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Практичний курс англійської мови навчальний посібник з практики усного та письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курсу

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3.12 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in exercise .

domestic 1.1) а) домашній; сімейний domestic appliances - предмети побутового ужитку Syn: family , married б) такий, що любить сімейне життя 2) внутрішній; вітчизняний, що знаходиться в межах країни domestic trade - внутрішня торгівля domestic industry - вітчизняна промисловість 3) домашній, ручний, приручений ( про тварин ) Syn: tame 2.1) а) мешканець, мешканець будинку б) член родини 2) прислуга, слуги Syn: servant 3) а) товари вітчизняного виробництва б) ; прості бавовняні тканини в) вид сигари gross domestic product валовий внутрішній продукт

curtail 1) скорочувати, укорочувати ( лінійні розміри ); урізати, відрізати, відтинати частину 2) скорочувати ( витрати, статтю і т.п. ); зменшувати, урізувати ( текст, час і т.п. ) Syn: cut down ; abbreviate , abridge , diminish , reduce 3) позбавляти, відбирати, віднімати ( власність, права і т.п. ) Syn: deprive , rob

enterprise 1) а) сміливе підприємство, ініціатива ( дія по створенню чего-л. ) free enterprise — вільна ініціатива private enterprise — особиста ініціатива a joint enterprise — спільна ініціатива, спільне підприємство б) промислове підприємство ( фабрика, завод і т.п. ) a commercial enterprise — комерційне підприємство Syn: firm 2) заповзятливість, спритність, сміливість; ініціатива ( якість людини ) a person of great enterprise — людина великої енергії, заповзятлива людина Syn: courage , boldness , initiative 3) підприємництво free enterprise — приватне підприємництво private enterprise — приватне підприємництво Syn: business undertakings

tender 1.1) а) офіційна пропозиція ( сплатити борг, виплатити зобов'язання ) б) сума ( внесена на сплату боргу і т.п. ) plea of tender — заява в суді про готовність задовольнити грошову вимогу позивача 2) пропозиція ( про чем-л., чего-л. ) tender of friendship — пропозиція дружби a formal tender — офіційна пропозиція Syn: offer 1.3) тендер, конкурс, заявка на підряд 4) платіжний засіб legal tender — законний платіжний засіб Syn: money 2.1) а) пропонувати ( что-л. ), робити пропозицію ( про чем-л. ) to tender thanks — складати подяку to tender an apology — принести вибачення to tender оnе's resignation — подавати у відставку to tender an oath — дати клятву, заприсягтися, дати слово Syn: offer 2., proffer 2. б) надавати, вносити (суму ); сплачувати, оплачувати Syn: pay out 2) а) брати участь у тендері, конкурсі, подавати заявку ( на конкурсі, торгах ) б) подавати заяву про підписку ( на цінні папери ) - tender for
3.13 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.

 Ukraine was the second-ranking Soviet republic in industrial and agricultural production, after Russia. Long known as the "breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine traditionally had a highly developed agricultural sector because of its vast, fertile lands. It generated more than one-fourth of the total agricultural output of the Soviet Union. Industrial development was a high priority of the Soviet government. In the 1930s Ukraine experienced a rapid and extensive industrial upsurge, mainly in the mineral-rich Donets'k and Kryvyy Rih regions. Because of Soviet development, which emphasized heavy industry, Ukraine possesses one of the most industrialized economies of Europe. However, its industries are highly inefficient and in pressing need of modernization.

The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic rise in energy costs and a reduction in demand for Ukraine's products, causing a catastrophic decline in production. The problems were compounded by high rates of inflation and sluggish reforms to increase private ownership of enterprise. By 2000 , however, inflation was significantly reduced and reforms toward a system based on free enterprise were accelerated.

The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1998 was $43.6 billion. Agriculture, which includes forestry and fishing, accounted for 14 percent; industry, which includes mining, manufacturing, and construction, accounted for 34 percent; and trade and other services accounted for 51 percent.

The country's labor force totaled 25.1 million people in 1998. Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry, 40 percent in the service sector, and 20 percent in agriculture. Unemployment is rising steadily, especially in the form of hidden unemployment, which includes people who have been kept on payrolls but have not been paid salaries. Although official data reported an unemployment rate of only 1.6 percent in 1996, the minister of labor acknowledged an actual rate of more than 11 percent. Trade union membership is strong, reaching nearly 100 percent of the workforce. The miners' unions are especially active.

The primary crops are wheat, corn, and sugar beets. Small private plots account for much of the vegetables and fruits that are grown. Livestock raising is widespread and involves cattle, hogs, sheep, and goats. Despite heavy government subsidies, agricultural output in 1999 was 47 percent of the level in 1990. Collective cooperatives and state-owned farms, holdovers from the Soviet period, continue to outnumber privately owned farms; private ownership is allowed, but lack of capital, social attitudes, and the high cost of fuel have discouraged it. The major agricultural regions are located in central and southern Ukraine, where the fertile chernozem soil is found.

Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese ore and seventh largest producer of iron ore. Reserves of these minerals are located primarily in the south central Kryvyy Rih area. Ukraine is also among the world's largest producers of bituminous coal (soft coal), which is concentrated in the Donets Basin of the southeastern Donets'k region. The mining sector is hampered by outdated equipment and inefficiency, however, and its productivity severely declined between 1990 and 1995.

Ukraine has a large ferrous metallurgical industry. Heavy industries such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, and machinery and chemicals manufacturing also dominate the industrial sector. Light industries producing consumer goods such as household appliances are underdeveloped by Western standards. Between 1990 and 1995, output in major industries such as metallurgy, coal mining, and chemicals manufacturing decreased by nearly 60 percent. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's industrial sector has been cut off from its traditional markets, and supplies from former republics are no longer easily accessible. Products of relatively poor quality and stiff international competition obstruct entry into the global market, while the increasing cost of the energy needed to power industry makes many items too expensive to produce. Other products, especially those of the large defense sector, are no longer in demand.

Many of the enterprises included in the service sector are poorly developed, especially in rural areas. The tourism industry, for example, is hindered by a shortage of hotels and inadequate transportation.

Most of Ukraine's electricity (48 percent in 1998) is supplied by coal- and oil-based thermal power stations. Only 7 percent of its electricity is supplied by hydroelectric stations, most notably the Dniprohes hydroelectric station on the Dnieper near Zaporizhzhya, one of Europe's largest. Ukraine's five nuclear power stations generate 45 percent of the country's electricity. To supply its energy needs, Ukraine must import 80 percent of its natural gas and 90 percent of its oil. Lacking the funds to purchase what it needs, however, Ukraine has had to sharply curtail its consumption of these sources. The resulting energy shortage explains the country's reluctance to immediately shut down the hazardous Chernobyl' nuclear power station. Ukraine's reliance on nuclear power is expected to increase, with the government planning to complete construction on two plants that were partially built during the Soviet period.

Ukraine has an extensive state-owned and centrally planned transportation system of uneven quality. There are 176,310 km (109,554 mi) of roads and highways and 22,546 km (14,009 mi) of railroad track. The Dnieper and the Danube rivers are major waterways for international freight. Major airports are in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Donets'k, and L'viv. Air Ukraine is the national airline. The largest seaports, located on the Black Sea coast, are in Odesa, Illchinsk, and Mykolayiv. Major cities have subway systems, but automobiles are the fastest growing mode of transportation.

In September 1996 Ukraine introduced its new currency, the hryvnia (2.40 hryvni equal U.S.$1, 1998 average). The currency of the Soviet period, the ruble, ceased to be legal tender in 1992 when it was replaced with a temporary coupon currency, the karbovanets. The country's bank of issue is the National Bank of Ukraine, founded in 1991 and located in Kyiv.
3.14 Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the rendering of the proper names terms and set expressions.
  1. Ukraine was the second-ranking Soviet republic in industrial and agricultural production
  1. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic rise in energy costs and a reduction in demand for Ukraine's products
  1. The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1998 was $43.6 billion. Agriculture
  1. The country's labor force totaled 25.1 million people in 1998. Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry
  1. Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese ore and seventh largest producer of iron ore. Reserves of these minerals are located primarily in the south central Kryvyy Rih area. Ukraine is also among the world's largest producers of bituminous coal (soft coal)
  1. Ukraine has a large ferrous metallurgical industry. Heavy industries such as metalworking
  1. Many of the enterprises included in the service sector are poorly developed
  1. Most of Ukraine's electricity (48 percent in 1998) is supplied by coal- and oil-based thermal power stations.
  1. Ukraine has an extensive state-owned and centrally planned transportation system of uneven quality.
3.15 Choose the statement which fits the text best.

1. a) Long known as the "breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine traditionally had an underdeveloped agricultural sector because of its vast, fertile lands.

b) It generated more than a half of the total agricultural output of the Soviet Union. Industrial development was a high priority of the Soviet government.

c) Long known as the "breadbasket of Europe," Ukraine generated more than 25% of the total agricultural output of the Soviet Union.

2. a) In the 1990s Ukraine experienced a rapid and extensive industrial upsurge, mainly in the mineral-rich Donets'k and Kryvyy Rih regions.

b) Because of Soviet development, which emphasized heavy industry, Ukraine possesses one of the most industrialized economies of Europe.

c) However, its industries are highly efficient and in pressing need of modernization.

3. a) The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a dramatic reduction in energy costs and a rise in demand for Ukraine's products.

b) The problems were compounded by zero rates of inflation and sluggish reforms to increase state ownership of enterprise.

c) By 2000 , however, inflation was significantly reduced and reforms toward a system based on free enterprise were accelerated.

4. a) The value of Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1898 was $43.6 billion.

b) Some 40 percent of workers are employed in industry and about 40 percent in the service sector.

c) Unemployment is rising steadily, especially in the form of hidden unemployment, which includes people who have been kept on payrolls and have been paid salaries.

5. a) Ukraine is the world's third largest producer of manganese ore and the second largest producer of iron ore.

b) Ukraine is also among the world's largest producers of bituminous coal (soft coal), which is concentrated in the south central Kryvyy Rih area.

c) Heavy industries such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, and machinery and chemicals manufacturing also dominate the industrial sector.