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1601. The making of the collection
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

A feature characteristic of the 18th century accusations was the purchase of large groups of paintings, sometimes of complete galleries, bought en blok at the sales in Western Europe.Count Bruhls collection acquired in Dresden in 1769, the Gallery of Crozat, bought in Paris in 1772 and the gallery of Lord Walpole acquired in London in 1779 were the most prominent among the acquisitions made in the 18th century. Together with numerous purchases of individual pictures, they supplied the museum with most outstanding canvases of the European school ,including those by Rembraandt,Rubens,Van Dyck and other eminent artists, and made the Hermitage rank among the finest art galleries of Europe. Works , commissioned by the Russian court from European painters also enriched the Picture gallery.By 1785 the Museum numbered 2658 paintings. Prints and drawings, cameos, coins and medals were likewise represented at the Hermitage.
1602. The map of England
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. The main industrial regions are in the north and west of the country where the main deposits of coal are to be found. The oldest centre of heavy industry is the region of Birmingham and Sheffield known as the Black Country. The Black Country is also the main centre of armaments production. Two main textile regions are situated to the west and east of the Pennines.
1603. The mathematical sciences
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The dramatic changes in the mathematical sciences of the last quarter century are largely invisible to those outside the small community of research mathematicians. Today's mathematical sciences, like yesterday's Gaul, can be divided into three parts of roughly comparable size: statistical science, core mathematics, and applied mathematics. Each of these three major areas is led (in the United States) by a few thousand active researches and receives approximately $50 million in federal research support annually. Although the boundaries between these parts overlap considerably, each province has an identifiable character paradigm established by Newton: data, deduction, and observation.
1604. The Medieval Tower: A refuge and a base for royal power
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

By the mid 1230s, Henry III had run into trouble with his barons and opposition flared up in both 1236 and in 1238. On both occasions the King fled to the Tower of London. But as he sheltered in the castle in March 1238 the weakness of the Tower must have been brought home to him; the defences to the eastern, western and northern sides consisted only of an empty moat, stretches of patched-up and strengthened Roman wall and a few lengths of wall built by Longchamp in the previous century. That year, therefore, saw the launch of Henrys most ambitious building programme at the Tower, the construction of a great new curtain wall round the east, north and west sides of the castle at a cost of over Ј5,000. The new wall doubled the area covered by the fortress, enclosing the neighbouring church of St Peter ad Vincula. It was surrounded by a moat, this time successfully flooded by a Flemish engineer, John Le Fosser. The wall was reinforced by nine new towers, the strongest at the corners (the Salt, Martin and Devereux). Of these all but two (the Flint and Brick) are much as originally built. This massive extension to the Tower was worked with extreme suspicion and hostility by the people of London, who rightly recognised it as a further assertion of royal authority. A contemporary writer reports their delight when a section of newly-built wall and a gateway on the site of the Beauchamp Tower collapsed, events they attributed to their own guardian saint, Thomas а Becket. Archaeological excavation between 1995 and 1997 revealed the remains of one of these collasped buildings.
1605. The National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The immediate predecessors of the Emblem were the clan and family property signs flags, borders, the marks of Slavs and tamgas of Turks and Mongolians. Tamga was a tribal emblem with which the stones at the frontiers of the tribal lands were marked, similar to the state emblem placed on the boundary posts nowadays (Olzhas Suleymenov). In the third century B.C. the Shumer states emblem already existed an eagle with a lions head. Some other emblems are well-known too, like the snake of Egypt or the eagle of Persia (later Rome ). The emblem of Byzantium later adopted by Russia was a double-headed eagle. The emblems of the cities, existing till today, appeared in the Middle Ages: the red lily of Florence , the winged lion of Venice , the boat of Paris and the cross and sword of London .
1606. The native americans
Доклад пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The year of 1622 marked the beginning of the century-long conflict between the Native Americans and the white settlers. The slogan The good Indian is a dead Indian was used for more than 200 years. The motive for the genocide against the native peoples was to dispossess them of their land and resources and to get rid of people who could not be exploited. The means were varied and included not only outright mass extermination, but also slavery, bounty-hunting (scalping for profit), massacre of women and children, the assassination of leaders, death by european-introduced diseases, the forced relocation of peoples. Even the pronouncement in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal was not true for the Native Americana. They looked upon as savages, as non-persons, not even worth mentioning. The American government forced the Indians to sign treaties that were nothing but enormous land-robbery. They had to depend upon the good will (or lack of it) of the US government. By 1900 the Indians had been reduced to about 250,000. The Civil Rights Act of 1924 theoretically gave the Indians outside the reservations the same rights as any other citizen of the United States. But they were not given any chance to make use of these rights.
