Е. В. Воевода английский язык великобритания: история и культура Great Britain: Culture across History Учебное пособие

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Содержание 14. The development of the English languageChanges in the language The spread of English. Variants of English. Spelling differences Phonetic differences Lexical differences Grammatical differences Absence of necessity United Kingdom Assignments (3) II. Get ready to speak on the following topics

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  14. The development of the English language
  
  Changes in the language

In recent decades the English language in the UK has undergone certain phonetic, lexical and grammatical changes:

• Instead of the sound [W] we now hear [a] in the words ‘apple, sand, Trafalgar Square’. The sound [e] as in the words ‘letter, send’ has become more open – [E].
  
• There is a general tendency to use the verb ‘to arrive’ rather than ‘to come’; the phrase ‘I would like’ instead of ‘I want’ and, naturally, the words ‘joyful, lively’ instead of ‘gay’ which is now used in the meaning of ‘homosexual’
  
• 1. The verb ‘will’ has distinctly become purely modal, especially in what we used to know as the Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense. Hence, most linguists now prefer to speak about the ways of expressing a future action (including “will” for a future action) rather than speak about the use of Future Indefinite. At the same time, Future Continuous is being increasingly used. 2. The difference in use between the modal verbs ‘can’ and ‘may’ denoting permission has practically disappeared.
  

• The spread of English. Variants of English.

Historically, the British colonial expansion brought about a quick spread of English to the new territories. The American continent, Australia and New Zealand, South-East Asia and part of the Middle East were conquered by English in no time. At the same time, English became the language spoken in the former Celtic territories – Wales, Scotland and Ireland. When Ireland gained independence and proclaimed a republic, it made Irish its state language, but English remains as the second state language.

The four centuries of more or less independent development of the English language on the American continent have left their traces in the language. To begin with, American English is not a separate language, it is just a variant of English, just like Canadian English, Australian English and even UN English.

The following charts show major spelling, phonetic, lexical and grammatical differences between the British and American variants of English.

1. Spelling differences
   

British English		American English
-our -re -ogue -amme -ough -ce -s- -lling	colour centre, theatre dialogue, monologue programme though, through defence, offence realise, organization travelling	-or -er -og -am – -se -z- -ling	color center, theater dialog, monolog program tho, thru defense, offense realize, organization traveling

2. Phonetic differences
   

Word	British English (traditional / modern)	American English
duty	['dju:tI]	['du:tI]
tune	[tju:n]	[tu:n]
stop	[stop]	[stAp]
year	[jIR]	[jER]
apple	[Wpl] / [apl]	[Wpl]
sand	[sWnd] / [sand]	[sWnd]

3. Lexical differences
   

Word	British English	American English
corn bug	зерно клоп	кукуруза жук
лифт конфеты сзади метро тротуар трамвай магазин посылать по почте осень две недели заполнять анкету убирать комнату отличный от… в выходные в больнице (-у) принимать ванну взять отпуск сделать перерыв	lift sweets behind underground pavement tram shop to send autumn two weeks to fill in / out a form to do up a room different from / to at the weekend in / to hospital to have a bath to have a holiday to have a break	elevator candy back of metro, subway sidewalk streetcar store to mail fall fortnight to fill out a form to do over a room different from /than on the weekend in / the hospital to take a bath to take a vacation to take a break

4. Grammatical differences
   

British English	American English
Absence of necessity:
needn’t / don’t need to	don’t need to
After demand, insist, etc.:
should do	subjubctive (should is not used)
Regular and irregular verb:
1. burn – burned – burned burn – burnt – burnt 2. spell – spelled – spelled spell – spelt – spelt 3. get – got – got	1. burn – burned - burned 2. spell – spelled – spelled 3. get – got – gotten
An action in the past with a result at the moment of speech:
Present Perfect	Present Perfect or Past Indefinite

Today English is increasingly being used as a global language. Non-native speakers of English now outnumber native speakers 3 to 1. The new English speakers aren’t just passively absorbing the language – they are shaping it. New Englishes are mushrooming all over the globe, ranging from “Englog,” spoken in the Philippines, to “Hinglish” the mix of Hindi and English that now crops up everywhere from fast food advertisements to South-Asian college campuses. In South Africa, many Blacks have adopted their own version of English as a sign of freedom – in contrast to Afrikaans, the language of oppression. The English-Spanish hybrid spoken in the United States and Mexico is known as Spanglish. All languages are works in progress. But English’s globalization, unprecedented in the history of languages will revolutionize it in ways we can only begin to imagine.

DO YOU KNOW THAT

Elizabeth II is the queen regnant of sixteen independent states known as the Commonwealth realms. All together, these countries have a combined population, including dependencies, of over 129 million. She holds each crown separately and equally in a shared monarchy, and carries out duties in and on behalf of all the states of which she is sovereign. In theory her powers are vast; however, in practice, and in accordance with convention, she rarely intervenes in political matters. During World War II, Princes Elizabeth Windsor trained as a driver and mechanic, drove a military truck, and rose to the rank of Junior Commander. She is, at present, “the only living head of state who served in uniform during World War II”. Although the first recorded proposal for a metric system was made in 1668 and the adoption of metric units has been discussed regularly by Parliament since 1818, the United Kingdom is still currently using non-metric units. The use of non-metric units as supplementary units is likely to continue beyond the projected end date of 2009. Informal usage of Imperial units remains widespread among people of all ages and the media, particularly for describing body measurements.

