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Практичний курс англійської мови навчальний посібник з практики усного та письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курсу

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3.12 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in exercise.


employment 1) служба; заняття; робота ( за найманням ) out of employment — без роботи to give, provide employment — давати роботу to find employment, seek employment — шукати роботу employment is down — рівень зайнятості / кількість робочих місць зменшується employment is up — рівень зайнятості / кількість робочих місць збільшується casual employment — випадкові заробітки seasonal employment — сезонна робота steady employment — постійна робота employment book — розрахункова книжка employment protection — охорона праці Syn: employ

2) зайнятість full-time employment, full employment — повна зайнятість, робота повний робочий день / на повну ставку part-time employment — часткова зайнятість, робота неповний робочий день / не на повну ставку employment agent — агент по найманню employment bureau — бюро наймання (робітників та службовців) employment policy — політика повної зайнятості industrial employment — зайнятість у промисловості employment agency — бюро з працевлаштування, агенція з працевлаштування - employment exchange Syn: occupation

3) заняття; ремесло; рід занять, професія Syn: trade , profession

4) використання, застосування, уживання employment of industrial capacity — використання виробничих потужностей Syn: application , use

engineering 1.1) прикладний ( про науку )

2) технічний, інженерний engineering brain — технічний склад розуму engineering library — інженерна бібліотека engineering data — технічні дані, технічні параметри

2.1) а) інженерне мистецтво; машинобудування engineering worker — робітник-машинобудівник - chemical engineering - civil engineering - electrical engineering - highway engineering - hydraulic engineering - marine engineering - mechanical engineering - metallurgical engineering - sanitary engineering - systems engineering - traffic engineering - transportation engineering - engineering plant Syn: machine-building , machinery construction

б) розробка й керування ( про процеси, механізми ); інженерія genetic engineering — генна інженерія software engineering — розробка програмного забезпечення

2) техніка, апаратура

3) махінації, підступ

experience 1.1) (життєвий) досвід by experience, from experience — із досвіда to know by experience, to know from experience — знати з досвіда to know from previous experience — знати з попереднього досвіда to learn by experience — пізнати на досвіді to acquire, gain, gather, get experience from — навчитися на досвіді broad experience, wide experience — великий досвід direct experience, firsthand experience — "з перших рук" (досвід, переданий при безпосередньому спілкуванні вчителя і того, якого навчають,) hands-on experience — життєвий досвід learning experience — досвід навчання practical experience — практичний досвід previous experience — попередній досвід, досвід попередників

2) досвідченість; досвід роботи, стаж роботи Hе's counting on his mother to take care of the twins, for shе's had plenty of experience with them. — Він розраховував, що його мати подбає про близнюків, тому що в неї був достатній досвід догляду за ними. She has 10 years experience in the job. — У неї десятилітній досвід такої роботи.

3) а) випадок, подія harrowing, painful, unnerving, unpleasant experience — неприємна подія to have an experience — потрапити в ситуацію share an experience — поділитися досвідом, розповісти який-небудь випадок із власного життя enlightening experience — повчальний випадок interesting experience — цікавий випадок memorable experience — пам'ятна подія pleasant experience — приємна подія unforgettable experience — незабутня подія Another unlooked-for experience was in store for us. — Нас підстерігала ще одна подія, якої ми не очікували. Syn: adventure, event

б) враження, переживання cruise experience — враження від круїзу

2.1) випробувати, знати по досвіду We had never experienced this kind of holiday before and had no idea what to expect. — Ми ніколи не попадали на такого роду свята і не знали, чого нам очікувати.

2) випробувати, почувати, переживати He experienced severe hardships as a child. — У нього було дуже важке дитинство. Widows seem to experience more distress than do widowers. — Удови, очевидно, переживають більше горе, ніж удівці. Syn: undergo

technician 1) технік

2) чоловік, що знає свою справу; фахівець dental technician — дантист, зубна лікар (гарний ) lab, laboratory technician — лаборант ( гарний ) medical technician — лікар ( гарний ) radar technician — фахівець з радарів television, TV technician — фахівець з телевізорів

3) людина, що добре володіє технікою ( у живописі, музиці і т.п. )

4) лаборант, лаборантка

5) technicians-and-engineers- інженерно-технічний персонал.
3.13 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.

  Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure, usually of a mechanical type, and at a level between that of the professional scientist or engineer and that of a skilled craftsperson. Technicians support scientists and engineers by designing, developing, producing, and maintaining machines and materials. The work of a technician is more limited in scope than that of a scientist or engineer and is commonly considered practical rather than theoretical in its orientation.

In industry, jobs for technicians range from those that are narrow in scope and require relatively limited technical understanding, such as the routine inspection of parts, to those that require a considerable level of mathematical, scientific, and applied technological ability, such as engineering aide, instrumentation technician, draftsperson and tool designer. The growing field of computer technology is providing many new employment opportunities for technicians.  
A technical education is acquired in a number of ways. Many persons learn on the job and supplement their practical experience with correspondence courses and evening school. The armed forces train a large number of technicians, particularly in electronics. Increasing numbers of technicians receive their education in trade schools, technical high schools, vocational-technical schools, community or junior colleges, or technical institutes. The trend is toward education beyond high school, with more skilled technicians and technologists completing either two or four years of college.

