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Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для подготовки студентов к интернет-тестированию Уфа 2007

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British cuisine
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British cuisine

English cuisine has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken, and fish, all cooked with the minimum of embellishment and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable.

Traditional British food usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, both sweet and savoury pies and puddings, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot.

The Sunday roast is perhaps the most common feature of English cooking. The Sunday dinner traditionally includes roast potatoes accompanying a roasted joint of meat such as roast beef, lamb, or a roast chicken and assorted vegetables, themselves generally roasted or boiled and served with a thick gravy.

Yorkshire pudding and gravy is now often served as an accompaniment to the main course.

Fish and chips, traditionally wrapped in old newspapers to keep warm on the journey home, has long been one of England's most popular carryout dishes. It is possibly the most popular and uniquely English dish, and is traditionally served with a side order of mushy peas with salt and vinegar as condiments. The advent of take-away foods during the industrial revolution led to foods such as fish and chips, mushy peas, and steak and kidney pie with mashed potato (pie and mash).

The full English breakfast (also known as "cooked breakfast" or "fried breakfast") also remains a culinary classic. Its contents vary, but it normally consists of a combination of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages, eggs (fried, scrambled or boiled) and other variations on these ingredients and others.

By convention, at least for middle-income households, the main family meal of the week was the “Sunday joint” when a substantial piece of beef, lamb, or pork was roasted in the oven during the morning and served around midday.

The English sausage is distinctive, being made of fresh meat and rarely smoked, dried, or strongly flavoured. A variant of the sausage is the black pudding. It is made from pig's blood. Pig's trotters, tripe and brawn are also traditional fare in the North.

Pies, originally a way to preserve food, have long been a mainstay of English cooking. Meat pies are generally enclosed with fillings such as chicken and mushroom or steak and kidney (originally steak and oyster). Pork pies are almost always being eaten cold. Open pies or flans are generally served for desert with fillings of seasonal fruit. Another kind of pie is topped with mashed potato — for instance, shepherd's pie, with lamb, cottage pie, with beef, or fisherman's pie.

Britons make kippers, ham, bacon and a wide variety of pickled vegetables. Scottish smoked fish — salmon and Arbroath smokies — is particularly prized.

A formal teatime meal often may include scones with jam and butter or clotted cream. There are also butterfly cakes, simple small sponge cakes which can be iced or eaten plain. Nationwide, assorted biscuits and sandwiches are eaten. At home, the British have many original home-made desserts such as rhubarb crumble, bread and butter pudding, trifle and spotted dick. The traditional accompaniment is custard, known as crème anglaise (English sauce or English Cream). The dishes are simple and traditional, with recipes passed on from generation to generation. There is also Christmas pudding.

Tea itself, usually served with milk, is consumed throughout the day and is sometimes drunk with meals. In recent years herbal teas and speciality teas have also become popular.


Vocabulary notes


Advent - приход, прибытие

Arbroath smokies - арбротские копчушки (мелкая копчёная пикша) название по Арброту, Шотландия

Brawn - засоленная свинина, консервированная свинина; студень из свиной головы и говяжьих ножек

Clotted cream - сливочный варенец (сливки сквашиваются путем нагревания и медленного охлаждения)

Condiment - приправа

Cornish pasty - корнуэльский пирожок (горячий, жареный; с начинкой из мяса, почек, картофеля и капусты) первоначально выпекался в графстве Корнуолл

Custard - сладкий крем (из яиц и молока)

Embellishment - украшение; декорирование

Flan - открытый пирог с фруктовой, ягодной (и т.п.) начинкой; заварной крем, запеченный с карамельной глазурью

Gravy - подливка (из сока жаркого), соус, сок

Joint - мясной отруб (a joint of meat — кусок мяса)

Kidney - почка

Lamb - (зд.) мясо молодого барашка

Lancashire Hotpot - ланкаширское рагу (то же, что hotpot)

Mainstay - главная поддержка, опора, оплот

Mushy - мягкий; кашеобразной консистенции; мятый

Oyster - устрица

Pickled - соленый; маринованный

Rhubarb crumble – толченый (тертый) ревень

Savoury - острый, пикантный, пряный; острое блюдо, острая закуска (подаваемая в качестве аперитива или диджестива)

Scone - ячменная или пшеничная лепешка

Scramble - взбалтывать (обычно яйца для болтуньи)

Shepherd's pie - картофельная запеканка с мясом

Tripe – рубец или желудок (у жвачного животного), потроха (мн.ч.)

