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Статья по предмету Разное

  • 921. William Makepeace Thackeray
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    Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. Richmond Thackeray, born at South Mimms, went to India at the age of sixteen to assume his duties as writer. By 1804 he had fathered a daughter by a native mistress, the mother and daughter being named in his will. Such liaisons being common among gentlemen of the East India Company, it formed no bar to his courting and marrying Anne Becher. Anne Becher (17921864) was the second daughter of Harriet and John Harman Becher, also a writer for the East India Company. They sent Anne abroad in 1809, telling her that the man she loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, had died. This was not true, but her family wanted a better marriage for her than with Carmichael-Smyth, a military man. She married Richmond Thackeray on 13 October 1810. The truth was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited to dinner the supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth. After Richmond's death, Henry Carmichael-Smyth married Anne in 1818 and they returned to England the next year.

  • 922. William Shakeseare
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    During Shakespeare's early career, dramatists invariably sold their plays to an actor's company, who then took charge of them, prepared working promptbooks, and did their best to prevent another company or a publisher from getting copies; in this way they could exploit the plays themselves for as long as they drew an audience. But some plays did get published, usually in small books called quartos. Occasionally plays were "pirated," the text being dictated by one or two disaffected actors from the company that had performed it or else made up from shorthand notes taken surreptitiously during performance and subsequently corrected during other performances; parts 2 and 3 of the Henry VI (1594 and 1595) and Hamlet (1603) quartos are examples of pirated, or "bad," texts. Sometimes an author's "foul papers" (his first complete draft) or his "fair" copy--or a transcript of either of these--got into a publisher's hands, and "good quartos" were printed from them, such as those of Titus Andronicus (1594), Love's Labour's Lost (1598), and Richard II (1597). After the publication of "bad" quartos of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet (1597), the Chamberlain's Men probably arranged for the release of the "foul papers" so that second--"good"--quartos could supersede the garbled versions already on the market. This company had powerful friends at court, and in 1600 a special order was entered in the Stationers' Register to "stay" the publication of As You Like It, Much Ado About Nothing, and Henry V, possibly in order to assure that good texts were available. Subsequently Henry V (1600) was pirated, and Much Ado About Nothing was printed from "foul papers"; As You Like It did not appear in print until it was included in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies, published in folio (the reference is to the size of page) by a syndicate in 1623 (later editions appearing in 1632 and 1663).

  • 923. William Shakespeare
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    Shakespeare's work as a playwright is subdivided into 3 periods. Written in the first period, Shakespeare's plays are mostly history plays like "Henry VI", and comedies with strong elements of farce. His masterpiece of this period is "Romeo and Juliet". In the second period Shakespeare wrote a number of comedies where he moved away from farce towards romance. In the third period, after 1600, appeared his major tragedies - "Hamlet", "Othello". They presented a clear opposition of order to chaos, good to evil. Shakespeare was a great poet and would be well known for his poetry alone. His major achievement as a poet is his sonnets, first published in 1609. A sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines, with a moral at the end. The sonnets are addressed to some "W.H.", and to mysterious "Dark Lady of Sonnets". The sonnets deal with the great themes of love, friendship, death, change and immortality. Shakespeare looks at his own poetry as a means of immortality. Shakespeare's sonnets are excellent. They are full of harmony and music; they praise love, friendship and beauty, though there is no sentimentality in them. Shakespeare's poetry is at the summit of human achievement. Many centuries have passed since his death in 1616, but Shakespeare is still considered to be the greatest of all playwrights and poets. The prideses of Shakespeare. The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16'th and begining of 17'th centure.Sometimes it's called "Elizabethen age" after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized. The english people were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight's of literature of this period were riached in drama. 2. Life of Shakespeare. The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people "Our National Bard", "The Immortal. Poet of nature" and "The Great Unknown". More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described as beign in the middle of England. Shakespeare's father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners. Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering of Greek. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith. Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of "the Globe" theatre and later of "the Blackfriars" theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609. 3. Shakespeare's works. Shakespeare's literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeare's comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are: "Richard 3" (1592), "The comedy of errors" (1592), "Romeo and Juliet" (1594), "Julius Caesar" (1599), "As you like it" (1599), 1600 - "Twelth night". Shakespe-are's poems are also attributed to the first period, "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucrece", and 154 sonnets. "Venus and Adonis" was the first of Shakespeare's works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeare's creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period: 1601 - "Hamlet", 1604 - "Othello". Shakespeare's plays of the third period are called the "Romantic dramas". There is no tragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609 till 1612. 1609 - "Cymbeline", 1610 - "The Winters Tale", 1612 - "Henry 8".

  • 924. William Wordsworth
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    In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" which is called the 'manifest' of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems ' Experimental'. 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he also met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume had neither the name of Wordsworth nor Coleridge as the author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was significantly augmented in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry askeets "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.