1607. The New-York City, Places of interest
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

Central Park, an 843-acre retreat in the midst of bustling Manhattan, was developed in 1858 by Frederick Olmsted, the famous landscape architect, and Calvert Vaux. The park combines beautifully landscaped areas with a remarkable variety of recreational facilities. Among its many features are: Belvedere Castle, with scenic works and the children's Discovery Chamber. The Carousel with its beautiful and historic hand-carved horses. Central Park Zoo (at 64th Street), with animals living in a 5-acre habitat. The Charles A. Dana Discovery Center , with scenic works, hands-on exhibits, and family workshops. Conservatory Garden. Delacorte Theater (at 79th Street), host to the famous annual Shakespeare in the Park Festival. Great Lawn, featuring New York Philharmonic performances. The Heckscher Puppet House, with weekday shows at 10:30am and noon. Lasker Rink. Summer Stage, presenting free performances and events May through August. Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre with performances Tuesday through Friday. Walkman ice skating rink (at 62nd Street), which is open year-round, with ice-skating in the winter, and roller skating and miniature golf in the summer. Also available are the Bethesda Fountain, a model yacht pond, carousel, two rowing lakes and Sheep Meadow. Guided tours of the Park by Manhattan National Park Rangers, featuring historic and natural history. The free tours, on Saturdays and Sundays, last approximately one and one-half hours, and include a good amount of walking. Horse-drawn carriages. The Dairy in Central Park near 64th Street and 5th Avenue is an exhibition -information-sales center for the park where slide presentations on the park are shown continuously. The Dairy is the location of the Central Park Visitor and Information Center. Horse enthusiasts will find plenty of bridle paths, and horse rentals are available at the West 72nd St stables. Visitors to Central Park can cruise the park lake on a Venetian gondola. The 37.5 foot Daughter of Venice was built in Venice and donated to the city by New York Philanthropist Lucy Moses. The gondola rides must be reserved by calling the boat house at the above number.
1608. The notion of the agreement of the purchase and sale According to art
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Properly the transmission of the goods to the purchaser represents the execution of agreement prisoners and come into force of the purchase- sale of the side of the seller. Of agreement kept and come into force of the purchase- sale on the side of the sellor. That is why in cases where the instant of the intrance of agreement coincides thith the real transmission of the goods it is possible to speak about the special order of the conclusion of the agreement of the purchase- sale and that it is carried out at the time of conclusion bat not in the real character of agreement/ For example, the purchase- sale of detail shop window in the place of sale ( on bars, in faces and etc.) the goods, their demonstration is model on the conferment of information of the goods sold in the place of their sale will confess public gives; the agreement of the purchase- sale of detail, according to the complete rule, is considered to be the prisoner from the instant of distribution to the purchase sale of detail, according to the complete rule, is considered to be the prisoner from the instant of distribution to the purchaser of case or of goods the cheque or another document, the goods confirming the payment ( art. 493, art. 2 of art. 494 Civil codes).
1609. The Old Indian Civilization
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009
The following represents a selection of the questions and answers that passed between the Spirit and Youdhishthira:
1. “What is greater than Earth? What is higher than heaven?” “Mother is greater than Earth; father is higher than heaven.”
2. “In what one thing is all dharma summed up? What single thing constitutes all fame? What sole means takes one to heaven?” “Skill in the discharge of ones duties sums up all dharma; giving sums up all fame; truthfulness is the sole road to heaven and good conduct is the one means to happiness”.
3. “What is the foremost wealth?” “Learning”.
4. “What is the best gain?” “Health”.
5. “What is the supreme happiness?” “Contentment”.
6. “What is superior to all other dharmas in the world?” “Benevolence”
7. “Whose control leads to absence of sorrow?” “The control of mind”.
8. “Which friendship ages not?” “That with good souls”.
9. “By abandoning what thing does man become rich?” “Desire”.
10. “By giving up what, does one become happy?” “Avarice”.
11. “What is penance?” “Penance is the observance of ones own obtained duty.”
12. “What is self control?” “Control of the mind”.
13. “What is forbearance?” “Putting up with opposites”. (pleasure and pain, profit and loss)
14. “What is shame?” “Aversion to do reprehensible act is shame”.
15. “What is straight forwardness?” “Equanimity”.
16. “Who is the enemy hard to be won?” “Anger”.
