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«ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND CLINICAL MEDICINE
(IN ENGLISH)»
СЕКЦІЯ ТЕОРЕТИЧНОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ
ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CITIES OF LUHANSK REGION
Achanta Haritha, Chinnachowdary Shilpa Reddy, fifth-year student, Vyun G.I., third-year student
Supervisors – head of departmet., assoc. prof. S.V. Vitrishchak, assoc. prof. O.V. Sanina
SE «Luhansk State Medical University», department of hygiene and ecology
Sanitary-epidemiological service establishments of the Luhansk region are carried out continuous surveillance of atmospheric air quality in neighborhoods and public recreation.
The problem of air pollution by emissions from industrial enterprises, transport and its influence of physical factors is the most acute in major transportation hubs, major industrialized cities (Luhansk, Severodonetsk, Alchevsk, Rubizhne, etc.) because of unfavorable territorial planning structure, as a result of prevailing in recent years surrounding industrial enterprises with the apartment blocks and transit traffic through the city, which greatly increases their fumes.
So in Alchevsk in recent years, specific gravity of air samples, exceeding MPC, the carbon monoxide was 44.8%, dust - 32,9%, hydrogen sulfide - 19,9%, sulfur dioxide - 9,2%.
In the Luhansk on a stationary position in residential areas, specific gravity of samples, exceeding the MPC for atmospheric air of populated areas (MPC maximum-single) was: 3% nitrogen dioxide, ammonia - 1,3%. The greatest specific gravity of samples, exceeding MPC registered on carbon oxide – 19,4%, sulfur dioxide – 6,97%, nitrogen dioxide – 1,8%, dust - 1,5%.
Increased concentrations of harmful substances in the atmospheric air of housing development, including dust, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. are also recorded in the cities of Krasny Luch, Severodonetsk, Stakhanov, Sverdlovsk, Anthracite, etc. In this case a significant impact on air pollution in these mining cities are carry heaps of coal mines, that burning and road transport.
In general, emissions from road transport accounts for 14.5% (92,2 thousand tons from 662,5 tons) of total emission of pollutants. The largest amounts of emissions from mobile vehicles were observed in the cities of Luhansk (21,8 thousand tons, or 22.6% of total emissions), Krasnodon (5,3 thousand tons or 5,5%) and Krasny Luch (5,0 thousand tons or 5,3%).
The conceptual basis for the successful solution of pressing actual problems in environmental protection and the active development of industry and residential areas in the near future is the introduction of eco-friendly technological processes and production, construction and reconstruction of environment protection objects based on modern, efficient technologies and equipment, increase efficiency and dust-cleaner systems, strengthening and establishment of the development of industrial base of laboratory services of companies and government oversight, capable to operatively and professionally solve questions of assessment of environmental pollution, taking into account the situation.
RESPONSE OF HUMAN CANCER CELLS TO IONIZING RADIATION
Chorna I.V., Shkandala A.Yu., second-year student
Sumy State University, department of biochemistry and pharmacology
Ionizing radiation remains an effective tool in cancer therapy, but considerable differences exist in the outcomes of the radiotherapeutic treatment of tumors of different histological origin. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor response to ionizing radiation exposure is important for improving radiotherapy efficiency. Besides, a cross-resistance of tumor cells to anti-cancer drugs and ionizing radiation may also exist. The mechanisms of such cross-resistance are poorly studied.
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of X-irradiation on growth and apoptosis of cancer cells of different lines (MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells, K562 human myelogenous leukemia cell line, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells).
It was found that a single 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 Gy X-ray dose inhibited to a variable extent growth of all cell lines tested 48h after the radiation treatment. A549 cells presented a higher radiosensitivity compared with other cell lines. The obtained results showed relative radioresistance of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in comparison with T-47D breast cancer cells. Besides, it was revealed a higher proliferative rate in T-47D cells compared to MCF-7 cells. In order to determine whether a decrease in cell number was caused by reducing of proliferative potential of the cells or by their death, both cell number and proportion of dead cells were counted. It was found that in the case of MCF-7, T-47D and K562 cells a decrease in cell number after the radiation exposure was caused by a reduction in their proliferative capacity and delay in G1 phase of cell cycle rather than by cell death. On the contrary, in the case of A549 cells a decrease in cell number (on 31%, 69% and 84% after irradiation with a dose of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 Gy, correspondingly) was caused by their death.
