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621. Problems of the youth (friendship, love, conflicts)
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- One of them is a generation gap. Every generation is unique in its experience. It has its own ideals and a system of values concerning every aspect of human life. Adults always complain that the young are not what they were. These words are repeated from generation to generation. Undoubtedly it is correct. In fact today the young are better educated. They grow up more quickly. They derive joy from more freedom. At present the young do not blindly accept the ideals of their parents. For them everything that the adults bear in mind is past history. And this is inevitable, because different generations take different directions. Moreover, the young look forward and the old people look backward. The adult always teach the young how to live. They apply old standards to the new way of life. The past is hanging over them preventing them from appreciating the things around them anew. The young think that the adults have lost touch with everything that is important in life. They are right, because what is important to the adults is the past. The young know what they want. They prefer to make their own mistakes rather than to listen to the warnings of the adults. The past exists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs. But they do want to have them. The young want to live their own life. They want to overcome their own difficulties without turning back. Unfortunately the life of the young is frequently determined by the adults. The adults start the war but the young die in it. The young and adults have different points of work concerning everything. And it generates the conflict of the generations. In the 19th century Ivan Turgenev in his novel "Fathers and Sons" perfectly illustrated the eternal problem of fathers and children's misunderstanding. I think that parents will never understand their children.
622. Project of decoding of The Stermer Effect (Сигналы из космоса, серии Штермера)
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The author of the above hypothesis wrote his degree paper on silicon carbide light-emitting diode, that is why the ending of the forth series is the most simple- it is a modern light-emitting diode. Silicon carbide is alloyed with nitrogen and boron with some participation of fluorine. Approximately the same way diamond is alloyed with participation of fluorine in laboratories of other civilisations, as can be seen at the ending of the first series. In the middle of the forth series corundum, the base of ruby, is also alloyed with boron, nitrogen and fluorine. In the fifth series simply fluorine is educed as a useful but very aggressive gas. Inert neon seems to divide optoelectronic devices.
623. Prominent People of the Belarus
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The most famous composers are Churkin, Tsikotsky, Bogatyrov, Luchenok,. There are many famous artists in our native country. Such names as Shagal, Volkov are famous not only in our country, but in many countries of the world. Our ballet troop is considered to be one of the best in the world. The most famous of our dancers are Zakharov, Dushkevich, Fadeyeva. Belorussian music is on the upswing. A great many popular songs, operas and symphonies have been created by the well-known composers such as Semenyaka, Glebov. Many prominent names in the history of Belarus of the 20th century are connected with 2 main events, World War 2 and space exploration. All Belarussians fought heroically defending their Motherland. But we are especially proud of the heroes of the last war: Baslonov, Osipova, Gastello, Talalichin, the defenders of Brest Fortress, ect. In the family of cosmonauts there are 2 Belarussians, Kovalenok and Klimuk. At the present time, the time of revaluation of values, its difficult to find heroes, especially among politicians. Time will put everything in its place and give everybody his due. But one is obvious: great times are created by great men. Their names are sure to become history whatever it may be.
624. Prosper MERIMEE
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C'est là, alors quun soir il fume sur un parapet, qu'il rencontre Carmen (diminutif de Carmencita), une gitane. Après avoir fait connaissance, la jeune femme propose de lui lire l'avenir. Il accepte et l'accompagne chez elle. Mais alors qu'elle allait commencer, un homme, apparemment furieux, débarque. Il sentretient avec Carmen. Cette dernière très en colère fait des gestes qui font penser à une gorge coupée. Lhomme se dévoile. Ce n'est autre que Don José ! Le jeune voyageur est très surpris, mais il n'a pas le temps de réagir que Don José le prend par le bras et le met dehors. Mérimée rentre donc à son hôtel. Là, il se rend compte que sa montre a disparu. La gitane lui a sans doute volé, néanmoins il préfère ne pas aller la réclamer. Il termine son travail à Cordoue puis quitte la ville. Après plusieurs mois de voyage à travers l'Andalousie, Mérimée retourne à Cordoue, et rend visite aux Dominicains qui l'avaient aidé dans ses recherches. A son arrivée au couvent, il est accueilli à bras ouverts par les religieux. L'un d'entre eux lui déclare qu'ils ont retrouvé sa montre, ainsi que l'homme qui la lui a volé. Ce dernier est sous les verrous. Mérimée, se doutant quil sagit de Don José, décide de lui rendre visite. A son arrivée, le malfaiteur demande à Mérimée de remettre une médaille à une petite bonne femme qui habite Pampelune lorsquil rentrera en France. Il passe les deux derniers jours avec le bandit alors que sur le point d'être exécuté, Don José conte son histoire à Mérimée.
625. Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland
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In 1910 the British Government offered Ireland a mild form of Home Rule - full self-government in regard to purely Irish affairs. Opposition was at once started in Ireland. It was backed by the generals of the British Army's troops in Ireland. The Irish patriots formed their own military organizations of the Irish Volunteers, drilling troops for a fight. The Labour Party in Ireland established the Irish Citizen Army. The Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army jointly started preparation for an insurrection. The set date was Monday of Easter Week, 1916. Although the uprising was a failure, it laid the foundation for another stage of the fight for freedom. In 1921, an independent Irish state was set up, that is the Republic of Ireland. In the north of Ireland six counties were dominated and controlled by Protestants, who refused to join the new Irish state. These six counties stayed part of the UK and are now called Northern Ireland.
