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1701. Transport & environmental policy
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The road haulage is one of the major concerns of the EU transport policy because it is the major means of transporting goods within the region. Firstly, this area has been the main concern for the transport policy mainly because it is the most important mode of transport and both “international and domestic freight transport have been subjected to a variety of controls and restrictions in terms of prices and entry into market” (Barnes, Barnes 84). How much restricted control is applied varies from one country to another. For example while Germany applied strict regulatory controls, UK used more liberal approach towards such issue. However the main principle of international haulage is characterized by the use of so-called quota system, meaning that hauliers have to obtain the permit to be able to undertake international journeys. One form of permit is so called Bilateral permit, which is mainly about two particular member states who make a bilateral agreements about the amount of haulage licences to be granted to non-domestic carries. Another form is Multilateral permit, which allowed unlimited journeys within the EU region. This one became especially important over the last two decades and was given even wider scope by the EU. Secondly, because of fairness among domestic and non-domestic hauliers there was the introduction of payment for usage of roads (1250 ECU per year, Euro-regional tax disc). Thirdly, because there are other issues in which a member states differ (weight that trucks might carry) there was the introduction of weight allowed to be carried by trucks that could vary as much as 30 % depending on particular member state. Finally, the new agreements created more competitive environment within the EU. Trucks could obtain loads for tour journeys so that they are more often fully loaded. However, the road haulage now days takes highest percentage of modes of transport even though it causes the highest pollution and therefore most harm to the environment. Main concern that it should be joined if not substituted by other modes of transport (such as rail, inland waterways, air, sea etc.) that are more ecological. The best way to achieve this would be through incentives, targeted advertisement emphasizing for the need of usage of other means of transport.
1702. Traveling
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

If we are fond of traveling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes. The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes.
1703. Travelling
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

- Before Columbus set foot on the shores of the New World on 12 October 1492, the Mayans lived around the great cities and temples their ancestors had built in the south-eastern Mexico. It is a well established fact that the Maya civilization reached its zenith during the Classical period, from about AD 250 to 900. After AD 900 it began to decay, perhaps owing to stresses in the social structure, overpopulation, and deforestation." A number of important cities emerged in the late Classic period. The inhabitants of the cities were building striking stone architectural monuments, but their scientific and artistic achievements were not remarkable. Their economies remained underdeveloped. By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Maya civilization was in decline, yet they resisted subjugation longer than either the Aztecs of Mexico or the Incas of Peru. Spain ruled Central America for about 300 years. The Mayans maintained their autonomy only 1697. Unfortunately, disease and the social disruption brought with the Spanish conquest annihilated a large part of the native population during the 16th century.
1704. Travelling by sea
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

I like to travel by sea best of all. Some years ago we took a cruise along the Black Sea coast on board the liner " Russia ". We came to Sochi by train. Then we went to the seaport and saw our ship. It was big. We liked it very much. I remember the ship and our cabin. Our cabin was comfortable. It had got two berths, a table two chairs and one wide window and the warm wind was blowing through it. There was fresh air in our cabin during all the voyage. We had breakfast, dinner and supper on board the ship. When it was time to have meals we went to the restaurant.
1705. Trees
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008
1706. Tsar Saltan
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

One day a merchant ship en route to Tsar Saltan's country passed through Prince Gvidon's magnificent land. On arrival to Tsar Saltan's country the merchant told the Tsar about his son's great land. Tsar Saltan made plans to travel there, but the evil sisters talked him out of it. The next time the merchant passed through the kingdom of Prince Gvidon he saw the Magic Squirrel which lived in a crystal cage that Prince Gvidon had built for it. Again the merchant arrived home to tell Tsar Saltan of his son's magical land, but again the evil sisters interfered. They told the Tsar that he should instead go to the land where one can see 33 warriors and Chernomor rise from the ocean.
1707. Turner, Joseph Mallord William
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

As he grew older Turner became an eccentric. Except for his father, with whom he lived for 30 years, he had no close friends. He allowed no one to watch him while he painted. He gave up attending the meetings of the academy. None of his acquaintances saw him for months at a time. Turner continued to travel but always alone. He still held exhibitions, but he usually refused to sell his paintings. When he was persuaded to sell one, he was dejected for days.
1708. TV and Radio
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

TV and Radio do many things. They reflect vital and present day problems, they raise questions and problems for discussion. And they affect various spheres of life. TV and Radio include information to all tastes. Some programs teach us, inform, entertain. And of course TV and Radio include effective advertisement. Every day we watch advertisement and it is not important for people who earn TV and radio stations if we want to watch it or we dont. You can watch almost everything on TV: current affairs, documentaries, chat shows, quiz shows, a series, the arts, education programs, soap operas, sports, films, plays and of course news. TV creates many popular personalities: talk show hosts, singers and newsreaders. People prefer to watch programs with famous hosts, popular newsreaders and famous singers.
1709. TV in my life
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

