Тезисы докладов
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СодержаниеStepanova Angelina, Dmitrieva Anastacia, Course 3, NWAPA,Vyborg. Science consultant A.S.Larchikov |
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Stepanova Angelina, Dmitrieva Anastacia,Course 3, NWAPA,Vyborg.Science consultant A.S.LarchikovEducation System in FinlandThe Finnish education system is composed of nine-year basic education (comprehensive school), preceded by one year of voluntary pre-primary education; upper secondary education, comprising vocational and general education; and higher education, provided by universities and polytechnics. Adult education is available at all levels. Students' opportunities to progress from one level of education to the next is safeguarded by legislation. Both general and vocational upper secondary certificates provide eligibility for further studies in universities and polytechnics. A student completing one level is always eligible for the next level studies. The qualifications of each level are governed by a separate Act of Parliament. This assures harmonised qualifications and their quality and guarantees students' rights. Basic education is free general education provided for the whole age group. Upper secondary education consists of general education and vocational education and training (vocational qualifications and further and specialist qualifications). The higher education system comprises universities and polytechnics, in which the admission requirement is a secondary general or vocational diploma. Universities, which are academic or artistic institutions, focus on research and education based on research. They confer Bachelor's, Master's, licentiate and doctoral degrees. Polytechnics offer work-related education in response to labour market needs. A polytechnic degree requires 3.5 - 4.5 years of full-time study. The requirement for polytechnic Master's programmes is a polytechnic degree or equivalent, plus a minimum of three years of work experience in the field concerned. Degrees and studies in Finnish education system The principle underpinning the education system is to ensure a supply large enough to enable the whole age group to continue in upper secondary vocational training, polytechnics or universities after general education. Concerted efforts are also made to keep adults' education and qualifications up-to-date. Upper secondary school and matriculation examination The upper secondary school provides general education ending in a national matriculation examination. Matriculated students are eligible to apply for entry to universities, polytechnics or vocational institutes. The national matriculation examination assesses the achievement of the knowledge and maturity defined in the curriculum and the objectives set for upper secondary education. Vocational qualifications Vocational institutions offer training for vocational qualifications and further and specialist qualifications, which are especially intended for mature students. Higher education degrees Universities award
The National Defence College awards Officer's Degree and postgraduate degrees Polytechnics award
All these degrees qualify for public posts in which the requirement is a higher education degree. The welfare of Finnish society is built on education, culture and knowledge. All children are guaranteed opportunities for study and self-development according to their abilities, irrespective of their place of residence, language or financial status. All pupils are entitled to competent and high-quality education and guidance and to a safe learning environment and well-being. The flexible education system and basic educational security make for equity and consistency in results. Lopukhovskaia Nina, Course 3, SPbGIAU Science consultant – G.A.Dalnova Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the Russia and our Region. With the onset of recession in early 2001, the Russian travel and tourism industry fell into its worst slump since 1998. Many travel destinations continued to suffer in 1999 and early 1998 from a declining stock market, sluggish economic recovery. Prior to these recent difficulties, however, travel and tourism’s role in the national economy had been rising steadily for decades. As in the nation, the travel and tourism industry has become increasingly important in our region. Indeed, by the late 1990s, the industry contributed more to gross output in the district than either agriculture or oil and gas extraction, the region’s defining industries for much of the 20th century. About the same time, Goverment approved 50 million for an international tourism marketing campaign and to create Russian Travel and Tourism Promotion Advisory Board. Yet comprehensive analysis of how travel and tourism performs over time and across areas is lacking, making it difficult to know the benefits and costs of greater reliance on the industry. To provide a better understanding of the travel and tourism industry’s role in the economy, this article compares and contrasts travel activity in the nation with that in the Len. region. The article shows that national travel and tourism activity generally grows rapidly during economic expansions but slows during recessions. In the district, the effect of recessions on the industry is much less than in the nation, due largely to the different types of travelers the region attracts. At the same time, many travel destinations in the district are susceptible to other types of shocks, which candisrupt local activity. The first section of the article defines travel and tourism and explains the industry’s importance and historical performance at the national level. The second section shows the reliance of the district on travel and tourism and points out overall differences in historical performance from the nation. The third section investigates activity in specific types of tourist areas to determine why the travel and tourism industry sometimes performs differently in the region than in the nation. