des plus dйfavorisйs et la mise en oeuvre dune rйforme fiscale. Pour ce qui est de la fonction dinvestissement, lauteur suggиre une politique de crйdit abondant et аbon marchй, ainsi quune relance par les commandes publiques, voire mкme la prise en charge, par lEtat de certaines activitйs de production. Cest dire que progressivement, le Budget de lEtat est devenu une йnorme machine а rйdistribuer des richesses en considйration de lobjectifs йconomiques et sociaux.
1049. Jongkind, Johan Barthold
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Ses premiиres oeuvres hollandaises---surtout les reprйsentations fluviales et marines---se distinguent cependant dйja par une atmosphиre йtonnamment transparente et un haut degrй de luminositй. Crййe en 1856, la toile intitulйe le Port de Rotterdam (Amsterdam, Stedelijk Museum) semble avoir pour sujet rйel les teintes vaporeuses suspendues entre les objets, ainsi que les reflets de l'eau. Le coloriage de Jongkind obйissait encore aux rиgles de la cohйsion tonale, mais dans la luminositй de ses atmosphиres l'artiste dйpassait jusqu'aux Franзais les plus hardis. A quel point il йtait attaquй a l'inspiration puisйe aux mille aspects de la nature vivante ressort aussi du fait qu'il aimait peindre et repeindre le meme motif sous un йclairage different.
1050. Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Before writing the paper in Italian for publication, Lagrange had sent the results to Euler, who at this time was working in Berlin, in a letter written in Latin. The month after the paper was published, however, Lagrange found that the results appeared in correspondence between Johann Bernoulli and Leibniz. Lagrange was greatly upset by this discovery since he feared being branded a cheat who copied the results of others. However this less than outstanding beginning did nothing more than make Lagrange redouble his efforts to produce results of real merit in mathematics. He began working on the tautochrone, the curve on which a weighted particle will always arrive at a fixed point in the same time independent of its initial position. By the end of 1754 he had made some important discoveries on the tautochrone which would contribute substantially to the new subject of the calculus of variations (which mathematicians were beginning to study but which did not receive the name 'calculus of variations' before Euler called it that in 1766).
1051. Joulude puhad (estonii)
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

