Материалы для подготовки к сессии студентам Iкурса заочного обучения
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United States
The US Congress, the lawmaking arm of the federal government, consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, then referred to one of the committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar committee hearings and general debate.
ВАРИАНТ II
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Russian Criminal Law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility.
2. Citizens' rights and freedoms is inseparable from their duties.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The (early - превосх.ст.) known legal text was written by Ur- Nammu, a king of the Mesopotamian city Ur.
2. The (many - сравн.ст.) people take part in the elections, the (much - сравн.ст.) representative are the state organs.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. I worked in Customs House three years ago.
2. There are also women police in England.
3. The case begins.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In our laws there are some limitations on the application of punishment to juveniles.
2. No member of the International Court of Justice may exercise any political or administrative function.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The committee is still discussing the bill.
2.The modern English prison system is based upon the Criminal Justice Act (1948).
2.The courts of law impose imprisonment on offenders.
4. In the 16th century "houses of correction" were established in England.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. About one third of all convicted juveniles are sentenced to punishment not including deprivation of freedom.
2. When asked about the investigation of the crime, he told us many interesting facts.
3. Judging from practice it is impossible to avoid judicial mistakes in all the cases.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The judges ought to act according to the law .
2. Any convicted person may present his application for revision of the judgement.
3. All laws and other acts of state organs in Russia shall be promulgated on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
The Innocent and the Guilty
Imagine, if you can, that the police arrests you for shoplifting, or for dangerous driving, or for getting drunk and causing "a disturbance of the peace". You are in a Magistrates Court now.
You, "the accused", are in a kind of large, open box. You are "in the dock". There are three Magistrates in front of you. At least one of them is a woman. In front of and below them there is another man. He is the "Clerk of the Court". During your case he will handle the administrative details and perhaps give advice to the Magistrates on legal points.
The case begins. The policeman who arrested you gives evidence. He reads details from a small black notebook. He tells the court when and why he arrested you, what you said, what he said, and so on. Your solicitor questionshim. One of the Magistrates also asks questions. Other witnesses appear. Perhaps you say nothing at all. You do not have to speak in your defence. "Everyone is innocent unless proved guilty". In other words, you do not have to prove that you are innocent. The police have to prove you are guilty.
At the end the Magistrates discuss your case in front of you. Then the Clerk of the Court tells you to stand. The Magistrate who has done the talking for the others tells you whether they have found you innocent or guilty. He can sentence you to no more than six months for one offence, to a maximum of one year for two or more offences or to a fine of 400 pounds.
More serious cases are heard in the Crown Court, where the Judge is always a legal expert. In the Crown Court you may be given a "trial by jury". Twelve ordinary people like yourself judge you. But the Judge himself always decides on the sentence.
ВАРИАНТ III
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Our Constitution provides all democratic freedoms for all citizens of our country.
2. The Procurator`s Office, like all the Russian courts, protects legality, law and order.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The (exact and just - сравн.ст.) is the punishment, the (great - сравн.ст.) will be the educational value of a court sentence.
2. The (serious - превосх.ст.) crime facing society today is the trafficking and abuse of drugs.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. My friend is going to become an investigator.
2. You made many mistakes in this case.
3. The new FBI Agents receive fourteen weeks of instruction.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. At our next seminar we shall study some articles of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
2. No state in the USA may pass a law contrary to the National Constitution.
3. Any direct or indirect limitation of the rights of citizens is punishable by law.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The results of these methods were, for different reasons, disappointing.
2. In our country all criminal cases pass through the stage of preliminary investigation before the court trial.
3. We will study Criminalistics next year.
4. The FBI, formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Leading international non-governmental organizations involved in the fight for human rights are participating in this conference.
2. Voting independently, the General Assembly and the Security Council elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.
3. Unless properly prepared the investigatory experiment must not be conducted.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. No person can be arrested without sanction of a procurator.
2. You must know how to interrogate criminals, interview witnesses properly.
3. The President of the USA is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government departments.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN.
In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which "executes" laws, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.
Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers of major government departments or ministries.
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases.
ВАРИАНТ IV
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Electoral law divides Great Britain into 650 constituencies.
2. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fights against all elements which pose a threat to the security of the people in the United States, to the Nation`s security.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Supreme Court is the (high - превосх.ст.) judicial organ of the United States and the head of the judicial branch.
2. The (great - сравн.ст.) is the initiative of the people, the (full - сравн.ст.) will be the development of democracy.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Henry robbed the bank yesterday.
2. The state plans for the economic and social development of the country.
3. We will study many special subjects next year.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. No member of the International Court of Justice may act as an agent or an advocate in any case.
2. In some American prisons you can find inmates who serve “double life”, that is two life sentences.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I knew he was guilty.
2. The Bill of Rights is often violated in the judicial and law enforcement practice.
3. The district court is hearing this case now.
4. In the first quarter of the 19th century two penitentiaries were built in America, Pennsylvania.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Preparing for the seminar we studied the chapter of the present Constitution reflecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of Russian citizens.