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of the findings. Because travel and tourism is not generally classified as a separate industry in economic data sources, determining its importance and tracking its performance can be difficult. Carpova Julia, Course I, NWAPA, Vyborg. Science consultant - Vassel E.V. Crisis in the UK Сrisis – this is an important part of lives of all countries. And UK does not avoid crisis on its side. It has touched all spheres of vital activities of citizens: culture, education but in greater degree social and economic sides of our life. "This just demonstrates the nerves which are still out there and I don't think we've seen the worst of it yet. Every time we think we have, we get another bolt from the blue." David Jones, chief markets strategist at IG Index. Their bleak prediction came as: • Britain's biggest mortgage lender, Halifax Bank of Scotland, lost 13 per cent of its value amid fears that its profits will be severely affected by the global credit crunch. • Both Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland had nine per cent wiped off their share price as the FTSE 100 index plunged by almost four per cent to a two year low. • Fears grew that another major investment bank could be in serious trouble following the near collapse of Bear Stearns. The deal has underlined the risks banks face as the sub-prime crisis deepens. The offer price, more than 90pc below Bear's close on Friday, also raised questions about valuations in the sector. "If you get a crisis of confidence in the wholesale banking space and something the size of Bear Stearns could go under, then people start to panic. You get a real fear factor." Simon Maughan, analyst at MF Global. The financial crisis engulfing the British economy has lurched to a new low as ссылка скрыта.Of course it is and the depression gets deeper the closer we get to the euro exchange rate. An excuse not to give the people another promised referendum-on joining the euro-zone. State borrowing in Great Britain will form in 2009-10 financial years 178 milliard of the pound sterling (beside 290 milliard of the dollars). About this has declared the minister of finance of the country Alister Darling, reports AFP. For comparison, Russia in 2009 has occupied on home markets 500 milliard of the roubles (beside 17 milliard of the dollars); on foreign markets country did not leave. Great Britain have to take on lend significant facilities, exceeding 10 percents from national VVP, for softening consequence financial crisis. In particular, country has spent the groups of ten an milliard pounds on support of the bank system and program of the economic stimulation. Russia, in turn, has outlived even deeper economic decline. The Economy on total of the year can grow shorter on 9 percents. However Russia, also faced by fall budgetary income, attracted relatively little facilities with promissory market, compensating deficit of the budget to account of the Reserve fund. At nearest three years state calculates to occupy on all market 3,5 trillions of the roubles. The amount of millionaire in Great Britain grew shorter double because of collapse of the prices on premises and stock market, reports Bloomberg. Presently in United Kingdom lives 242 thousand people, whose condition exceeds the million of pounds (1,6 million dollars) then year back their was 489 thousand. The number of British billionaire, as of the Centre economic and business studies, also fell nearly double - with 75 before 43 persons. But their total condition decreased even powerfully than assets millionaire - on 38 percents against 24. Because of crisis damaged and producers of luxury. In particular selling the cars Bentley fell at two-thirds but BMW - on 35 percents. Great Britain more than other developed countries damaged from global financial crisis. Barachuk Julia, Course I, NWAPA, Vyborg Science consultant - Vassel E.V. Is the queen needable for England? Queen Elisabeth II, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor. She is the reigning queen and the head of the state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The queen is the chapter of 15 independent sovereign states known informally as the Commonwealth realms : Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Canada, New Zealand, Papua — New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sent-Kits and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Jamaica. Also, she is the head of the Church of England, the commander-in-chief of the armament. Official duties of Elizabeth II are: opening of parliamentary sessions, meeting official people, taking part in ceremony of carrying out a banner, handing over the awards and honorary titles, performance with the Christmas reference to inhabitants of the kingdom and else. Every day duties are: looking threw the report of the latest news, signs the important state documents and looking through the documents. The queen is a constitutional