Thus, tumour cells are highly adapted for survival and proliferation. They can successfully survive after natural and artificial (therapeutic) selection by producing new variants. A better understanding of tumour heterogeneity will help scientists to clarify such important biological phenomena as drug resistance, spontaneous regression and will be able to improve cancer prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF PROSPIDINE ALKILATION PRODUCTS
Obewu-Onwuka Lovina, second-year student
Scientific supervisor – associate professor L.I. Grebenik
Sumy State University, department of biochemistry and pharmacology
Among the drugs currently being used in the clinical chemotherapy of cancer, an important place is occupied by derivatives of dispirotripiperaziniun such as prospidine. Prospidine is an anticancer drug widely used in oncological practice. Its molecule contains a γ-chloro-β-hydroxypropyl group which can alkylate biological substrates. However investigations have show that prospidine differs from other known antitumor drugs belonging to the group of alkylating agents both in its pharmacological properties (low toxicity, wide therapeutic latitude, absence of inhibition of hematopoiesis) and also in its effect on many intracellular processes (cell cycle, DNA synthesis, glycolysis and respiration, effect on plasma membranes and so on). Prospidine has a unique mechanism of antitumor action which is not yet sufficiently clear. The main targets of the action of most antitumor drugs are DNA and RNA, it seemed necessary to study first of all the interaction of prospidine with the components of nucleic acids. Mass spectrometry methods provide a unique opportunity for molecular specific analyses of anticancer drug interaction with components of nucleic acids.
Particle-desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) is becoming mоrе and mоrе widely used for studying nonvolatile biological compounds of complex structure. The present work describes the results of mass spectrometric studies of the reaction system соmprising the advanced antitumor drug prospydine and deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate, which, as а DNA component, has оftеn bееn the subject of modification with chemotherapy drugs.
The presence of spirane rings in the structure of prospydine is the reason (оr the instability) of the drug in biological media and, consequently, of its quick destruction bу breaking of the N-C bond. The experimental conditions of obtaining the adduct by PDMS testify to the fact that the genetically high-reactivity fragment of prospydine undergoes а reaction of etherification bу the phosphate residue of the nucleotide.
The PDMS method has bееn shown to bе useful for identification of new products of medical drugs intеrасtiоn with nucleotides.
SOME ASPECTS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS ANATOMIC STRUCTURE
Zhachko M., Plyska V., Zhachko S.
National medical university by A.A. Bogomolets, human anatomy department
The diseases of the organs in mandibular-facial area, accompanied with malocclusion, occupy the third place on their frequency and spread among all stomatological problems. The malfunction of dental-jaw connection, accompanied with malocclusion formation, is difficult to treat and it leads to a significant reduction of its functions with a long-standing rehabilitation. The malfunction of the dental-jaw system, caused by malocclusion, is seen 5-6 times more often, than at caries complications that is an additional reason to pay attention to prevention and treatment of temporomandibular joint diseases mostly.
Many questions of temporomandibular joint pathology remain actual, as the new investigative methods appear and are being improved, elaborating morphology and functional anatomy of articulatio temporomandibularis, promoting the optimal opinion about etiology, pathogenesis and methods of the treatment. The modern methods of investigation such as spiral tomography and magneto-resonance tomography, allow to study the pathological processes developing in the structures of such complex anatomical formation.
The formation of the temporomandibular joint is completed in 18-20 years approximately, but in men it’s earlier, than in women. However, after that process the joint surfaces, ligaments of the temporomandibular joint and chewing muscles are affected by long-lasting changes, they are constantly being reformed due to the intense exercise. The realignment (remodulation) of the joint is considered to be a normal process, connected with the tissues’ adaptation to derived exercise on the temporomandibular joint. The progressive and regressive remodulation has been described.
The remodulation of the joint leads to another form of the joint head and dimple with visual changes resulting in the normal biomechanic’s failure. Due to the derived form of the joint surface the degree of their discrepancy can be increased with the disk afflicted with the significant stress joint capsule of the articulatio temporomandibularis, that is fixed on a joint disk perimeter as well as lateral and mesial ligaments of the articulatio temporomandibularis.