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ASSIGNMENTS (3)

I. Review the material of Section 3 and do the following test. Check yourself by the key at the end of the book.

Test 3

1. The Romantic writers and poets were
   

1. W. Scott; b. R. Burns; c. G. Byron; d. W. Wordsworth; e. O. Goldsmith
   

2. The Chartist movement appeared in the … century.
   

a. late 18^th; b. early 19^th; c. middle of the 19^th; d. late 19th

3. Florence Nightingale is the heroine of the … war.
   

1. Napoleonic; b. Crimean; c. Boer
   

4. The Victorian age falls on the … century.
   

1. late 18^th; b. early 19^th; c. late 19^th; d. 19th
   

5. Disraeli was
   

1. an artist; b. a prime minister; c. a musician
   

6. The writers of the Victorian age are
   

1. Goldsmith; b. Dickens; c. Maugham; d. Ch. Bronte; e. Milton; f. Thackeray
   

7. The women-writers are
   

1. G. Eliot; b. E. Gaskell; c. P. Shelley; d. J. Austen; e. A. Tennyson; f. E. Bronte
   

8. J. Constable and W. Turner were outstanding English
   

1. artists; b. writers; c. musicians; d. politicians
   

9. English policemen are called “bobbies” after
   

1. Robert Peel; b. Robert Browning; c. Robert Walpole
   

10. A workhouse was
    

1. a factory for poor workers; b. a prison for homeless children; c. a public institution for sheltering homeless people in return for work
   

11. The fall of the colonial system came
    

a. after World War I; b. after World War II; c. in the 1980s.

12. American English is

a. a separate language; b. a variant of English; c. a dialect of English.


II. Get ready to speak on the following topics:

1. The Industrial Revolution and the development of England’s economy in the 18^th century.

2. English Enlightenment.

3. Britain in the two World Wars.

4. Great Britain between the two world wars. The development of the economy. The Great Depression. The general strike.

5. The fall of the colonial system and the British Empire.

6. Britain’s political an economic relations with European countries and the USA in the post-war period.

7. Literature and Arts in the 20^th century.

8. Changes in the English language. Variants of English. The spread of English.


III. Topics for presentations:

• The Industrial Revolution in England.
  
• The Victorian age.
  
• The 19^th century British society.
  

• The history of monarchy in Britain
  
• The Church of England.
  
• British society today.
  

GLOSSARY

Chapter 1
1. archbishop [Q:tS'bISRp] –	архиепископ
2. arms	оружие
3. brethren ['breTrRn] –	братство (религ.)
4. bronze [brOnz] –	бронза
5. case endings –	падежные окончания
6. cattle –	скот
7. 'chariot –	колесница
8. the clergy –	духовенство
9. to con'vert (to) –	обращать (в)
10. copper –	медь
11. correlation [LkOrI'leISn] –	соответствие
12. descendant [dI'sendRnt]–	потомок
13. drainage ['dreInIdG] –	1. дренаж; 2. канализация
14. to drive off (away) –	выгонять, сгонять
15. dwelling –	жилище
16. earl [R:l] –	эрл, ярл
17. fierce ['fIRs] –	свирепый
18. glacier ['gleISR] –	ледник
19. to grind [graInd] –	1. шлифовать; 2. молоть
20. hermit ['hR:mIt] –	отшельник
21. heir [ER] –	наследник
22. to in'habit –	населять
23. legion ['li:dGn] –	легион
24. mammoth ['mWmRY] –	мамонт
25. martyr ['mQ:tR] –	мученик
26. monk [mANk] –	монах
27. pagan ['peIgRn] –	язычник; языческий
28. to 'persecute –	преследовать
29. plough [plau] –	плуг
30. to plunder ['plAndR] –	грабить
31. pre'dominant –	преимущественный
32. pre'dominantly –	преимущественно
33. pre'vailing –	преобладающий
34. raid –	набег
35. reminiscence [LremI'nIsns]–	воспоминание
36. to resist [rI'zIst] –	сопротивляться
37. revival [rI'vaIvl] –	возрождение
38. the Rhine [raIn]–	Рейн (река)
39. rite –	обряд
40. 'Roman –	римский
41. rune [ru:n] –	руна
42. 'runic –	рунический
43. to slay (slain) –	убивать
44. slanted ['slQ:ntId] –	косой (о линиях)
45. to sow –	сеять
46. spear [spIR]–	копье
47. to surrender [sR'rendR]–	покориться
48. sun-worshipper –	огнепоклонник
49. sword [sO:d] –	меч
50. temple –	храм
51. tin –	олово
52. tool –	орудие
53. tribe –	племя
54. tributary ['trIbjutRrI] –	приток
55. troops –	войска
56. to Lunder'estimate –	недооценивать
57. 'valley –	долина
58. weapons [wepnz] –	оружие
59. whale [weIl] –	кит
60. whalebone –	китовая кость
61. to worship ['wR:SIp] –	молиться на, обожествлять