Jõulud on lõhnavad pühad. Praeahjus lõhnavad verivorstid või sealiha-parematel aegadel mõlemad korraga. Lõhnavad hapukapsad ja piparkoogid. Jõulude põhilõhna annab aga see, mille kohta vanarahvas ütleb: ,,Tuleb kui saks, läheb kui sant”. Muidugi on see kuusk! Eriti ilusad on jõulukuused, mida ehivad lapsed. Täiskasvanud ei oska seda nii hästi teha. Kui tore on kuuseehteid karbist välja võtta! Me paneme kuuseokstele kuldmunad, hõbepähklid, hõbekarrad. Vanasti, kui minu ema veel väike oli, ehiti taludes jõulukuuski õunte, präänikute, kompvekkide ja pähklitega. Siis oli ehete
1052. Judaism and the Jewish People
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Но самые далеко идущие последствия имело нарушение одного из основных прав человека: евреи лишались права на постоянное проживание в том или ином городе или деревне. В силу сложившихся исторических условий, евреи все чаще вытеснялись из самых разнообразных сфер деятельности и были вынуждены ограничить свои занятия главным образом торговлей и денежными делами. В крупные города их допускали на ограниченное время, да и то лишь тогда, когда экономическая ситуация требовала расширения торговых операций и кредита. Причем с евреев взымались особые, дополнительные налоги. Однако стоило экономическому положению выровняться или местным коммерсантам залезть в долги, как евреям тут же отказывались продлевать вид на жительство. Зачастую их просто изгоняли.
1053. Jupiter
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Jupiter's most familiar feature is swirling mass of clouds that are higher and cooler than surrounding ones. Called the Great Red Spot, it has been likened to a great hurricane and is caused by tremendous winds that develop above the rapidly spinning planet. Winds blow counterclockwise around this disturbance at about 250 miles per hour. Hurricanes on Earth rarely generate winds over 180 miles an hour.
1054. Kamakura Art
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The Kegon Engi Emaki, the illustrated history of the founding of the Kegon sect, is an excellent example of the popularizing trend in Kamakura painting. The Kegon sect, one of the most important in the Nara period, fell on hard times during the ascendancy of the Pure Land sects. After the Gempei civil war (1180-85), Priest Myo-e of the Kozanji Temple sought to revive the sect and also to provide a refuge for women widowed by the war. The wives of samurai, even noblewomen, were discouraged from learning more than a syllabary system for transcribing sounds and ideas, and most were incapable of reading texts that employed Chinese ideographs. Thus, the Kegon Engi Emaki combines passages of text, written with a maximum of easily readable syllables, and illustrations that have the dialogue between characters written next to the speakers, a technique comparable to contemporary comic strips. The plot of the emaki, the lives of the two Korean priests who founded the Kegon sect, is swiftly paced and filled with fantastic feats such as a journey to the palace of the Ocean King, and a poignant love story. A work in a more conservative vein is the illustrated version of Murasaki Shikibu's diary. Emaki versions of her novel continued to be produced, but the nobility, attuned to the new interest in realism yet nostalgic for past days of wealth and power, revived and illustrated the diary in order to recapture the splendor of the author's times. One of the most beautiful passages illustrates the episode in which Murasaki Shikibu is playfully held prisoner in her room by two young courtiers, while, just outside, moonlight gleams on the mossy banks of a rivulet in the imperial garden.
1055. Kandinsky, Wassily
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Kandinsky, himself an accomplished musician, once said Color is the keyboard, the eyes are the harmonies, the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand that plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul. The concept that color and musical harmony are linked has a long history, intriguing scientists such as Sir Isaac Newton. Kandinsky used color in a highly theoretical way associating tone with timbre (the sound's character), hue with pitch, and saturation with the volume of sound. He even claimed that when he saw color he heard music.
1056. Kasimir Malewitsch
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Schwarzes Quadrat
1914/15
Öl auf Leinwand, 105 x 105 cm
Datierung des Autors: 1913

Diese Werk ist eine der Varianten des berühmten Schwarzen Quadrates des weltweit bekanntgewordenen Bildes, das Malewitsch in den Jahren 1914-15 malte. Es wurde zum ersten Mal an der Ausstellung «0.10. Letzte futuristische Bilderausstellung» im Dezember 1915 gezeigt. Die Datierung auf 1913 lässt vermuten, dass ihm damals der Gedanke dazu kam. Das Schwarze Quadrat, vom Künstler «nackte Ikone meiner Zeit» genannt, bildete gewissermaßen die Quintessenz einer langen und angespannten Entwicklungsphase im malerischen Schaffen Malewitschs. Nach dem stufenweisen Durchlaufen aller Stadien geometrischer Darstellung fand er im Schwarzen Quadrat die «reine» Form (oder, wie er sie definierte, die «Nullform»), eine Art Absolutes, das, nach seinen eigenen Worten, «von keinerlei Schönheitsidealen, Erlebnissen oder Stimmungen abhängt».