NTV usually shows us two-football match a week (one Champions League match and one Russian national championships match). I also like several foreigner channels, especially Eurosport. And you know why! Cartoon network is not bad, but I think that its better for children - not for me. Thats all about me. I also want to tell you about my parents favorite channels. My father likes different channels with action films. His favorite actor is Sylvester Stalonne.
1710. TV in Russia. My favorite TV programme
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

As for me, my favourite programme is Akuna Matata on RTR, often on every Friday. On the one hand it is a very popular show, and on the other hand it is a serious programme in which the problems of teenagers are discussed. There is always a new hero of the problem with his own problem, character and work on the surrounding world. There are always two tribunes with old generation and with new generation, who express their opinions on the heros story. As you can see Akuna Matata is very is a valuable and informative TV programme. I think that the aim of this programme is to help teenagers to solve their problems and to cope with their difficulties. Old and new generations try to find new solutions to old problems of teenagers and they try to come to an agreement. Apart from its entertainment value, this programme provides useful topics or conversations. And, of cource, the talk-show host, is of great importance, her name is Maria Fillipenko.
1711. Two approches to the scientific management
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

An often repeated criticism of the scientific management approach is that it overemphasised productivity and underemphasised human nature. This criticism is well expressed by Amitai Etzioni, who wrote that "although Taylor originally set out to study the interaction between human characteristics and the characteristics of the machine, the relationship between these two elements which make up the industrial work process, he ended up by focusing on a far more limited subject: the physical characteristics of the human body in routine jobs - e.g., shovelling coal or picking up loads. Eventually Taylor came to work human and machine resources not so much as mutually adapt able, but rather man functioning as an appendage to the industrial machine". Similar criticism could be levelled at other movements within the scientific management approach. The Scientific Management approach directed to create scientific, specialized, technocratic environment which makes it clear how to be more productive and maximize rewards. But his theory can be seen as one-sided. You cannot interpret the human being as a machine as it has it's own interest, it's own needs, that the human being is a entity of the different moods and emotions. He hasn't counted that the motivating factor for employees can be not only monetary, worker can be motivated for example by the interest of working in the particular field (e.g. teachers do not owe a lot of money from their work but they are usually motivated by the interest working with people; e.g. some tourists guides also do not owe a lot of money but they are interested in meeting new people and travelling), experience that he/she would gain through being on particular working place (e.g. nurse doesn't get much money for her work, but she wants to get more experience with time). It is also noted that
1712. Tycho Brahe
Информация пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Tycho is perhaps best known today for his theory of the solar system which is based on a stationary Earth round which the Moon and Sun revolve. The other planets, according to Tycho's theory, revolve round the Sun. In fact in his younger days Tycho had been convinced by Copernicus' Sun centred model but his firm belief that theory must be supported by experimental evidence led him away. The problem was, of course, that in the Sun centred model of Copernicus a parallax shift should be observed but despite his attempts to measure such a shift, Tycho could detect none. There were two possibilities to explain this: either the Earth was fixed, or the scale of the universe was unbelievably large. We know today that it is the second of these which is true, and that the scale is such that Tycho would have had no hope in measuring parallax with his instruments. The first measurement of the parallax of a star was in 1838 by Bessel who found 0.3" for the parallax of 61 Cygni. Despite the quality of Tycho's measurements, this value in about 100 times smaller that Tycho's observational errors. In fact Tycho was not the first to propose the Earth centred model with the planets rotating round the Sun for Erasmus Reinhold had done so a few years earlier. However Rosen in argues convincingly that Tycho did not know of Reinhold's theory.
1713. Types of holiday
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

But the main criterion is the aim of holiday. Different people take holidays on various purposes. Some go hunting, others prefer to climb mountains. A lot of people have holidays relative to sport activities, such as hiking, cycling, horse-back riding, rowing and canoeing, as well as scuba-diving or even bungee jumping. There are also such purposes as recreation, treatment and medical care. In this case people can choose resort or a spa. Tourism for recreation is very popular in our region. The local nature is perfectly suitable not only for treatment but also for various kinds of adventure holiday. Today a great attention is paid to ecological tourism and Krasnodar territory is the very place to develop it in.
1714. Types of tests used in English Language Teaching Bachelor Paper
Дипломная работа пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