2. When tried at the district court the case was quashed.
3. Amendments and alterations to the Criminal Executive Legislation adopted by June of 1992 change penitentiary policy for the better.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. All citizens of our country shall observe the laws of the country.
2. An expert may be invited to participate in the conduct of an investigatory experiment.
3. Mike`s uniform needs ironing, and Pete`s shoes need polishing.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Making New Laws: Bills and Acts
The functions of Parliament are: making laws; providing money for the government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions.
Every year Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. Because this can be a long process. Parliament sometimes passes a very general law and leaves a minister to fill in the details. In this way, it indirectly passes about 2, 000 additional rules and regulations.
No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The monarch also has to give a Bill the Royal Assent, which is now just a formality. Since 1707 no sovereign has refused a Bill. There are two main types of Bills - Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills which deal with local matters and individuals.
Public and Private Bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives a formal first reading. It is then printed and read a second time, when it is debated but not amended. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee, either a special committee made up of certain members of the House, or to the House itself as a committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended, if necessary. The Bill is then presented for a third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords, and provided it is not rejected by them, it goes through the same procedure as in the Commons.
ВАРИАНТ V
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The legal science examines and generalizes criminal practices.
2. Man`s constructive activity and social progress are impossible without contacts, mutual assistance and exchange of ideas.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The International Military Tribunal proclaimed aggression as the (grave - превосх.ст.) crime against humanity.
2. The (many - сравн.ст.) people attend court sessions, the (great - сравн.ст.) is the court`s educational function.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The investigator arrived at the crime scene.
2. I am a student of the Moscow Law Institute.
3. The detective will finish this work tomorrow.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We shall discuss some aspects of privatization at the next seminar.
2. The General Assembly proclaims that no state possesses the right to interfere in the internal or external affairs of any other state.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Parliament Act 1911 has restricted the life of the House of Commons.
2. The accused is guaranteed the right to defence.
3. A group of police officers is investigating this criminal case now.
4. Juvenile courts were created in England by the Children`s Act (1908).
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The leading countries of the world had adopted the Declaration of Invalids` Rights by 1992.
2. If applied to juvenile offenders this type of treatment gives good results.
3. While sentencing a person to a term of imprisonment the court determines in what institution the convicted criminal must serve his sentence.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. At the scene of the crime the suspect may leave his fingerprints which can be used to identify him.
2. Sherlock Holmes was able to tell everything about every murder of the last hundred years.
3. The officer of the Economic Crimes Department is to reveal the criminal activity of the people who commit economic crimes.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
State System of the Russian Federation
The Russian Federation, or the Russian Federative Republik , is set up by the Constitution of 1993.
Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republik. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balansed by the President.
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assemble. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Counsil of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.
Each Chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signet by the President. The President may veto the bill.
The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.
The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.
The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts.
The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four-year period.
Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner.It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991. The hymn of Russia is “The Patriotic Song” by M.Glinka. A new national emblem is a two-headed eagle.
ВАРИАНТ VI
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The thieves` car was badly damaged and easy to recognize.
2. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. R oman law is one of the (great - превосх.ст.) legal systems that has ever existed.
2. In the American legislation “lobbyists” are often (influential - сравн.ст.) than congressmen themselves.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. He makes a plan of the investigation.
2. They have chosen the work in militia.
3. My colleague studied law at George Washington University.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Any congressman in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation.
2. Some of my school-mates came to the Moscow Law Institute after serving in the Army.
3. Washington is like no other city of the USA.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The witnesses have identified the criminal as the perpetrator of the criminal acts.
2. In 1834 the Central Criminal Court was set up by statute, as the Court in which the Commissioners were to do their work.
3. The police play an important role in protecting citizens from crime.
4. The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Interpol is a private corporation, founded in 1923 as a service organization devoted to coordination action against international criminals.
2. While speaking to a victim or witness, the main task of the detective is his ability to conduct a productive interview.
3. When protecting a crime scene, the officer must remember that nothing is to be touched or moved.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In cases provided for by legislation citizens shall be given legal assistance free of charge.
2. Can you say what crime you will face tomorrow?
3. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
The former colonies, now "the United States of America", first operated under an agreement called the Articles of Confederation (1781). It was soon clear that this loose agreement among the states>
The Constitution, the oldest still in force in the world, sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one having powers ("checks and balances") over the others. It specifies the powers and duties of each federal branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states. The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the "supreme law of the land". All governments and governmental groups, federal, state, and local, must operate within its guidelines. The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch).
ВАРИАНТ VII
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The executive branch of the government puts the country`s laws into effect.
2. Different types of states have different functions.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Procurator`s office is the ( high - превосх.ст.) court and the district people`s courts are the ( low - превосх.ст) ones.
2. There is a tendency towards a (humane - сравн.ст.) administration of the criminal law.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The police arrested the kidnappers 5 minutes ago.