17. “What is the endless disease?” “Avarice”.
18. “Who is said to be a good man?” “He who is benevolent to all things”.
19. “Who is a bad man?” “He who is barren of sympathy”.
20. “What is the best path?” “To cast away all mental dirt”.
21. “What is gift?” “Protection of life”.
22. “What is the wonder of the world?” “Every day live beings enter the abode of death; those who remain think that they will survive; what greater wonder is there than this?”
23. “What is the news of the world?” “With Earth as the pot, the firmament as the covering lid, the sun as the fire, day and nights as faggots and the seasons and months as the stirring ladle. Time cooks all beings; this is the great news”.
1610. The Palermo Stone an Related Fragments
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

It is not certain that all seven known pieces derive from the same original, as all fragments were found on the antiquities market. Only one small Cairo fragment seems to have been traced to Memphis, but some other fragments are believed to have originated in Middle Egypt. The differences in thickness of the fragments, may also be an indication that there were several originals, but thusfar, none of the fragments contains a partial or full copy of one or more of the other fragments.
1611. The People Trade
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

The journey to the West is called "sneaking across the water." It's made possible by Fujainese guides known as "snakeheads." They are important figures in their homeland. "Everybody knows who the snakeheads are," says Chen Mei Xing, a Fijianese who slipped into England a few weeks ago. "He's a businessman with a very hihg status." According to USA authorities, snakeheads are also part of Chinese gangs known as Triads or Tongs. They Charge as much as 60000 dollars for a trip to the United States; half as much for Britain. Typically, a down payment of 5 to 19 percent is made up front. A migrant who uses the snakehead's services can spend years repaying the debt. The Fijianese who emigrate see the fee as a smart investment. In the end Fujian benefits too. Fujianese migrants pump large sums of money into the economy they left behind. City officials in Changle ( population: 600000) estimate that locals who have gone abroad put 100 million dollars back into the city's economy each year in remittances to their families and property investments back home.
1612. The political role of Great Britain in modern world
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Being an American ally, England has become a reliable Fifth Column in the European Union. The British government has been trying its best to prevent Europe from unifying processes, once protesting against founding European Central Bank and the singe European currency “euro” and attempting together with the US to quarrel the European states with one another and to direct their aggression against the third one like Yugoslavia. Due to its pro American foreign policy, Great Britain has become the second leader of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. right now the U.K. and the US are at the head of all NATOs military operations, like “The Shield of the desert”, “The Storm in the desert”, in 1991, “The Fox in the desert” in 1998 and the anti Yugoslavian aggression in 1999. Speaking about the NATOs last campaign, the U.K. and the US destabilized an ethnic situation in Europe, because during the NATOs bombardments tens and thousands of thousands of Albanian refugees poured into Germany, Albania and some other countries. That needs no saying, the Albanians from Kosovo and Methokia complicated the social political situation in these states. Its result was the criminal increase and the growth of unemployment among the immigrants.
1613. The political system of Great Britain
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but does not rule. In fact everything that she does is done on the active of her ministers, who are responsible for the royal acts. Thus, most of her functions are symbolic. The United Kingdom is governed by Her majestys Government in the name of the Queen. But the Queen has all information, has the right to encourage and the right to warn. The Queens residence in London is Buckingham Palace. Besides, she has some homes in England and Scotland.
1614. The political system of Ukraine
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Ukrainian radio and television broadcast the meetings of Verkhovna Rada and everybody can learn what problems the deputies solve. Our people usually listen to the meetings of Verkhovna Rada. You can see and listen to radio sets, that are switched on, in many offices, in buses, in kitchens and many other places. They do not speak loudly and the people do their work and listen to the meetings. The leader of the Verkhovna Rada is called “Holova”. He is elected by the deputies. Now the Holova is Alexander Alexandrovich Moroz.
1615. The pride of the nation
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Much was done by people to reach the present state of human development. It is necessary to say that great contribution to the development of the world science and culture, literature, music and painting was made by the Russian people. The names of Russian scientists and writers, poets, composers and painters are world-famous-Pushkin, Lermontov, Chehov, Levitan. This chain can be endless. It is almost impossible to name a branch of science in the development of which the Russian scientists havent played the greatest role. Lomonosov, the founder of the Moscow University was an outstanding innovator both in the humanities and sciences. Mendeleevs greatest discovery was the Periodic System of Elements. Popov invented radio. Sechenov and Pavlov were the worlds greatest physiologists. Russia is rightly called the mother of aviation and cosmounatics. Names of Tsiolkovsky, Korolov and Gagarin are symbols of new space era.
