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Е. В. Захарова язык и культура великобритании в условиях европейской интеграции предисловие данное учебное пособие

Вид материалаУчебное пособие
Unit ii. the church of compromise
Ii. vocabulary focus
Iii. interpretation
Iv. speaking personally
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UNIT II. THE CHURCH OF COMPROMISE



I. READING COMPREHENSION


A. Pre-reading Task. Answer the questions:


1) How do you understand the term ‘established’ church?

2) What role do you think the Church of England play in the society?


B. Read and translate the following text. Make use of the words and expressions given below:


Break away –разорвать (отношения)

Throne – трон

Next in line to the throne – следующий претендент на трон

Cause a crisis – привести к кризису

Claim to the throne – претензии на трон

Heir – наследник

Succeed to the throne – взойти на трон

Abdicate – отречься (от престола); сложить полномочия

Renounce a title – отказаться от титула

Be crowned – быть коронованным

Clergy – духовенство

Cleric – духовное лицо

Archbishop – архиепископ

Bishop – епископ

Dean – декан (духовный сан ниже епископа)

lay members of the Church – миряне

oath of allegiance – клятва верности

spiritual – духовный

ecclesiastical – духовный, церковный

diocese – епархия

see – епископат

theology – теология

distance oneself – отдаляться

clash over smth – столкнуться по поводу

conventional – консервативный, традиционный

social composition – социальный состав

tabloid press – бульварная пресса

endorse – подтверждать, одобрять

reigning monarch – правящий монарх


There are two established or state churches in Britain: the Church of England, or Anglican Church as it is also called, and the Church of Scotland, or ‘Kirk’.

In 1533 the English king, Henry VIII, broke away from Rome and declared himself head of the Church in England. His reason was political: the Pope’s refusal to allow him to divorce his wife, who had failed to produce a son. Apart from this administrative break, the Church at first remained more Catholic than Protestant. However, during the next two centuries when religion was a vital political issue in Europe, the Church of England became more Protestant in belief as well as organization.

Ever since 1534 the monarch has been Supreme Governor of the Church of England. No one may take the throne who is not a member of the Church of England. For any Protestant this would be unlikely to be a problem, since the Church of England already includes a wide variety of Protestant belief. However, if the monarch or the next in line to the throne decided to marry a Roman Catholic or a divorcee, this might cause a constitutional crisis. It has always been understood that if such a marriage went ahead, the monarch or heir would have to give up their claim to the throne. In 1936 Edward VIII, who had only just succeeded to the throne, abdicated in order to marry a divorcee. Today it is more likely that the monarch or heir would marry the person he or she loved, and would renounce the title of Supreme Governor of the Church. It might pose a constitutional crisis, but is less likely to be one for the Church. The monarch is crowned by the senior Anglican cleric, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but if the monarch renounced Supreme Governorship of the Church, this ceremony might be abandoned or radically changed.

As Head of the Church of England, the monarch appoints the archbishops, bishops and deans of the Church, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister ,who might not be an Anglican. The Prime Minister makes a recommendation from two nominee candidates, put forward by a special Crown Appointments Commission (composed of bishops, clergy and lay members of the Church). All Anglican clergy must take an oath of allegiance to the Crown, a difficult proposition for any priest who is a republican at heart .Thus Church and Crown in England are closely entwined, with mutual bonds of responsibility.

The most senior spiritual leaders of the Church of England are the Archbishop of Canterbury who is ‘Primate of All England’, and the Archbishop of York, who is ‘Primate of England’. They are head of the two ecclesiastical provinces of England, Canterbury and York. Both provinces are divided into dioceses, each under a bishop. The choice of Canterbury and York is historical. Canterbury is the site of where St Augustine reestablished the Christian church in England at the end of the sixth century, The see of York was founded in the early seventh century by an envoy of St Augustine to this capital of Northumbria.