Schwarzer Kreis
Öl auf Leinwand, 105 x 105 cm

Die Zeitgenossen von Malewitsch wiesen öfters darauf hin, dass man selbst ein Suprematist sein müsse, um die suprematistische Malerei ganz und gar zu verstehen. Außerhalb eines definierten künstlerischen Kontextes, außerhalb der ideologischen Begründungen, die das Entstehen und die Entwicklung des Suprematismus begleiten, entbehre ein suprematistisches Werk jeglicher Sinngebung. Die Anhänger Malewitschs hingegen empfanden jedes seiner Bilder als unabdingbaren Bestandteil einer ununterbrochenen schöpferischen Arbeit, die der Künstler selbst als «schweigende, dynamische Gestaltung einer neuen Welt» bezeichnete. Dabei schloss der Suprematismus als System, das auf absolute Objektivität Anspruch erhob, eine individuelle Auslegung des einen oder andern Motivs nicht aus. So sah ein Kunstkritiker - ganz im Widerspruch zur Interpretation des Autors - in Malewitschs Quadrat der zwanziger Jahre Formen «menschlicher Initiative» und im Kreis eine «passive Form der Natur».
1057. Kastus Kalinovsky the Fighter for Independence of Belarus
Сочинение пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

K.Kalinovsky was born in 1838 on the 21-st of January not far
1058. Keepihg fit and doing sports
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

I you want to feel fit youd better go in for one kind of sport or another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healthy. Good health is better than the best medicine. «You have a sound mind in a sound body» as the old Latin saying goes. The English proverb «Sickness in the body brings sickness to the mind» expresses a similar idea but from different point of work. All kinds of physical exercises are very useful to make our bodies strong and to keep ourselves fit and healthy. To tell the truth I dont do sports regularly and it is not an essential part of my daily life. In the morning I do some exercises just to awake. Then some aerobics for myself. It puts me into the fine moods. In summer I go swimming as there is a beautiful river with pure water where my Granny lives. In winter, its rather long at our place, I should say, I prefer skiing (There is nothing like the sight of a winter forest - a real fairy-tale). I like to ride the bike and toboganning in winter. Mum says that Im to old to do it, why not after all? I shouldnt call myself a sports fan. Of course , I like to watch sports competitions on TV . Fortunately , they show different ones - football , basketball . I like tennis tournaments very much . I think , its a very intelligent kind of sport for clever thinking people . Also I admire skiing championships , biathlon , swimming . But what I like most is basketball . The best games are worked on TV. I came to know that modern basketball appeared in 1891 in the USA. The originator, John Naismith was a coach at the college. He invented the baskets and the rules of the game. Since then basketball has be become very popular and is spread all over the world. It is the sport of strong tall men, the sport of giants.
1059. Keeping fit
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

There are many opportunities for keeping fit. First of all it is necessary to do exercises. People of different ages can design exercises that will fit them. Running, jumping, swimming, bending and stretching are among the most popular exercises. Many people prefer jogging, which is the cheapest and the most accessible sport. Walking is a very popular activity too. For example, popular running competitions are now held everywhere. Lots of people want to see if they can run faster than everyone else. The big city marathons have become sporting events. Television and newspapers report about them in detail. In order to keep fit some people do aerobics or yoga; others prefer some kind of weight training in a gym. People can easily learn more about fitness through popular books and videos that are sold almost everywhere. A healthy body becomes a fashion, an ideal of the life of today. Even moderate physical activity can protect against heart disease and strokes as well as improve general health and the quality of life. Everyone can benefit from being a little more active. Making small changes like using the stairs instead of the lift or walking or cycling instead of taking the bus can help people live a more active, healthier and enjoyable life. Many sports activities have become part of daily Russian life. Football has always been the most popular sport among boys. Playing football is healthy; football also brings people close because in order to win people have to work as a team. Bicycling is very popular in Russia. Skiing, skating, fishing and hunting are wide spread in our country. In summer many people like to go to the bank of the river on a hot day to swim. Another activity that is popular in our country is roller-skating. Today it has reached its peak in our country. At present the lack of facilities make enthusiasts use city pavements or parking lots.
1060. Keeping our environment clean
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Many years ago people lived in harmony with the environment because industry was not much developed. Now the situation is quite different. People all over the world cannot ignore the problem of the protection of the environment because of modem industry and the need for energy. Newspapers and magazines write a lot about water pollution, air pollution and land pollution. There are some laws and decisions on this important question. There are state organisations and international conventions which pay much attention to this problem.

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