1616. The Problems of Teen-Ages
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernitious disease but it hits the youth the hardest. It's name is unemployment. The persent-age of unemployed youth in the total number of the jobless is high. In many developing countries the situation is more serious. Many young people to commit suside. Unless the economic situation in the world changes, youth unemployment will mount. This prodictions refer to all catigories of workers-with high and low skills in town and country. For all there possible distinctious,these young people over outside the production structure of society. The are deprived the possebility of creting there are "surplus" from time to time some may get a hit of luck, but the lot of the majority is to feel their unlessles to lose their ideals and become disillusioned. Unemployment greatly intemcilicselle tendency among the youth towards, drug education , frastretion and crime. This is a time bomb and is a heavy acusation of any social economic system.
1617. The Prodigy
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Pre-Prodigy: Liam Howlett started his musical career as a DJ in a group called Cut To Kill in 1987, but (as far as we know) he worked on only one of their singles, titled Listen to the Basstone. He left the band when they signed a contract that excluded him, and, influenced by house music (later rave) arriving from overseas, became a DJ in Essex. Soon (in the club The Barn) he met Leeroy Thornhill, the two-meter tall James Brown-fan dancer, and ”freelance” traveler Keith Flint, who were the members of the same rave crowd. Then they asked for a tape of Liams DJing and after hearing some of his own tunes, they asked to dance to his music, if he played live. A friend, Ziggy organized a live appearance at a venue called Labyrinth in 1990. The dancers (Keith, Leeroy, and a friend of Keiths, Sharky) and Liam were ready for the gig, but Liam also wanted an MC friends recommended Maxim Reality (Keith ”Keeti” Palmer), who joined them as an MC to better the live shows. The first live Prodigy performance was held in front of 250 people. After the first gig, more followed and the five formed The Prodigy (yes, originally there were 5 members)
1618. The profile of an effective manager
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009
We should ask our self the question: Are there people who have more managerial skills than others, because they are able to learn from their experience what they need to know to manage effectively. Livingstone S (1971) found three characteristics of men who learned to manage effectively.
- Need to manage: to be able to manage effectively, you should have a strong desire and satisfaction to influence the performance of others. Many of those who aspires high- level positions are driven by the expectations of high salaries or high status, but are not motivated to get effective results through others. Those managers dont learn how to develop an effective managerial career, because there is a lack of willingness to manage. They are not able to devote enough time and energy to find a suitable way to manage. So the need to manage is a crucial factor in determining whether a person will learn and apply in practice what is necessary to get effective results on the job. For example, managers who are outstanding individual performers, but with a lack to motivate others or to delegate tasks to subordinates, rarely advance far up the organizational hierarchy because they will be blocked by low performances of a large number of subordinates.
- Need for power: Since managers are primarily concerned with directing and influencing subordinates, they should be characterized by a high need for power. We could refer to the above chapter about leadership and power.
- Capacity for empathy: The capacity for empathy is ”the ability to cope with the emotional reactions that inevitably occur when people work together in an organization” (Livingstone S. 1971). Managers who are perfectly capable to learn from their job experience, or who are able to apply management techniques successfully, often fail because their affinity with others is entirely intellectual or cognitive. They are emotionally blind. They are not capable to deal with the emotional reactions that are crucial in gaining the willing cooperation of subordinates. It is very difficult to teach people how to cope with human emotions.
1619. The protection of the environment
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobyl. It was a tragedy. Another problem is earthquake. We know some terrible earthquakes in the world. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, then we can protect ourselves from them. The people all over the world do everything to protect their nature, to make their country richer, to make their life happier.
1620. The Proverbs Are Children Of Experience (Пословицы - Дети Опыта)
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008
The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs defines a proverb as a sentence that has been developed orally and is still used by the people of a region. It has usually come about from experience, and it is a statement that teaches learning within an experience. The World Book Encyclopedia gives a different explanation of the word: Proverb is a brief saying that presents a truth of some bit of useful wisdom. It is usually based on common sense or practical experience. The effect of a proverb is to make the wisdom it tells seem to be self-evident. The same proverb often occurs among several different peoples, True proverbs are sayings that have been passed from generation to generation, primarily by word of mouth. They may also have been put into written form. The Book of Proverbs In the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, is the most notable collection of such sayings. They include:
- Hope deferred makes the heart sick.
- A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.
- A soft answer turneth away wrath.
- Pride goeth before destriction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.

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