The form of the joint disk corresponds to the form of the head of the lower jaw and dimple and can be varied significantly in different people. The degree of double-concavation of the disk depends on the depths of the dimple in temporomandibular joint: if the temporomandibular joint dimple is deep, the disk is more concave for account of its thick back part, but if the temporomandibular joint dimple is flat, the disk is less concave then, since it has a visual thickness. The thickness and degree of the disk concavity can vary even in mesio-lateral direction; the disk may be thicker from the mesial or lateral side in dependence of the form of the joint surface of the temporal.
The joint disk does not contain the vessels and nerves, but its flexibility is in concern with the following problems:
- Increases the movements in articulatio temporomandibularis, diving the cavity of the joint into two regions: upper and lower;
- During articulation the form of the disk is changed in accordance with the form of the joint head and mandibular dimрle;
- Disk reduces the stress, resulted in discrepancy of the joint surfaces, and improves the exercises’ distribution.
Such ability depends on the thickness of the disk: the more it is the better is distributed exercise. Taking into consideration that mechanical characteristics, of the disk promote the functions of the sharing stress, you may expect that the longevity of the temporomandibular joint structures is defined by the physical condition of the disk. Hence, the exercises, that lead to the joint disk malfunction, can cause the risk of the main mechanism regulation of the exercise in temporomandibular joint finally.
The study of anatomy and temporomandibular joint morphological structures allows to raise the treatment of the temporomandibular joint diseases’ efficiency as well as the life quality of these patients, by the elimination of etiological factors, malocclusions and normal activity of muscular-ligamentous connection.
WHAT IS ASPERGER SYNDROME?
Karpenko A., second-year student
Scientific supervisor – N.O. Symonenko
Sumy State University, Chair of Foreign Languages
The article tells us about Asperger syndrome that is one of the groups of neurodevelopment disorders that have effects on an individual's behavior, use of language and communication, and pattern of social interactions. Asperger disorder is characterized as one of the autism spectrum disorders (which also include autistic disorder, Rett and childhood disintegrative disorders), although Asperger syndrome is considered to be at the milder range of this spectrum. People with Asperger syndrome have normal to above-average intelligence but typically have difficulties with social interactions and often have pervasive, absorbing interests in special topics.
What are the symptoms of Asperger syndrome?
- Lack of social awareness; lack of interest in socializing/making friends; difficulty in making and sustaining friendships; inability to infer the thoughts, feelings, or emotions of others; lack of changing facial expression, or use of exaggerated facial expressions; lack of use or comprehension of gestures; failure to respect interpersonal boundaries; unusually sensitive to noises, touch, odors, tastes, or visual stimuli; inflexibility and over-adherence to or dependence on routines; and stereotypes and repetitive motor patterns such as hand flapping or arm waving. Another defining characteristic of Asperger syndrome is the presence of obsessive interests in special topics (such as cars or trains), which may be of little interest to others. These interests are unusually repetitive and intense when compared to other children's interests.
How is Asperger syndrome diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based upon interviews and observation of the individual along with interviews of his/her family members and sometimes teachers or counselors. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the individual must exhibit qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
- Marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body posture, and gestures to regulate social interaction; failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level; a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interest or achievements with other people; lack of social or emotional reciprocity; restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities; stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (for example, hand or finger flapping or twisting); persistent preoccupation with parts of objects.
The investigation has shown that the disturbance causes clinically significant impairments in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. There is no clinically significant general delay in language, in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction) and curiosity about the environment in childhood.
GREAT EFFORTS OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN SOLVING ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Prasol D.A., first-year student
Scientific supervisor – N.G. Horobchenko
Sumy State University, Chair of Foreign Languages
Today, the contradictions between man and nature have acquired a dramatic character. With the development of civilization man’s interference in nature has increased. Every year the world’s industry pollutes the atmosphere with millions of tons of dust and other harmful substances. The seas and rivers are poisoned with industrial waste, chemical and sewage discharge. People who live in big cities are badly affected by harmful discharge from plants and city transport and by the increasing noise level which is bad for human health as lack of fresh air and clean water. It is very dangerous because it damages people’s health. Among the most urgent problems are the ozone layer, acid rains, global warming, toxic pollution of atmosphere, disappearance of forests, contamination of underground waters by chemicals, destruction of soil in some areas.