Trifle - бисквит, пропитанный вином и залитый сбитыми сливками

Trotters - ножки (свиные и т. п. как блюдо)

Roast – жаркое; кусок мяса, пригодный для жарки или приготовления жаркого; жареный; to roast - жарить(ся); печь(ся) (особ. в духовке или на открытом огне)

Vinegar - уксус

TESTS


1. Britannia is…

1. a national anthem of the UK;

2. a personification of England;

3. a personification of the UK;

4. an emblem of the England national football team.


2. The flag of the UK is commonly known as …

1. the “Merry Roger”;

2. the “Union Cross”;

3. the “Union Jack”;

4. the “Stars and Stripes”.


3. In 1801 legislation united … to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1. Great Britain with Wales;

2. Great Britain with Ireland;

3. Scotland with Ireland and Wales;

4. England with Scotland.


4. … established the Church of England.

1. Henry VIII;

2. Elizabeth I;

3. Queen Victoria;

4. William I the Conqueror.


5. … must nominate a head of government (Prime Minister).

1. the government;

2. the ministers;

3. the Parliament;

4. the monarch.


6. At present there are two main political parties in England: …

1. the Conservative Party and the Communist Party;

2. the Conservative Party and the Labour Party;

3. the Labour Party and the Royalists;

4. the Liberal Party and the Labour Party.


7. The United Kingdom does not have a constitutionally defined official language.

1. have a constitutionally defined official language (English);

2. does not have a constitutionally defined official language;

3. have two constitutionally defined official languages (English and Welsh);

4. have four constitutionally defined official languages (English and Welsh, Irish and Scottish Gaelic).


8. Presbyterianism is the official faith in….

1. Scotland;

2. England;

3. Wales;

4. Ireland.


9. … is the highest mountain in the British Isles.

1. Snowdon;

2. Slieve Donard;

3. Ben Nevis;

4. Scafell Pike.


10. England has ….

1. a subtropical climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round;

2. a temperate and oceanic climate, with plentiful rainfall in winter;

3. a very dry subtropical climate;

4. a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round.


11. Today only a small part of the English countryside is woodland, ….

1. a substantial amount of it is a state property;

2. a small part of it is privately owned;

3. a substantial amount of it is privately owned;

4. a half of is a state property.


12. …is London's main entertainment and shopping district, with locations such as Oxford Street, Leicester Square, Covent Garden and Piccadilly Circus acting as tourist magnets.

1. the East End;

2. the West End;

3. the City;

4. the North London.


13. … is a very famous exhibition of wax figures.

1. British Museum;

2. London Eye;

3. Tate Gallery;

4. Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum.


14. … is considered to be the world's first industrialised city.

1. Glasgow;

2. Manchester;

3. Edinburgh;

4. Liverpool.


15. Cardiff is the capital, largest and core city of ….

1. Wales;

2. England;

3. Ireland;

4. Scotland.


16. English children must go to school when they are ….

1. 5;

2. 7;

3. 6;

4. 8.


17. … is the oldest university in Scotland.

1. Oxford University;

2. Cambridge University;

3. The University of St Andrews;

4. Harward.


18. St. Patrick's Day honours ….

1. Scotland's patron saint;

2. England's patron saint;

3. Ireland's patron saint;

4. Wales’s patron saint.


19. The most popular English carryout dish is ... traditionally served with a side order of mushy peas with salt and vinegar as condiments.