monarch, so her power is limited by rules and laws and consequently she cannot rule as Russian kings did. The queen does not take part in the legislative process and managerial process of the country. It is done by the government. The monarch offers the prime minister on the statement to the members of parliament. This formality happens at the ceremony “Kissing Hands”. However if there is a majority in parliament then the monarch offer the nominee from the representative of this majority. If this majority does not exist, then the queen can offer her own nominee. The monarch appoints and sends in resignation the members of the cabinet. But besides she does it according to the advice of the prime minister. This additions discharge the monarch of the real power, which he can use by her personal interest. The monarch should carry out a number of bureaucratic formalities, for example, every week she must have a meeting with the prime minister and other members of the government for consultations. Actually, from the middle of the XIX-th century in Great Britain there is the old system of political organization: "Souveren at constitutional monarchy has three rights: to consult, encourage and warn". The queen has no right to publish laws, but influences on lawmaking process: in discussing statutory acts parliament are obliged to secure with its approval. The sense of such country organization is that the monarch should act as an original stopper to the prime minister and members of parliament. For the maintenance of royal residences and expense accounts to Elizabeth II comes 20,4 million pounds sterling a year, and also 19,5 million - for transport. 70 percent of the money go on payment to the serving monarch personnel, the postage and office equipment. This money undertakes from the taxes, which are rather bigger that taxes in Russia. So some people think that the queen is not necessary for England. Even speeches which are said by the queen on holidays or the important state events, are written entirely by the government. However, having a constitutional monarchy in Great Britain is already the integral cultural part. The queen is a symbol, an old tradition and the history of the country! The queen is necessary, because the British remember who had made their country powerful. The British honor the traditions of a monarchy! The queen is considered to be a symbol of unity and stability of Great Britain, and the numerous countries entering into British Commonwealth of the Nations. So, the Queen is a specific part of British culture, which makes Great Britain special, unique country. The British love and respect their Queen and do not want to change their traditions. Vikhrov Dmitry, Course II, NWAPA, Vyborg. Science consultant - Zudina T.V. The British Parliament Parliament is the highest representative body of the power. The most important thing Parliament does is to make new laws and change or improve old ones. All members of Parliament are elected. The government or executive implements the laws or any other decisions of the Parliament. The government consists members of the political party that wins an election and has a majority of members in the House of Commons. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both – the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. On 29 April 1707 the Parliament of Great Britain was proclaimed. First meeting and maximum legal term: Parliament first met on 23 October 1707. The British Parliament is a bicameral (i.e. two chamber) legislative body consisting of the Monarch, the elected House of Commons, and the appointed( and soon to be partially elected) House of Lords composed of life peers and, for the time being, Law Lords. Every government since 1945 has had a workable majority (through the troubled and short-lived Labor government of the 1974 election had to make do with a hung parliament, and its successor had a majority of only 3). The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK Houses of Parliament. Members of the House of Lords( known as peers) consist of Lords Spiritual ( senior bishops) and Lords Temporal( lay peers).In general, the functions of the House of Lords are similar to those of the House of Commons in legislating, debating and questioning the executive. The Speakership of the House of Lords has traditionally been performed by the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor’s powers as Speaker have been very limited compared with the Speaker of the House of Commons, since the Lords themselves control the proceedings under the guidance of the Leader of the House. The House of Commons is the centre of parliamentary power. The House of Commons is traditionally regarded as the lower chamber, but it is the main arena for political battle. A Government can only remain in office for as long as it has the support of a majority in the House of Commons. Today there are three political parties in the British system of politics: the Labour Party – the centre-left ( currently led by Gordon Brown), the conservative Party – the centre-right party( currently led by David Cameron) and the Liberal Democrat Party – the centrist libertarian party ( currently led by Nick Clegg). In addition to these three main parties there are some much smaller [parties( notably the UK Independence Party and the Green party) and some parties which operate specifically in Scotland ( the Scottish Nationalist Party), Wales ( Plaid Cymru) or Northern Ireland ( such as Sinn Fein for the