  • 925. Winning a Fortune english
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    После буржуазной французской революции и образования северо -американских штатов наступил окончательный крах патриархальной цивилизации. Вандейское восстание было, вероятно, последней вспышкой сакрального огня. В девятнадцатом веке мужское начало рассеялось в материально ориентированном мире, давая о себе знать в дендизме, в художественных направлениях, в независимой философской мысли, в авантюрах исследователей неведомых стран. Но его представители, разумеется, не могли остановить позитивистского прогресса. Общество любило выражать локальное восхищение их книгами, картинами и высокими деяниями, но в целом относилось к ним очень и очень подозрительно. Макс и Фрейд много сделали для победы материалистической гинекократии. Один объявил стремление к экономическому благосостоянию главной движущей силой истории, другой выразил глобальное сомнение в психическом здоровье людей, чьи духовные интересы не служат "общественному благу". Носители подлинного мужского начала постепенно превратились в "лишних людей" наподобие некоторых героев русской литературы. "Wozu ein Dichter?" (Зачем поэт?) иронически спросил Гельдерлин еще начале прошлого века. Действительно, зачем нужны в прагматическом обществе прожектеры, изобретатели миражей, опасных доктрин и прочие мастера беспокойного присутствия? Готфрид Бенн точно отразил ситуацию в замечательном эссе "Паллада": "... представители умирающего пола, пригодные лишь в качестве сооткрывателей дверей рождения... Они пытаются завоевать автономию своими системами, негативными или противоречивыми иллюзиями все эти ламы, будды, божественные короли, святые и спасители, которые в реальности не спасли никого и ничего все эти трагические, одинокие мужчины, чуждые вещественности, глухие к тайному зову матери-земли, угрюмые путники... В социально высоко организованных государствах, в государствах жесткокрылых, где все нормально заканчивается спариванием, их ненавидят и терпят только до поры до времени".

  • 926. World War I and the Armenian Genocide
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    With onslaught of World War I, the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire engaged during the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was due to the fact that the Russian army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide. However as Turkey is an ally of the west and holds a strategic position near to the Middle East, both the United States and United Kingdom governments continue to maintain that there is a lack of unequivocal evidence to categorise the events as genocide. Turkish authorities maintain that the deaths were the result of a civil war coupled with disease and famine, with casualties incurred by both sides. Most estimates for the number of Armenians killed range from 650,000 to 1.5 million. Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on April 24, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian Genocide.

  • 927. YANKA KUPALA
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    By tradition, the General Assemblies of the UN are attended by celebrated Byelorussian men of letters as members of delegations of the Byelorussian SSR. All of these have, at one time or another, been able to visit Arrow Park to place flowers at the foot of the monument to their famous countryman which proudly stands beside the monuments to Taras Shevchenko, Alexander Pushkin and Walt Whitman. The song of the Byelorussian lyre is heard amidst the swishing of the ocean surf, the rustling of copper-red maples. In the poet's staring eyes, one can discern the glimmering reflection of an ever-flaming torch. That torch gives the eerie light of the Kupala night, the light recaptured from the sinister darkness of the night. That torch is being raised high over the bearer's head, so it can be seen by all who are determined to be "called human."

  • 928. Years of UN peacekeeping efforts
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    The specialized agencies

    • The International Labour Organization (ILO) formulates policies and programs to improve working conditions and employment opportunities, and defines international labour standards as guidelines for Governments;
    • The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) works to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity and food security, and to better the conditions of rural populations;
    • The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) promotes education for all cultural development, protection of the world's natural and cultural heritage, press freedom and communication;
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates programs aimed at solving health problems and the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health: it works in areas such as immunization, health education and the provision of essential drugs;
    • The World Bank group provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce poverty and advance sustainable economic growth;
    • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) facilitates international monetary cooperation and financial stability, and provides a permanent forum for consultation, advice and assistance on financial issues;
    • The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets international standards necessary for the safety, security, efficiency and regularity of air transport, and serves as the medium for cooperation in all areas of civil aviation;
    • The Universal Postal Union (UPU) establishes international regulations for the organization and improvement of postal services, provides technical assistance and promotes cooperation in postal matters;
    • The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) fosters international cooperation for the improvement and use of telecommunications of all kinds, coordinates usage of radio and TV frequencies, promotes safety measures and conducts research;
    • The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) promotes scientific research on the atmosphere and on climate change, and facilitates the global exchange of meteorological data and information;
    • The International Maritime Organization (IMO) works to improve international shipping procedures, encourages the highest standards in marine safety, and seeks to prevent marine pollution from ships;
    • The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) promotes international protection of intellectual property and fosters cooperation on copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs and patents;
    • The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) mobilizes financial resources for better food production and nutrition among the poor in developing countries;
    • The UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) promotes the industrial advancement of developing countries through technical assistance, advisory services and training;
    • The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an autonomous intergovernmental organization under the aegis of the UN, works for the safe and peaceful uses of atomic energy;
    • The UN and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the major entity overseeing international trade, cooperate in assisting developing countries' exports through the Geneva-based International Trade Centre.
  • 929. You are old, Father William
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    Yet you (и тем не менее ты) turned a back-somersault (сделал сальто назад; turn переворачивать(ся)) in (внутрь [дома]) at the door (на пороге «в дверях»)