1. fish and chips;

2. meat and chips;

3. roasted fish;

4. Sunday joint.


20. ... is the main business paper, printed on distinctive salmon-pink broadsheet paper.

1. The Sun;

2. The Financial Times;

3. The Guardian;

4. The Daily Telegraph.

21. Andrew Lloyd Webber is a world famous English….

1. ballet dancer;

2. composer;

3. playwright;

4. actor.


22. …is the most famous playwright in the world who wrote around 40 plays that are still performed in theatres across the world today.

1. William Shakespeare;

2. Christopher Marlowe;

3. Robert Burns;

4. John Osborne.


23. The Royal Albert Hall is …

1. a night club;

2. a theatre;

3. a concert hall;

4. a museum.


24. ... is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states nearly all of which are former possessions of the British Empire.

1. the United Nations;

2. the Commonwealth of Nations (CN);

3. the UK;

4. UNESCO.


25. The world famous English band the Beatles appeared in ….

1. London;

2. Manchester;

3. Leeds;

4. Liverpool.


CANADA


National symbols

1. Canadian flag

The flag is red and white, the official colours of Canada as appointed by King George V in 1921, with a stylized 11-point red leaf in its centre.





The search for a new Canadian flag started in earnest in 1925 when a committee of the Privy Council began to research possible designs for a national flag. However, the work of the committee was never completed.

Later, in 1946, a select parliamentary committee was appointed with a similar mandate, called for submissions and received more than 2,600 designs. Still, the Parliament of Canada was never called upon to formally vote on a design.

Early in 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson informed the House of Commons that the government wished to adopt a distinctive national flag. The 1967 centennial celebration of Confederation was, after all, approaching. As a result, a Senate and House of Commons Committee was formed and submissions were called for once again.

In October 1964, after eliminating various proposals, the committee was left with three possible designs - a Red Ensign with the fleur-de-lis and the Union Jack, a design incorporating three red maple leaves, and a red flag with a single, stylized red maple leaf on a white square. (Pearson himself preferred a design with three red maple leaves between two blue borders.)

Two heraldry experts, who both favoured a three-leaf design, played a decisive role in the choice of our flag: Alan Beddoe, a retired naval captain and heraldic adviser to the Royal Canadian Navy, and Colonel Fortescue Duguid, a heraldist and historian.

The names of Mr. John Matheson and Dr. George Stanley are well known in the story of the evolution of a new Canadian flag. Mr. Matheson, a Member of Parliament from Ontario, was perhaps one of the strongest supporters of a new flag and played a key advisory role. Dr. Stanley was Dean of Arts at the Royal Military College in Kingston, and brought to the attention of the committee the fact that the Commandant's flag at the College - an emblem, i.e. a mailed fist, on a red and white ground - was impressive.

Dr. Stanley's design is based on a strong sense of Canadian history. The combination of red, white and red first appeared in the General Service Medal issued by Queen Victoria. Red and white were subsequently proclaimed Canada's national colours by King George V in 1921. Three years earlier, Major General (later the Honourable) Sir Eugene Fiset had recommended that Canada's emblem be the single red maple leaf on a white field - the device worn by all Canadian Olympic athletes since 1904.

The committee eventually decided to recommend the single-leaf design, which was approved by resolution of the House of Commons on December 15, 1964, followed by the Senate on December 17, 1964, and proclaimed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, to take effect on February 15, 1965.

In due course the final design of the stylized maple leaf was established by Mr. Jacques St-Cyr, the precise dimensions of red and white were suggested by Mr. George Best, and the technical description of precise shade of red defined by Dr. Gunter Wyszchi.

The national flag of Canada, then, came into being, credit to those eminent Canadians: the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, who wanted a distinctive national flag as a vehicle to promote national unity; John Matheson, who established the conceptual framework for a suitable flag, then sought out and combined the appropriate components to create it; and Dr. George Stanley, who provided the seminal concept - the central concepts of red-white-red stripes with a central maple leaf - in this process.