Many different courses and programs are available. Some schools offer technical training in only a single field, others in a variety of fields. Some schools combine agricultural and industrial training within the same school; other schools train skilled craftspeople as well as technicians. Junior or community colleges offering courses primarily for craftspeople and technicians include courses in the liberal arts, or the technical courses may be offered in a separate division of a liberal arts-oriented junior college. Some senior colleges offer a 4-year baccalaureate program in engineering technology.  
The first technical institute in the U.S. was the Lyceum, founded in Gardiner, Maine, in 1822 to provide a suitable education for farmers and mechanics in a 2-year course. A number of mechanics institutes were founded in the 1820s to provide lectures, libraries, and classes for their members, but the spread of free public schools tended to eliminate the need for this type of school. The only such institute that developed into the present-day technical institute was the Ohio Mechanics Institute, founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1828.

The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in Troy, New York, in 1824, to provide an education in the sciences for interested workers and others, gradually evolved into a school of engineering, and its first class of civil engineers graduated in 1835. Other early technical institutes that later became engineering colleges include the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, both in New York City; Drexel Institute of Technology (now Drexel University) in Philadelphia; the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (now Carnegie Mellon University); and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.

Pratt Institute, which opened in 1887 in Brooklyn, New York, was one of the best-known early technical institutes. Its first courses were intended for experienced industrial crafts workers with a high school background and two years of practical experience. In 1895 Pratt Institute introduced an adaptation of the curriculum followed by the German Technikum, which emphasized the practical applications of engineering. Pratt Institute gradually changed, however, into a school offering regular 4-year engineering programs. Recognition of the excellence of Russian technical schools, as shown by Russian exhibits at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), further improved technical instruction in the U.S., which placed increased emphasis on acquiring basic skills before workshop practice.
In 1917 the U.S. Congress passed the Smith-Hughes Act to promote vocational education. Congress broadened the scope of this program several times and in 1958 authorized the training of technicians under the National Defense Education Act. In 1963 Congress expanded this program of vocational and technical education still further. Recently, the total number of secondary, postsecondary, and adult students in federally aided vocational and technical education classes was estimated to exceed 13 million. The greatest enrollments were in home economics, trade and industry, office skills, and agriculture.
The standards in technical education have gradually risen since World War II. In 1944 the Engineers Council for Professional Development (now the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) assumed responsibility for accrediting technical institutes offering programs in engineering technology. The approved curriculum usually leads to an associate or bachelor's degree in engineering technology.
3.14 Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the rendering of the proper names.

1.The first technical institute in the U.S. was the Lyceum, founded in Gardiner, Maine, in 1822 to provide a suitable education for farmers and mechanics in a 2-year course.

2.The only such institute that developed into the present-day technical institute was the Ohio Mechanics Institute, founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1828.

3. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in Troy, New York, in 1824, to provide an education in the sciences for interested workers and others, gradually evolved into a school of engineering, and its first class of civil engineers graduated in 1835.

4.Other early technical institutes that later became engineering colleges include the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, both in New York City; Drexel Institute of Technology (now Drexel University) in Philadelphia; the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (now Carnegie Mellon University); and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.

5. Pratt Institute, which opened in 1887 in Brooklyn, New York, was one of the best-known early technical institutes intended for experienced industrial crafts workers with a high school background and two years of practical experience.

6. In 1895 Pratt Institute introduced an adaptation of the curriculum followed by the German Technikum, which emphasized the practical applications of engineering.

7. Recognition of the excellence of Russian technical schools, as shown by Russian exhibits at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), further improved technical instruction in the U.S., which placed increased emphasis on acquiring basic skills before workshop practice.
8. In 1917 the U.S. Congress passed the Smith-Hughes Act to promote vocational education.

9. Congress broadened the scope of this program several times and in 1958 authorized the training of technicians under the National Defense Education Act.

10. In 1944 the Engineers Council for Professional Development (now the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) assumed responsibility for accrediting technical institutes offering programs in engineering technology.
3.15 Choose the statement, which fits the text best.

1.
  1. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure at a level between that of the professional scientist or engineer
  2. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure at a level between that of a skilled craftsperson.
  3. Technical Education is an instruction in a skill or procedure, usually of a mechanical type, of a variety of specialists.

2.
  1. The work of a technician is commonly considered theoretical rather than practical in its orientation.
  2. The work of a technician is more limited in scope than that of a scientist or engineer .
  3. The work of a technician is equal in scope than that of a scientist or engineer and is commonly considered practical rather than theoretical in its orientation.

3.
  1. Jobs of engineering aide, instrumentation technician, draftsperson and tool designer require relatively limited technical understanding.
  2. In industry, jobs for technicians are narrow in scope and require relatively limited technical understanding, such as the routine inspection of parts.
  3. In industry, jobs for technicians require both relatively limited technical understanding and a considerable level of mathematical, scientific, and applied technological ability.

4.
  1. The modern tendency is toward education beyond high school, with more skilled technicians and technologists completing either two or four years of college.
  2. The armed forces train a large number of technicians, particularly in technical high schools.
  3. A technical education is acquired chiefly on the job , practical experience supplemented with correspondence courses and evening school.

5.
  1. Courses and programs are available in only a single field.
  2. Schools never combine agricultural and industrial training within the same school.
  3. Junior or community colleges offering courses primarily for craftspeople and technicians include courses in the liberal arts.