nationalists and the Democratic Unionist Party for the loyalists). Each political party chooses its leader in a different way, but all involve all the Members of the Parliament of the Party and all the individual members of the party. The United Kingdom has five types of election: UK general elections, elections to national or regional parliaments, elections to the European parliament, local elections and mayoral elections. Since 1935 every general election has been held on Tuesday. Of the 17 general elections between 1945 2005, four each were held in October, June and May, and two were held in February. The State Opening for the 2009-2010 sessions takes place on 18 November. Kachanova Svetlana, Course 2, NWAPA, Vyborg. Science consultant - Zudina T.V. London – the world centre of architectural challenge The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a ссылка скрыта for ссылка скрыта in the ссылка скрыта. It was awarded the ссылка скрыта in ссылка скрыта. This article or section should be merged with professional association A professional body or professional organization is an organization, usually non-profit, that exists to further a particular profession, to protect both the public interest and the interests of professionals. ... An architect is a person licensed in the art of planning, designing and overseeing the construction of buildings, or more generally, the designer of a scheme or plan. ... In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. The RIBA is a member organization, with 30,000 members. The London building is partially open to the public. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, galleries for exhibitions, and lecture theatres. The RIBA Stirling Prize is a ссылка скрыта annual prize for ссылка скрыта, named after the architect ссылка скрыта, and organized by the ссылка скрыта (RIBA). The prize money is £20,000. The RIBA Stirling Prize is awarded to "the architects of the building which has made the greatest contribution to British architecture in the past year". In addition to the RIBA Stirling Prize, seven other awards are given to buildings on the long-list. Mario Botta was able to make contact with three giants of the architectural world Le Corbusier (1965), Louis Kahn (1969) and Carlo Scarpa who was one of his teachers and his thesis professor. Le Corbusier has been characterized by Mario Botta as being, for him, "the history of architecture." Mario Botta worked in the master's studio on a new hospital project for Venice. The hospital project was exhibited in 1967 when Mario Botta designed his first single-family house at Stabio in Ticino, Switzerland, for a friend. The house was meant to express the contrast between man and nature. Mario Botta describes his design time as a preoccupation with "the quality of the 'artificial', that which is designed by man and as such in dialectic contrast to nature". Many of Botta's projects have been single-family houses. For him, the single-family house includes the problems and the objectives of the entire discipline of architecture. His house forms are simple, elementary volumes where the exterior is independent from the interior. Internal planning is developed with a grid and suggests a layering of planes that introduce the carefully framed views and long vistas into the interior, reminiscent of the times before the Ticino landscape was consumed by a building boom. Foster joined the paid department of School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Manchester. Foster has received a scholarship that enabled him to travel and practice abroad. In 1962, Foster returned to the UK has created an architectural firm "Team 4"the Company specialized in industrial design in high-tech style. The company has designed and reconstructed for office, industrial, residential and cultural infrastructures. Among their works reconstruction of the Reichstag in Berlin (1999), the main station in Dresden (2006), Wembley Stadium in London (2007). Foster was the author of the draft of the Palace of Peace and Accord in Astana. In Russia, Foster is known as the author of projects of reconstruction of the hotel complex "Russia" and the Pushkin Museum. Foster was the author of the draft becoming complex "New Holland" in St. Petersburg in the cultural and entertainment facilities. In partnership with the British Council, the London Festival of Architecture to showcase the work of international architects and designers. It is a spectacular range of international exhibitions, installations, events and debates sited in some of London’s most elegant and historically significant properties. Fresh talent and ideas in architectural thinking from around the world celebrate the growing global understanding of the significance of good design in architecture and urban spaces. Festival visitors can see the changing face of Vancouver, Canada; radical propositions for the future of Brazilian lifestyle; dramatic changes to the urban fabric of Bogota, Columbia; and sustainable architecture propositions from Denmark and Italy and much more. For the third year running, the biennial London Festival of Architecture 2008, organized in association with Design for London, was one of the world’s major celebrations of architecture and the built environment. The Embassies Project included: Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Peru, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and the USA. Rogalev Anton, Course II, NWAPA, Vyborg. Science consultant - Vassel E.V. |