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Е. В. Захарова язык и культура великобритании в условиях европейской интеграции предисловие данное учебное пособие

Вид материалаУчебное пособие
Unit iii. going democratic in the church of scotland; adhering to strict religious customs in the roman catholic church
Ii.vocabulary focus
Iii. interpretation
Iv. speaking personally
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UNIT III. GOING DEMOCRATIC IN THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND;

ADHERING TO STRICT RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS IN

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH




I. READING COMPREHENSION


A. Pre-reading task. Answer the questions:


1) Do you know anything about the Church of Scotland? Is it different from the Anglican Church?

2) In what countries is the Roman Catholic Church traditionally strong?


B. Read and translate the following text. Make use of the words and expressions given below:


Be opposed to smth – выступать против чего-либо

Proponent – сторонник; защитник; поборник

Altar – алтарь

Pulpit – кафедра (проповедника)

Preach – проповедовать; читать проповедь

Be subject to smb/smth – подчиняться

Minister – священник (неангликанский)

Ministry – духовенство; пастырство

Enter the ministry – принять духовный сан

Elder – церковный пресвитер; церковный староста

Presbytery – (церк.) пресвитерия

Moderator – председательствующий; глава пресвитерианской церкви

persecution – преследования

prejudice – предвзятое мнение; предубеждение

claim – претендовать; заявлять

hereditary – наследственный

deprived areas – бедные районы

convert –( рел) новообращенный

adherence to smth – приверженность чему-либо; точное соблюдение чего-либо


The Church of Scotland was created in 1560 by John Knox who was opposed to the idea of bishop’s rule and considered that the English Church had not moved sufficiently far from Rome. The Scottish Church followed the teachings of Calvin, a leading proponent of the European Reformation, and developed a rather severe form of Presbyterian Protestantism. The churches are plain (there is no altar, only a table) and the emphasis is on the pulpit where the gospel is preached. Unlike the Church of England, the Church of Scotland is subject neither to the Crown, nor to Parliament. The church is generally known as the Scottish Kirk and has the adult membership of about 800,000.

The Kirk is more democratic than the Church of England, it has a Presbyterian form of government. The 1,300 churches are governed locally by Kirk Sessions, consisting of ministers and elected elders. The minister and one of these elders represent the Kirk at the regional presbytery. Each of the 46 presbyteries of Scotland elects two commissioners to represent at the principal governing body of the Church – the General Assembly. It meets every year under the presidency of an elected Moderator who serves for one year and is the leader of the church.

In keeping with its democratic nature, it admits women as well as men to the ministry.

The Roman Catholic Church in Britain experienced much persecution and discrimination after the Reformation. In England it had ceased to exist in the 16th century (only in 1829 were Catholic priests allowed to live within five miles of towns) and was formally restored in 1850. In Scotland the Church’s formal structure was not restored until 1878.However, through this period Catholicism never disappeared entirely .For the preceding 300 years some Catholic families had refused to accept the new Church and were regarded not wholeheartedly English. The English Protestant prejudice that to be a Catholic is to be not wholly English has only really disappeared in the past twenty-five years.

Since 1850 the Roman Catholic Church has grown rapidly. Today Catholicism is widely practiced throughout Britain and enjoys complete freedom, except that no Catholic can become monarch. The head of the Church in England is the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, and the senior lay Catholic is the Duke of Norfolk.

About 10 per cent of British citizens (some 5.7 million) claim to be Roman Catholics. It would seem that the Catholic community is made up of the very rich and very poor. The former are some of the oldest aristocratic families that are traditionally Catholic; of these the Howards (the hereditary Dukes of Norfolk) are the most famous. The latter are represented by large numbers of Irish immigrants and working class people in deprived areas . Recently there has been a trickle of middle-class converts, including a number of intellectuals, mainly writers.

Most Catholics are strict in their adherence to religious customs. The church continues to emphasize the important role of education for its children, and requires its members to try to bring up their children in the Catholic faith. There are as many as 2,500 Catholic schools in Britain who are often staffed by members of religious orders. These orders also perform considerable social work such as nursing, hospital duties, childcare and running homes for the elderly.


C. Write the outline of the text enumerating all the main facts.


II.VOCABULARY FOCUS


A. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Russian:


The teachings of smb; emphasis; adult membership; governing body; to admit; to experience discrimination; wholeheartedly; lay; to be made up of; the latter.


In which situations are they given in the text? Reproduce them.


B. Find the English equivalents in the text:


Власть епископа; форма правления; избранный; под председательством; в соответствии с чем-либо; прекращать существование; официально восстановить; предшествующие года; пользоваться полной свободой; пожилые люди.