  • 930. Your pastime and hobby
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    Hobby is what a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. The most popular hobby is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities from gardening to traveling, from chess to volleyball. Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games. This hobby is becoming more and more popular. Making things include drawing, painting, handicrafts. Many people collect something - coins, stamps, compact discs, toys, books. Some collections have some value. Rich people often collect paintings, rare things and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to museums, libraries.

  • 931. Youth organizations in Great Britain
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    The Girl Guides Association was founded by Baden Pawell in 1910. Its divided into three sections: Brownies (from 7.5 to 11), Guides (from 11 to 16), Rangers (from 16 to 21). The programme of training is planned to develop intelligence and practical skills including cookery, needlework, childcare. Like a Scout a Girl Guide must be a friend to animals.

  • 932. Youth problems
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    The Government surveys show that every fifth teenager who was arrested for criminal actions, was younger that 14 and couldn't be sent to prison. Almost half of teenagers have an experience with drugs, alcohol and sex under age of 16. A lot of teenagers who have drug or alcohol addiction almost never believe that they are dependent. These things are often combined with family and school problems. What has gone wrong? Some specialists explane that the changes of our society, the system of our life force young people to choose their own lifestyle. On the one hand, our society agrees that 15-17-yearold people are old enough to be responsible for what they do and give them quite a lot of freedom and rights. On the other hand, most adults think that teenagers are too young to be taken seriously. This misunderstaning produced many problems. Actually, a lot of teenagers say that their parents let them do anything they want and are quite indifferent to their problems. Many teenagers get upset or depressed when they can't dissolve their problems. As a result, it makes them believe that there is only one way out - to stop living and commit suicide. No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.

  • 933. Youth problems : job, drugs
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    Another problem of young people is drugs. This is a relatively new problem but it is becoming more and more dangerous. Million young people today are using drugs, and most of them will die. Usually they want just to try it , then again and again … and after year may be two years they will die . It is true. Because there are no medicine to help you.

  • 934. Youth's Problems
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    New programs to help troubled youths are created every year. For example, the city of New York and the Rheedlen Foundation provide an after-school program at a junior high school to help keep teens from becoming juvenile delinquents. Young people can go 4 after school and talk with peer counselors (people their own age), receive academic tutoring or take part in athletic and social activities. One New York community's library offers weekday evening workshops in dance, art, music and theater. They also sponsor social events, such as theater productions, in which young people can participate. Another group, the "Youth Rescue Fund" has a celebrity peer council of 15 teenage actors and actresses who volunteer their time to increase teen crisis awareness. As one young television actress said: "Teenagers are an important resource in improving the quality of life for all people."

  • 935. Yuri Gagarin (1934-68)
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    On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin flew into space and spent 108 minutes there. It was the first time in history that the Russian spaceship "Vostok" with the man on board was in space. After his flight he visited many countries and saw millions of people. Gagarin became a Hero of our country.

  • 936. Zaporozhye: The city in which I live
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    My native city is the city of Zaporozhye. It is very dear to me, because I was born here. Zaporozhye is situated in the south of Ukraine. It's territory stretches for about 50 square kilometres. The city is divided into two parts by the river Dnieper. The population of Zaporozhye is approximately 900 thousand people. Our city is then 225 years old. Primary it was a town of Alexandrovsk. But when the Dnieper HydroElectric Power Station the Dneproges was built here it was renamed. And since that time on the Dneproges is one of the places of interest of our city. By the way there are not so many places of interest in Zaporozhye. But if you want to go sightseeing around the city I advise you to visit the Historical Museum on the island of Chortitsa and the Museum of Local Lore, you'll enjoy splendid sights of the Dnieper-river and of Nature reserve on the Chortitsa island, you will be impressed by the ancient oak tree which is 800 years old. They say that the Zaporozhye Cossacks used to rest under its branches. If you make a tour about the city, you'll see that its streets are long and beautiful. The main street of the city the Lenin Avenue stretches for about 15 kilometres. Zaporozhye is an industrial centre. It is famous for its steel-making plants and factories, such as Zaporozhstal, Dnieprospetstal, and other.