2. Canadian coat of arms





The present design of the arms of Canada was drawn by Mrs. Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority, office of the Governor General of Canada, and faithfully depicts the arms described in the words of the Royal Proclamation dated November 21, 1921. The present design was approved in 1994.


3. Canadian motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare  (Latin): "From Sea to Sea"


4. National anthem: O Canada

Official Lyrics (English)

O Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee;
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.


Extra information

"O Canada" is the national anthem of Canada. Calixa Lavallée composed the music in 1880 as a patriotic song for that year's St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony. The first lyrics that were composed for the song were written in French by Sir Adolphe Basile Routhier in 1880 for the same ceremony. An English translation did not appear until 1906, and it was two more years until Robert Stanley Weir penned the English lyrics. Weir's words were altered in 1968 to their present form, although the French lyrics remain unaltered. The choice of "O Canada" for the national anthem did not occur until 1980, when it was signed into law during the Canada Day celebrations that year. It was modified, along with the royal anthem of Canada, God Save the Queen, to be part of the Vice Regal Salute.


Vocabulary notes


to alter – менять, изменять

anthem - гимн

to depict - изображать

eminent – выдающийся, видный, знаменитый

eventually – в конечном счете, в конце концов; со временем

faithfully – верно, честно

framework – структура, рамки

key - ключевой

to occur – происходить, случаться

seminal – плодотворный, конструктивный

to pen – писать, сочинять

History


Canada doesn't often make the foreign pages of newspapers around the world. Many outsiders think of it as a snowy country, full of quiet, laid-back people - rather a bland nation, in fact. That just goes to show how little they know. If you're thinking of coming to Canada, here are the basics.

Europeans arrived in the 1400s but they weren't the first to set sights on this vast land. The earliest known site occupied by people is the Bluefish Caves of the Yukon. In 1000 AD the Vikings from Iceland and Greenland reached the Labrador coast and Newfoundland, but they didn't stay.

It was the North American Indians who greeted the Europeans. As far back as 30,000 BC, the people arrived in North America from Asia by crossing the Bering Strait. These aboriginal people developed distinct languages, customs and religious beliefs. They depended on the land and devel­oped specialised skills to deal with the climate and geography. The Inuit came after the North American Indians (they are not related to them, however) and settled predo­minantly in the Arctic.

In the early 1500s the Spanish, French, British and Italians were all vying to get to North America. The French explorers and missionaries got to Canada first. Jacques Cartier landed at the gulf of the St Lawrence waterway and this led to the founding of New France. It is thought that Canada got its name from Cartier who noticed the Huron and Iroquois inhabitants referring to the land as' Kanata' which means 'cluster of dwellings' or 'small community'.

The French had discovered a land rich in natural resources and one of their main activities was fur trading with the Native peoples - that is, until the Natives realised they were not properly profiting from the trades. The French and Natives fought throughout the 1600s because of this and because of the French development of aboriginal land.

France wasn't all that interested in its new colony even' though another of its men, Samuel de Champlain, settled Quebec City and Montreal by 1642. The Hudson's Bay Company was founded in 1670, primarily as a fur trading enterprise (it is Canada's oldest business enterprise, existing today as a major department store chain). The English moved into the Hudson Bay area and by the early 1700s had taken over most of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Canada is known as a peacemaking country, but its roots are, like most nations', rooted in war. In 1745 all hell broke loose with the British capture of Fortress Louisbourg from the French. England officially declared war on France in 1756, starting in Europe what is known as the Seven Years' War. Part of that war was played out in Canada.

The French seemed the stronger nation for four years, but the tide changed in one of Canada's most famous battles. Both the French and English generals died in the battle, but it was the British who defeated the French in 1759 in Quebec on the Plains of Abraham. In 1763 France handed Canada over to Britain in the Treaty of Paris. However, most of Canada's population was French. The conclusion of the Treaty of Paris gave rise to concerns over losing their rights and heritage. In response to these fears, Britain passed the Quebec Act in 1774 which granted religious (Roman Catholic) and linguistic freedom to the French.