Think of your own sentences with these expressions


C. Match the words which collocate with each other:

1. governing a. proponent

2. enjoy b. faith

3. catholic c. areas

4. leading d. body

5. deprived e. freedom


D. Match the words which are close in their meaning:

1. rapidly a. genuinely

2. opposed b. total

3. entirely c. antagonistic

4. wholeheartedly d. speeding

5. complete e. totally


E. Match the words having the opposing meaning:

1. entirely a. leisurely

2. opposed b. insincerely

3. complete c. partially

4. rapidly d. supporting

5. wholeheartedly e. lacking


F. Match the words and their definitions:

a. persecution
1... someone who has changed their beliefs in an important way

b. Gospel
2.. to talk about a religious subject at a religious meeting, especially in church.

c. prejudice
3.. extremely bad treatment of smb, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs.

d. to preach
4.. the things Jesus said and taught

e. convert
5. an unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially the feeling of not liking a particular group of people


.

G. Translate the following sentences into Russian


1) He may face persecution if he returns to his homeland.

2) They have been working hard to overcome prejudice against women in politics.

3) Once a communist, he is now a convert to capitalism.

4) That afternoon he preached to three thousand people.

5) Jesus told his disciples to go and preach the Gospel.


H. Use the negative prefixes (ir; un; in). Translate the words into Russian:

1) __ complete 4) __ important 7) __ democratic

2) __ traditional 5) __ considerable 8) __ formally

3) __ religious 6) __ sufficiently


I. Insert prepositions where necessary (with; under; of; to; in; up):

1. to be opposed __ smth 6. to be made __ __ smb

2. to be subject __ smth 7. to be strict __ smth

3. to consist __ smb 8. adherence __ smth

4. to be held___ presidency of smb 9. to bring ___ children

5. ___ keeping ___ smth 10. to enjoy ___ freedom


J. Complete the sentences using the words in the box:

presidency enjoys teachings

persecution elderly experienced

practiced perform running


1. The Scottish Church followed the ___ of Calvin.

2. It meets every year under the ___ of an elected Moderator.

3. The Roman Catholic Church in Britain ___ much ___ and discrimination after the Reformation.

4. Today Catholicism widely ___ throughout Britain and ___ complete freedom.

5. These orders also ___ considerable social work such as nursing, hospital duties , childcare and ___ homes for the ___.


K. In which meanings are the following words used in the text:


1. To preach

a. to give people advice or tell them how to behave in a way that annoys them

b. to talk about a religious subject at a religious meeting, especially in church

c. to express a strong opinion and try to persuade other people to except it


2. to be subject to smth

a. likely to experience smth or be effected by smth

b. in a situation where you have to obey a rule or law

c. depending on whether smth happens


3. to claim

a. to say that smth is true, even though there is no definite proof.

b. to say that smth is yours, especially as a right

c. to need smth such as your attention or time


L. Complete the sentences:

1) A special table where religious ceremonies are performed, especially in a Christian church is called

a) a pulpit b) an altar c) a rostrum


2) The place where a priest stands to talk to people in a church is

a) a parvis b) a pulpit c) a vestry


3) A person who publicly supports an idea, policy, plan etc. is called

a) an opponent b) a protagonist c) a proponent


4) If a title or right is officially passed from a parent to their child, this title or right is

a) heir b) hereditary c) heritage


5) If someone is badly treated, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs, it means that they are

a) prosecuted b) persecuted c) persuaded


III. INTERPRETATION


A. Now reread the text and answer the following questions:

1) When and by whom was the Church of Scotland created? Do you now any facts concerning the history of the European Reformation?

2) Why is the Kirk considered more democratic than the Church of England?

3) How is it organized?

4) What persecution did the Roman Catholic Church experience in Britain after the Reformation?

5) How can you explain the fact that the Catholic community is made up of the very rich and very poor?


B. Paraphrase the following statements:

1) John Knox was opposed to the idea of bishop’s rule.

2) Unlike the Church of England, the Church of Scotland is subject neither to the Crown, nor to Parliament.

3) In keeping with its democratic nature, it admits women as well as men to the ministry.

4) Some Catholic families had refused to accept the new church and were regarded not wholeheartedly English.

5) Recently there has been a trickle of middle-class converts.


IV. SPEAKING PERSONALLY


Discuss with your partners how you understand the statements:

1. The Scottish Church developed a rather severe form of Presbyterian Protestantism.

2. Today Catholicism is widely practiced throughout Britain and enjoys complete freedom, except that no Catholic can become monarch.


Make use of the expressions:

Just so Surely

Quite so Certainly not

Naturally I doubt it

Most likely Nothing of the kind