We will commence our discussion with direct testing that according to Hughes (1989:14) means the involvement of a skill that is supposed to be tested. The following work means that when applying the direct testing the teacher will be interested in testing a particular skill, e.g. if the aim of the test is to check listening comprehension, the students will be given a test that will check their listening skills, such as listening to the tape and doing the accompanying tasks. Such type of test will not engage testing of other skills. Hughes (ibid.) emphasises the importance of using authentic materials. Though, we stipulate that the teacher is free to decide him/herself what kind of material the students should be provided with. It the teachers aim is to teach the students to comprehend the real, native speech, s/he will apply the authentic material in teaching and later, logically, in tests. Developing the idea we can cite Bynom (2001:8) who assumes that direct testing introduces real-life language through authentic tasks. Consequently, it will lead to the usage of role-plays, summarising the general idea, providing the missing information, etc. Moving further and analysing the statements made by the linguists (Bynom, 2001; Hughes,1989) we can posit the idea that direct testing will be task-oriented, effective and easy to manage if it tests such skills as writing or speaking. It could be explained by the fact that the tasks intended to check the skills mentioned above give us precise information about the learners abilities. Moreover, we can maintain that when testing writing the teacher demands the students to write a certain task, such as an essay, a composition or reproduction, and it will be precisely the point the teacher will be intended to check. There will be certain demands imposed on writing test; the teacher might be just interested in the students ability to produce the right layout of an essay without taking grammar into account, or, on the contrary, will be more concerned with grammatical and syntactical structures. What concerns testing speaking skills, here the author of the paper does not support the idea promoted by Bynom that it could be treated as direct testing. Definitely, you will have a certain task to involve your speaking skills; however, speaking is not possible without employment of listening skills. This in turn will generate the idea that apart from speaking skills the teacher will test the students ability to understand the speech s/he hears, thus involving speaking skills.
1715. Typical student
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

Who are they and how they look? In the streets, in parks, cafes, on discos, everywhere you can see young people standing together and talking about something with great interest. What are they talking about? They talk about studying, music, clothes and about money, which will finish soon. But in spite of the problem they are never sad. At the same time students walk in town, go to cafes, discos and concerts.
1716. Tzar Saltan
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

we have truly visited many countries and seen many strange things, but the most wonderful is this. When we were thy guests before, we told thee of an island on which, bare and uninhabited of old, we found a splendid Palace with a beautiful Tzaritza and a brave Tzarevich. On this sailing we passed again that way and put in at the island, and now beside the Palace of white stone there is a green garden with a mill that grinds and winnows of itself and casts the chaff a hundred versts away. Beside it is a golden column on which a cat climbs continually up and down, singing songs and telling tales. And there is a summer-house of crystal in which the cat lives. The Tzaritza showed us these wonders and her son the Tzarevich Guidon sends a greeting to thee."
1717. U.k. political system
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The Government derive its authority from the elected House of Commons. A general election. For all seats in the House of Commons, must be help every 5 years. The Government is normally formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. The Partys leader is appointed Prime-Minister by the Queen. He chooses a team of ministers of whom 20 or so are in the Cabinet. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and Shadow Cabinet. The House of Commons comprises members from the constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland who represent people whose history and traditions differ.
1718. Ukraine: Geographical Position
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

11.Ukraine is in ideal geographical position for the development of its resources, lying between 440 and 520 latitude north, on the same latitude as the USA, Britain. 12.The climate is mild and warm, with a long summer and a short winter. 13.Together with its fertile black soil, this makes it ideal for the development of intensive agriculture. 14.The main part of Ukraine is located in the watershed of the Dnieper-River, which divides Ukraine into two parts: Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine.
1719. Uni ja unenaod (estonii)
Информация пополнение в коллекции 09.12.2008

Peale meditsiiniliste probleemide otsiti unenägudelt abi ka riiklikes küsimustes. Spartas toimusid iga-aastased ,,eforad" viie körgema riigiametniku templiuned, mille järel koostati või muudeti seadusi. Et riigimeeste võimed jäid tihtipeale kasinaks, loodi riiklike küsimuste tähtsust arvestades spetsiaalsed oraaklid, elukutselised ennustajad. Kuulsaim oraakel o'li Delfis, Kesk-Kreekas Korinthose lahe ääres Parnassose mäe nõlval. Delfi oraakli tegutsemisest on teateid alates VII saj.e.Kr. Ekstaatilisse seisundisse viidud naisprohvet püütia andis tähtsaid ennustusi. Muuseas peeti Delfis veel nn. püütiamänge, mis olid muusikalis-sportlikud võistlused ja mida peeti nagu olümpiamängegi iga nelja aasta järel. Püütiamänge peeti alates 582. aastast e.Kr. kuni IV sajandini e.Kr., seega umbes 900 aastat.
1720. Unidentified Flying Objects
Статья пополнение в коллекции 12.01.2009

The Sun Augustine plain is situated in the hundred with half miles from the Foster Place, where in the evening Breisel observed brightly flash, after which the house shuddered. And it would be alluring to attach the farm with the point on the Sun Augustine plain on a map. The situation would be explained at once: the flying disk was struck by lightning over the Breisel territory. It lost a part of rigging and succeeds to overcome hundred and a half miles before cutting in the sand of the plain. The Pentagon took decision to interrupt all rumors about real catastrophe place of the disk. Roswell airbase will declare about the disk finding and Fort-Wart will refute it at once. The Pentagon must hide the disk.

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