But what's history without a little revolution and rebellion? The American Revolution saw Britain's 13 colonies in the south fight for independence from Britain from 1775 to 1783. This led to the migration north to Canada of about 50,000 'Loyalists', so called because of their loyalty to Britain, bal­ancing the number of French and British in Canada. In 1791 Lower Canada (Quebec ) and Upper Canada (Ontario) were formed.

The War of 1812 is often thought to have brought about the beginnings of Canada's national identity. The Americans invaded Canada believing it would be an easy victory. The British, Native peoples and French banded together and, although outnumbered, stood their ground. Many battles were won and lost by both sides, but it was their first defence of their country against an invader that saw the people of 'British North America.' choose their way of life over that of the republicans to the south. Many heroes and war legends were created. Perhaps one of the least known is that in August 1814, the British captured and burned Washington, including the White House (which in those days wasn't so white and had to be painted white to cover the damage). The war ended in a draw in December 1814 with the Treaty of Ghent.

It wasn't long until the people of Upper and Lower Canada started itching for their own independence. In 1837 rebellions occurred in both colonies, which prompted Britain to join them under a common legislature. Soon afterwards they were granted responsible government and their first taste of poli­tical autonomy. More autonomy was on the way with the achievement of Confederation. In 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created under the British North America Act (BNA Act) passed by the British government. Sir John A. Macdonald became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion that included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Within the next six years Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island were admitted into the Dominion.

If you come to Canada with children, they will undoubtedly learn about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in school. Many scandals erupted during that time, but when it was completed in 1885 the CPR was the longest railway in the world and its construction within five years was considered a great engineering feat. It was built to connect the country from east to west and to encourage settlement. This was met with resistance from the Native peoples who were already settled on that land. The aboriginals lost their fight and large numbers of European immigrants came on promises of free land in the west. Between 1881 and 1891, 680,000 people immigrated into Canada and many of them are responsible for the emergence of large-scale grain farming. In 1904-5 Alberta and Saskatchewan entered Confederation, leaving only Newfoundland on its own.

The 1900s saw rapid change due to the industrial revolution: Canada was a significant participant in both World Wars, notably at Vimy Ridge in WW I and Dieppe and Normandy in WW2 as well as in the air and at sea. English-French tensions continued and the labour movement became organised with the creation of the unions. Canada developed social security programmes such as unemployment insurance, welfare and eventually 'Medicare'. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) was formed and natural resource industries became an integral part of the Canadian economy. Women got the vote, Newfoundland joined Con­federation in 1949 and the Maple Leaf flag was adopted in 1965. In 1967 Canada turned 100 years old and celebrated with Expo festivities in Montreal. In the 1970s there was major upheaval in Quebec when the separatist movement took on a violent nature, but in 1980 a referendum showed the majority of Quebecois were against indepen­dence. Also in that year, Canada officially adopted O Canada! as its national anthem, although the original French version dates from 1880. Speaking of national symbols, the beaver is Canada's national animal.

The eighties were characterised by constitutional issues. Canada's constitution (the BNA Act) was an act of the British Parliament and, as an independent country, Canada wanted to 'bring home' the constitution. In 1982, parts of the BNA Act were changed and it became a Canadian act: The Constitution Act. Included in it is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Quebec is the only province that did not sign the new constitution and two subsequent attempts to bring it in, the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, failed. In 1995 another Quebec refer­endum on independence took place and the 'no' side (against independence) won by a very narrow margin.


Vocabulary notes


to end in a draw - окончиться “ничьей”, т.е. без победителя

to grant – дарить, жаловать, предоставлять

heritage - наследие

integral – неотъемлемый, существенный

invader- завоеватель

issue – проблема, вопрос

legislature – законодательная власть

notably – именно; а именно

predominantly – в основном; большей частью

to proclaim - провозглашать

rebellion - восстание

subsequent - последующий