  • 937. Zivilprozes in der BRD
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    Jedes Gericht ist fьr die Rechtsstreitigkeiten in einem bestimmten Bezirk zustдndig, dessen Grenzen meist (aber nicht notwendig) mit den Grenzen der Gebietskцrperschaften zusammenfallen. Amtsgerichte gibt es in allen kreisfreien Stдdten und in den meisten mittelgroЯen kreisangehцrigen Stдdten. In einem Regierungsbezirk findet man 1-2 Landgerichte (in Ballungsgebieten mehr, so z.B. in Dьsseldorf 6 Landgerichte). Jedes Land hat je nach GrцЯe 1-3 Oberlandesgerichte (Nordrhein-Westfalen: Kцln, Dьsseldorf, Hamm). Oberstes Gericht in Zivilsachen ist das Bundesgericht in Karlsruhe. Prozesse beginnen immer beim Amts- oder Landgericht (in 1. Instanz).

  • 938. Zur Organisation der Gerichte in der BRD
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    Ordentliche Gerichte in der BBD sind die Amtsgerichte, die Landgerichte, die Oberlandesgerichte und der Bundesgerichtshof. Das unterste Gericht ist das Amtsgericht. Es ist ein erstinstanzliches Gericht. Das Amtsgericht entscheidet ьber vermцgensrechtliche Streitigkeiten bis zu 3000,- DM Streitwert. AuЯerdem sind die Amtsgerichte ohne Rьcksicht auf den Streitwert fьr einige besonders eilige Rechtsstreitigkeiten zustдndig. In den bьrgerlichen Rechtsstreitigkeiten wird das Amtsgericht nur durch den Einzelrichter tдtig.

  • 939. Zurbaran, Francisco de
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    His compositionally simple and emotionally/direct altarpieces, combining austere naturalism with mystical intensity, made him an ideal Counter-Reformation painter. The most characteristic of his works are the single figures of monks and saints in meditation or prayer, most of which seem to have been executed in the 1630s. The figures are usually depicted against a plain background, standing out with massive physical presence. Many of these monumentally solemn figures are conceived in great series, such as The Members of the Mercedarian Order (Academy, Madrid), or The Carthusian Saints (Cadiz Museum). But there are single pictures of the same kind. He painted numerous pictures of St Francis, for example (two in the National Gallery, London), and a number of virgin saints.

  • 940. Zusammenspiel der Realiatete als eines der Hauptprinzipien des Sujetaufbaus im Roman Stiller von Max Frisch
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    Das 7. Heft nimmt sowohl in der Erzaehlhaltung als auch in der zeitlichen Struktur eine Sonderstellung ein. Es enthaelt zunaechst, ebenso wie die anderen Hefte mit ungerader Numerierung, Erlebnisse im Gefaengnis, also in der Gegenwartsebene: Besuch beim Zahnarzt, Gespraech mit dem Staatsanwalt, Gang auf den Friedhof und Besuch von Freunden, gemischt mit Reflexionen und Erinnerungen an Mexiko, die uebrigens wieder im zeitlosen Praesens geschrieben sind. Danach folgt die Rueckwendung auf Stillers Vergangenheit in der Ich-Form, beginnend mit den Worten: "Es ist ja nicht wahr [...]" (Frisch 1992: 334). Schliesslich wird ein ganzer Tag im Gefaengnis protokolliert, eingeleitet durch die Substantive mit zeitlicher Bedeutung: 1. Der Vormittag, 2. Das Mittagessen, 3. Der Nachmittag. Diese Protokolle werden immer ausfuehrlicher, der Bericht vom Nachmittag nimmt 23 Seiten ein (355-378). Hier naehert sich die Erzaehlzeit der erzaehlten Zeit, so wie sich die White-Handlung der Stiller-Handlung naehert und schliesslich mit ihr verschmilzt. Das Protokoll war bisher die Form, in der die Vergangenheit Stillers dem Leser vermittelt wurde. Dass sie hier auf die Gegenwartsebene, den Aufenthalt im Gefangnis, angewandt wird, ist ein Zeichen dafuer, dass der Tagebuchschreiber White Stillers Vergangenheit als die seinige uebernimmt. Das Gefuehl ein neuer, anderer Mensch zu sein, das ihn auch jetzt nicht verlaesst, wird erst jetzt, unmittelbar vor der Urteilsverkuendung, durch den Bericht von seinem Selbstmordversuch und die daraus resultierende Empfindung einer Neugeburt begruendet. "Ich hatte die bestimmte Empfindung erst jetzt geboren worden zu sein, und fuehlte mich mit einer Unbedingtheit, die auch das Laecherliche nicht zu fuerchten hat, bereit, niemand anders zu sein als der Mensch, als der ich eben geboren worden bin, und kein anderes Leben zu suchen als dieses, das ich nicht von mir werfen kann" (Frisch 1992: 381).