The Archbishop of Canterbury is head of the Anglican ‘Communion’, This Communion is composed of the various independent churches which have grown out of the Church of England in various parts of the world. In fact, England accounts for only two of the 28 provinces of the Anglican Church. In theory, about 40 per cent of the English might say were members of the Church of England. Far fewer ever actually attend, a drop of over 13 per cent since 1988. It is also a small proportion of the 70 million active Anglicans worldwide. More Nigerians, for example, than English are regular attenders of the Anglican Church. It is said that most of the ‘ruling establishment’ of Washington belong to the Episcopal Church, the Anglican Church of the United States.

Once in every 10 years the Archbishop of Canterbury invites all the bishops of the Anglican Communion to a conference at Lambeth in London to exchange views and debate issues of concern. Rather like the Commonwealth Conference, the Lambeth Conference provides an opportunity for the sister churches from every continent to meet and share their different concerns and perspectives.

The Church of England is considered to be a ‘broad’ church because it includes a wide variety of belief and practice. Traditionally there have been two poles in membership, the Evangelicals and the Anglo-Catholic. The Evangelicals, who have become proportionately stronger in recent years, give greater emphasis to basing all faith and practice on the Bible. The Anglo-Catholics give greater weight to Church tradition and Catholic practices.

The Church of England is above all things a church of compromise. It prefers to live with disagreements of belief rather than apply authoritarian decisions. It fudges issues where it can to keep its broad body of believers together. In that sense the Church of England is profoundly typical of the English character. It distrusts the rigid logic of a particular tradition of theology and prefers the illogical but practical atmosphere of ‘live and let live’ within a broader church climate.

The Church of England was traditionally identified with the ruling establishment and with authority, but it has been distancing itself over the past 25 years or so, and may eventually disengage from the state. ’Disestablishment’, as this is known, becomes a topic for discussion each time the Church and state clash over some issue.

Nevertheless, the Church of England remains overwhelmingly conventional and middle class in its social composition, having been mainly middle and upper class in character since the industrial Revolution. Most working-class people in England and Wales who are religious belong to the nonconformist or ‘Free’ Churches, while others have joined the Catholic Church in the past 140 years.

Speaking about the present day role the Church of England plays in the life of the English people one cannot but mention the fact that the relation between religious principles and the personal morality of members of the Royal Family is closely observed and is of continuous interest to the British people and the tabloid press. Though the monarch’s religious role no longer includes the ‘divine right of Kings’ (the idea that the monarch’s role is endorsed by God), people now expect the royals to set personal standards in social and religious institutions such as matrimony. Revelations in the mid-1990s about the adulterous liaisons of both Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales, compounded by speculation about possible future marriages, mattered to many people because the reigning monarch is still the head of the church, the institution which above all others is supposed to offer moral guidance to the country. Likewise, prominent politicians in the UK are still expected to endorse religious belief and to attend church occasionally, while the Church is expected not to get involved in party politics.


C. Write 10 questions giving an outline of the text

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


II. VOCABULARY FOCUS


A. Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:

To produce a son; nominee candidate; to be entwined; mutual bonds of responsibility; an envoy; to set personal standards; adulterous liason; to offer moral guidance; to account for; issues of concern; to apply authoritarian decisions.

In which situations are they given in the text? Reproduce them.


B. Find the English equivalents in the text:


По рекомендации кого-либо; выдвинуть (предложение); принять клятву верности; в душе; институт брака; состоять из; отделиться от государства; со временем; в подавляющем большинстве; придавать большое значение чему-либо.


Think of your own sentences with these expression


C. Match the words which collocate with each other:

1. constitutional a. emphasis

2. spiritual b. crisis

3. social c. leaders

4. greater d. attenders

5. regular e. composition


D. Match the words which are close in their meaning:

1. allegiance a. clerical

2. drop b. implausible

3. ecclesiastic c. downfall

4. adulterous d. fidelity

5. unlikely e. unfaithful


E. Match the words having the opposing meaning:

1. drop a. chaste

2. adulterous b. secular

3. unlikely c. rise

4. allegiance d. probably

5. ecclesiastic e. disloyalty


F. Match the words and their definitions:

1. someone who will receive money, property or a title when another person dies
a. to endorse

2. of the usual, traditional, or accepted type, instead of being new and different.
b. to abdicate

3. to express support for someone or smth, especially in public

c. conventional

4. to stop accepting a particular responsibility or obligation
d. to renounce

5. to state formally that you want to give up a right, title, position etc.
e. heir



.