626. Pulizer Prize
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627. Punks and Punk Rock
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Its founder Egor Letov was domestic studio G.O.-rekordz has written down huge quantity both the albums, and albums of the friends. Reorganization went at full speed and has already come to Omsk, therefore Letov at the end of the eightieth strongly pressed KGB. The history is known, when it has been declared in a criminal investigation department and, to avoid prison, has gone to an annual autostop on the country together.
628. Purcell
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In the original the both hands are written on six-line stave, the right it is in treble clef, except for the very end, where it is in the alto clef. The left hand starts in tenor clef. A few times during the piece it will change to bass clef in which the piece ends. The key signature has B flat but it is missing in couple places thought the piece: bar 17 (left hand), bar 20 (left hand), bar 52 (left hand). There is also an Alla Breve sign in the beginning.
1. Hugh McLean changed the Alla Breve sign to the 4/4 sign, while Hopkinss edition has Alla Breve in it.
2. In McLeans edition in bars 8-9 the rhythm and the harmony was changed. In the manuscript the last beat of bar eight is the resolution of the previous dominant chord to the tonic sixth chord. It follows by a modulation through Major tonic sixth chord and the Subdominant to the A Major. This progression sounds very interesting with its natural seventh.
629. Pure Abstraction
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The Grey Tree (1912; 79 x 108 cm (31 x 42 1/2 in)) adumbrates the abstractions that were a half-way house to his geometrical work, yet it also has a foothold in the real world of life and death. The Grey Tree is realist art on the point of taking off into abstraction: take away the title and we have an abstraction; add the title and we have a grey tree. He claimed to have painted these pictures from the need to make a living, yet they have a fragile delicacy that is precious and rare. Mondrian sought an art of the utmost probity: his greatest desire was to attain personal purity, to disregard all that pleases the narrow self and enter into divine simplicities. That may sound dull, but he composed with a lyrical sureness of balance that makes his art as pure and purifying as he hoped.
630. Pushkin
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He also wrote other long poems, including «Bronze Horseman» (1833), the finest collection of lyrics in Russian literature. Pushkin created also a number of masterpieces in drama and prose. «Little Tragedies» and «The Stone Guest» are among the best works in the world history of drama. Pushkin's love to Russia's past resulted in his historical drama, «Boris Godunov» (1825). «Tales of the Late l.P.Belkin», «Dubrovsky», «The Captain's Daughter» are the most important of his prose works. Pushkin's use of Russian influenced the of great Russian writers Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy.
631. Radio
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The prime purpose of radio is to convey information from one place to another through the intervening media (i.e., air, space, nonconducting materials) without wires. Besides being used for transmitting sound and television signals, radio is used for the transmission of data in coded form. In the form of radar it is used also for sending out signals and picking up their reflections from objects in their path. Long-range radio signals enable astronauts to communicate with the earth from the moon and carry information from space probes as they travel to distant planets (see space exploration ). For navigation of ships and aircraft the radio range , radio compass (or direction finder), and radio time signals are widely used. Radio signals sent from global positioning satellites can also be used by special receivers for a precise indication of position (see navigation satellite ). Digital radio , both satellite and terrestrial, provides improved audio clarity and volume. Various remote-control devices, including rocket and artificial satellite operations systems and automatic valves in pipelines, are activated by radio signals. The development of the transistor and other microelectronic devices (see microelectronics ) led to the development of portable transmitters and receivers. Cellular and cordless telephones are actually radio transceivers. Many telephone calls routinely are relayed by radio rather than by wires; some are sent via radio to relay satellites. Some celestial bodies and interstellar gases emit relatively strong radio waves that are observed with radio telescopes composed of very sensitive receivers and large directional antennas (see radio astronomy ).
632. Raphael
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After the complexities of Leonardo and Michelangelo, it is a relief to find Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio, 1483-1520), a genius no less than they, but one whose daily ways were those of other men. He was born in the small town of Urbino, an artistic centre, and received his earliest training from his father. Later, his father sent him to Pietro Perugino (active 1478-1523) who, like Verrocchio and Ghirlandaio, was an artist of considerable gifts. But while Leonardo and Michelangelo quickly outgrew their teachers and show no later trace of influence, Raphael had a precocious talent right from the beginning and was an innate absorber of influences. Whatever he saw, he took possession of, always growing by what was taught to him. An early Raphael can look like a Perugino. In fact, Perugino's Crucifixion with the Virgin, St John, St Jerome, and St Mary Magdalene was thought to be by Raphael until evidence proved it was given to the church of San Gimigniano in 1497, when Raphael was only 14. It is undoubtedly a Perugino, calmly emotional, and pious rather than passionate. A fascinating context for this scene of quiet faith is the notorious unbelief on the part of the artist, who was described by Vasari as an atheist. He painted what would be acceptable, not what he felt to be true, and this may account for the lack of real emotive impact.
633. Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov: on the brink of suicide. Ф.М. Достоевский, Преступление и наказание
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634. Reading books
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My favourite American writer is Edgar Allan Рое. Не was an outstanding poet and a short story writer. In Europe Рое was considered the only American poet of significance, the one who created literary works of many varied forms. Рое expressed his deep and sincere feelings in his poems. Edgar Allan Рое is mostly remembered for establishing new symbolic poetry. The "Raven" is his best known poem. The poet used symbols, following the ancient traditions. It is the ancient poetry that helped him to find the unusual rhythm. The symbolic meaning of the "Raven" is unclear; raven is a symbol of eternal life as well as the herald of death. Numerous readers in the United States and other countries admire Poe's short stories. He was the inventor of the detective stories that became very popular in the 20-th century. Рое won recognition and admiration of the Russian readers very quickly. "The Gold Bug", one of Poe's best stories, was published in the United States in 1843 and in 1847 it was translated into Russian. Poe's poetry had tremendous influence on the Russian poets of the beginning of the 20-th century. Such outstanding Russian poets as Balmont and Brusov admired Poe's poetry. They translated his poems into Russian, and used his motives in their lyrics.
635. Realism
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In the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters Josй de Ribera, Diego Velбzquez, and Francisco de Zurbarбn, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.
636. Reform toward a new KOREA
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As President Kims urging, a package of three political reform bills was unanimously passed by the National Assembly on March 24, 1994. Marked by heavy penalties for offenders, the Law for Electing Public Officials and Preventing Electoral Irregularities is designed to ensure the transparency of campaign financing, limit campaign expenditures while encouraging freer campaigns, and ban “premature electioneering,” as well as all other electoral misconduct. The amended Political Fund Law is intended to control fund raising by political parties and individual politicians with the aim of stamping out “money politics” and “politics-business collusion,” while encouraging relatively small contributions by individuals and groups to the coffers of the parties or politicians that they support. Together, these two laws are aimed at ensuring free, fair, clean and frugal politics in general. The revised Local Autonomy Law provides for the election of the chief executives of local governments in addition to the local councils already instituted in 1991 to restore local autonomy after a 30-year hiatus.
637. Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England
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1. Бродович О.И. Диалектная вариативность английского языка: аспекты теории. Л., 1988
2. Маковский М.М. Английская диалектология. Современные английские диалекты Великобритании. М., 1980
3. Шахбагова Д.А. Фонетические особенности произносительных вариантов английского языка. М., 1982
4. Allen B.H., Linn M.D. Dialect and language variation, Orlando, 1986
5. Brook G.L. English Dialects, Oxford Un. Press, 1963
6. Brook G.L. Varieties of English, Lnd, 1977
7. Cheshire J. Variation in an English dialect. A sociolinguistic study, Cambridge Un. Press, 1982
8. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, 1995
9. Encyclopedia Britannica CD 2000 Deluxe Edition
10. Gimson A.C. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, Lnd, 1981
11. Hughes and Trudgill, English accents and dialects: An introduction to social and regional varieties of British English, Lnd, 1979
12. Malmstrom J., Weaver C Transgrammar. English structure, style and dialects, Brighton, 1973
13. Shaw G.B. Pygmalion, NY, 1994
14. Sheerin S., Seath J., White G. Spotlight on Britain, Oxford, 1990
15. Shopen T., Williams J.M. Standards and dialects in English, Cambridge, 1980
16. Trudgill P. On dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives, NY and Lnd, 1984
17. Trudgill P. Dialects in Contact, Oxford, 1986
18. Trudgill P., Chambers J.K. Dialects of English Studies in grammatical variation. Longman, №9
19. Wakelin M.F. Discovering English Dialects, Shire Publications LTD, 1978
638. Relations between Ukraine and English-speaking countries
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In economics Ukraine collaborates with these countries too. There are many joint ventures where the partners are from different countries but not from one. Besides, the goods from these countries are solid in Ukraine and some products are solid in these countries.
639. Relief of the UK
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Icy period gave the 1st rise to the changes: before it this part was a mainland, a lot of scientists proved this fact: remains of elephants were found there and the eastern part of the country is full of chalk cliffs, which are similar to those in the coast of France.
640. Rembrandt
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In 1636 Rembrandt began to depict quieter, more contemplative scenes with a new warmth in color. During the next few years three of his four children died in infancy, and in 1642 his wife died. In the 1630s and 1640s he made many landscape drawings and etchings. His landscape paintings are imaginative, rich portrayals of the land around him. Rembrandt was at his most inventive in the work popularly known as The Night Watch, painted in 1642. It depicts a group of city guardsmen awaiting the command to fall in line. Each man is painted with the care that Rembrandt gave to single portraits, yet the composition is such that the separate figures are second in interest to the effect of the whole. The canvas is brilliant with color, movement, and light. In the foreground are two men, one in bright yellow, the other in black. The shadow of one color tones down the lightness of the other. In the center of the painting is a little girl dressed in yellow.

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