Ecological problems have no borders. The WHO solves these problems: the necessary measures are taken, congresses and conferences on these questions are organized, and these questions have already the reflection in the legislation of many countries. The WHO describes ecological partnership as an effective mechanism for integrating state and local governments and industrial, public, scientific and educational circles toward building effective approaches for the approval and realization of strategic decisions. This organization influences public opinion through media, under its aegis manifestations and protest actions are carried to solve concrete ecological problems; it develops a concept for the rational use, protection and restoration of water resources and for the development of the water economic infrastructure for the period until 2015, defining priority directions and preliminary problem-solving steps. At present the best solution of the ecological problems is improving the concept of ecological education and the national strategy for education in the interests of sustainable development. The world Health Organization takes comprehensive actions to increase land fertility (especially of black soils), eliminating unfavorable factors: over-compression, oxidation, structural deterioration, calcification, erosion, drying out, irrigation, flooding. By reducing air pollution levels, we can help countries reduce the global burden of diseases from respiratory infections, heart diseases, and lung cancer. Air pollution is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year. Many countries around the world do not have regulations on air pollution, which makes the control of this risk factor for health virtually impossible.
World Health Organization is doing much to preserve the environment. But this is only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations. WHO’s work on environmental health provides the basis for global standards in environmental quality and an effective investments for public health such as air quality guidelines and drinking water quality guidelines.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION COMBATING THE MOST DANGEROUS EPIDEMIC DISEASES
Maslak H.S., Sharafullina A.O., first-year student
Scientific supervisor – N.G. Horobchenko
Sumy State University, Chair of Foreign Languages
The World Health Organization (WHO) is an international health authority with the basic functions of control, research and eradication of the diseases, their prevention and treatment. WHO succeeded in eradicating such dangerous diseases as polio, leprosy, tetanus, smallpox, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis. (In 1980 – a comprehensive program of immunization, begun in 1974 and aimed to get rid of tuberculosis, measles and polio; measles inoculations in India and Indonesia; eradication of smallpox in the decade of 1967-77).
The eradication of smallpox is one of the finest achievements of WHO. This human malady has been totally eliminated. Vaccination at three-year intervals gave essentially complete protection, because the virus causing the disease was transmitted only by direct human contagion; there were no animal reservoirs or human “carries”. In 2002, the WHO announced that an approximate 200 million smallpox vaccine doses were available around the world, in addition to new purchases made by the United States. Much of the vaccine was old, frozen for several decades, but new types had been produced. Countries seen as likely terrorist targets were undertaking precautions against possible smallpox attacks. In 2002, they included Australia, which bought 50,000 doses of smallpox vaccine and dedicated US $11.4 million to anti-bioterrorism measures; Israel, which offered 15,000 emergency workers voluntary smallpox inoculations in 2002, and stated it had enough vaccine for everyone in the country, including the West Bank and Gaza; the United Kingdom, which announced it had plans to vaccinate emergency workers and to stockpile vaccine; Germany, which asked its states to buy smallpox vaccine for every resident, and itself purchased 6 million doses in 2002 (enough to vaccinate 24 million individuals when diluted); and Japan, which by 2002 spent US $47.5 million on bioterror preparations, and planned to obtain 10 million smallpox doses by 2003. Cholera, another epidemic disease, caused by Vibrio cholera 01 EL Tor had completed its spread around the globe by 1991. 594,694 people contracted cholera, and of that number, 19,295 people died, more than in the previous five years combined. One million people die from malaria each year, with the majority of deaths occurring among young African children. WHO stated that other high-risk groups were pregnant women, and non-immune travelers, refugees and other displaced persons, and workers entering endemic areas. Malaria has been a priority for WHO since its founding in 1948. Control activities are coordinated by WHO’s Programme on Communicable Diseases (CDs). The four basic technical elements of WHO’s global control strategy are: provision of early diagnosis and prompt treatment for the disease; planning and implementation of selective and sustainable preventive measures; early detection for the prevention or containment of epidemics; and, strengthening local research capacities to promote regular assessment of malaria situations, in particular the ecological, social and economic determinants of the disease.
Nevertheless, WHO takes a great number of measures to prevent, treat and eliminate diseases, they still continue to progress. The main aim of the WHO, “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being”, has not been achieved yet and remains actual nowadays.