G. Translate the following sentences into Russian:


1. He was an heir to a grocery fortune.

2. The problems are associated with conventional methods of energy production.

3. All endorsed the treaty as critically important to achieve peace.

4. The government cannot abdicate responsibility for national security.

5. They refuse to renounce their claim on the territory.


H. Use the negative prefixes. ( dis; ir; im; un): Translate the words into Russian


1. __ regular

2. __ belief

3. __ typical

4. __ practical

5. __ conventional

6. __ morality


I. Insert prepositions where necessary (into; of; to; from; for):

1. to be composed ___ smth 6. Apart ___ smth

2. to account ___ smth 7. a claim ___ smth

3. to belong ___ smth 8. allegiance ___ smb

4. to be typical ___ smb 9. to renounce ___ smth

5. to divorce ___ smb 10. to be divided ___ smth


J. Complete the sentences using the words in the box:


declared allegiance accounts for

a constitutional crisis belief and practice broke away

throne clergy



1. In 1533 the English King, Henry VIII ___ from Rome and ___ himself head of the Church of England.

2. If the monarch or the next in line to the ___ decided to marry a Roman Catholic or a divorcee, this might cause ___.

3. All Anglican ___ must take an oath of ___ to the Crown.

4. In fact England ___ only two of the 28 provinces of the Church of England.

5. The Church of England is considered to be a ‘broad’ church because it includes a wide variety of _


K. In which meanings are the following words used in the text:


1. to succeed

a. to achieve smth that you planned to do or attemped to do

b. to do well in school, in your career or on some other activity

c. to replace someone in an important or powerful job or position

.

2. to attend

a. to look after someone, especially someone who is ill or someone in an important position

b. to be present at an event or activity

c. to exist with smth else or happen as a result of it


3. to renounce

a. to state formally that you no longer believe in smth or support smth

b. to state formally that you want to give up a right, title, position, etc.


III. INTERPRETATION


A. Now reread the text and answer the following questions:


1) What were the reasons for breaking away from the Roman Catholic church in the sixteenth century?

2) Do you know why the Church of England at first remained more Catholic than Protestant?

3) What brought about its becoming more Protestant in belief as well as organization?

4) How do you understand the statement that the Church of England includes a wide variety of Protestant belief?

5) Why could the decision of the monarch or the next in line to the throne to marry a Roman Catholic or divorcee cause a constitutional crisis?

6) Is it compulsory for the Prime Minister to be an Anglican?

7) What are the two ecclesiastical provinces of England and why?

8) What are the two traditional poles in the membership of the Church of England?

9) What is the Church of England traditionally identified with?

10) Is the disengagement of the Church from the state eventually possible?


B. Paraphrase the following statements and comment on them:


1) For any Protestant this would be unlikely to be a problem, since the Church of England already includes a wide variety of Protestant belief.

2) It might pose a constitutional crisis, but it is less likely to be one for the Church.

3) All Anglican clergy must take an oath of allegiance to the Crown, a difficult proposition for any priest who is a republican at heart.

4) Church and Crown in England are closely entwined, with mutual bonds of responsibility.

6) It distrusts the rigid logic of a particular tradition of theology and prefers the illogical but practical atmosphere of ‘live and let live’ within a broader church climate.


IV. SPEAKING PERSONALLY


Discuss with your partner how you understand the statements:


1) The Church of England is above all things a church of compromise

2) The Church of England is profoundly typical of the English character.


Try using the following phrases:

It looks like____ because ___

It seems to me that it’s ___ because

I don’t think it’s ___ because

I think this comes from ___ because