2. I am a future lawyer.
3. This investigator works in close cooperation with other officers of the operative group.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
2. Mere suspicion is not enough to put someone in jail.
3. Anyone can learn a foreign language.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Society gives to police the right to use force if necessary.
2. In 1897 in India Inspector Edward Henry worked out his fingerprint classification system.
3. And by the beginning of World War I England and practically all of Europe were using dactyloscopy.
4. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by the people for four years.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A great part of investigative work is devoted to “ finding” missing or wanted person.
2. When leaving the crime scene the criminal left no traces.
3. While sentencing a person to a term of imprisonment the court determines in what institution the convicted criminal must serve his sentence.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The police have to prove you are guilty.
2. At the scene of the crime the suspect may leave his fingerprints which can be used to identify him.
3. All laws and other acts of state bodies in Russia shall be promulgated on the basis of and in conformity with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates' courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
ВАРИАНТ VIII
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins.
2. The Procurator`s Office, like all the Russian courts, protects legality, law and order.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. What is the ( long - превосх.ст.) term a Magistrates' Court can sentence anyone to?
2. But the old traditions die hard, and judges and advocates who had been trained in the (old - сравн.ст.) school at the Old Bailey survived the formal changes.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The investigator arrived at the crime scene.
2. We will graduate from a police academy next year.
3. He works as a lawyer.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years of age, and is registered to vote may vote.
2. There are some people in our society who don`t want to live an honest life, who try to profit at the expense of our state.
3. There is no such thing as a perfect crime, a crime that leaves no traces - there is only the inability to find the evidence.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The district court is hearing this case now.
2. In the first quarter of the 19th century two penitentiaries were built in America, Pennsylvania.
3. In our country all criminal cases pass through the stage of preliminary investigation before they are brought into the court.
4. We will study Administrative Law and Administrative Activity next year.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Judging from worldwide practice it is impossible to avoid judicial mistakes in all the cases.
2. When protecting a crime scene, the officer must remember that nothing is to be touched or moved.
3. While passing sentences for crimes committed, the court not only punishes the criminal but also reeducates him.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He also thought that punishment should be sensible and that people found guilty should be made to work for the good of the community.
2. We must know how to interview witnesses, interrogate criminals.
3. No person can be arrested without sanction of a procurator.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA
The Organization of the Federal Courts Today
The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.
Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
ВАРИАНТ IX
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Our Constitution provides all democratic freedoms for all citizens of our country.
2. The Procurator`s Office, like all the Russian courts, protects legality, law and order.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The (exact and just - сравн.ст.) is the punishment, the (great - сравн.ст.) will be the educational value of a court sentence.
2. The (serious - превосх.ст.) crime facing society today is the trafficking and abuse of drugs.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. My friend is going to become an investigator.
2. You made many mistakes in this case.
3. The new FBI Agents receive fourteen weeks of instruction.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. At our next seminar we shall study some articles of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
2. No state in the USA may pass a law contrary to the National Constitution.
3. Any direct or indirect limitation of the rights of citizens is punishable by law.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The results of these methods were, for different reasons, disappointing.
2. In our country all criminal cases pass through the stage of preliminary investigation before the court trial.
3. We will study Criminalistics next year.
4. The FBI, formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Leading international non-governmental organizations involved in the fight for human rights are participating in this conference.
2. Voting independently, the General Assembly and the Security Council elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.
3.Unless properly prepared the investigatory experiment must not be conducted.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. No person can be arrested without sanction of a procurator.
2. You must know how to interrogate criminals, interview witnesses properly.
3. The President of the USA is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government departments.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN.
In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which "executes" laws, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.
Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers of major government departments or ministries.
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases.
ВАРИАНТ X
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем З-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного:
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The executive branch of the government puts the country`s laws into effect.
2. Different types of states have different functions.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, поставив прилагательные и наречия в указанную степень сравнения (сравнительную или превосходную). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Procurator`s office is the (high - превосх.ст.) court and the district people`s courts are the (low - превосх.ст) ones.
2. There is a tendency towards a (humane - сравн.ст.) administration of the criminal law.
III. Поставьте следующие утвердительные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Утвердительные предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The police arrested the kidnappers 5 minutes ago.
2. I am a future lawyer.
3. This investigator works in close cooperation with other officers of the operative group.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
2. Mere suspicion is not enough to put someone in jail.
3. Anyone can learn a foreign language.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Society gives to police the right to use force if necessary.
2. In 1897 in India Inspector Edward Henry worked out his fingerprint classification system.
3. And by the beginning of World War I England and practically all of Europe were using dactyloscopy.
4. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by the people for four years.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A great part of investigative work is devoted to “ finding” missing or wanted person.
2. When leaving the crime scene the criminal left no traces.
3. While sentencing a person to a term of imprisonment the court determines in what institution the convicted criminal must serve his sentence.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The police have to prove you are guilty.
2. At the scene of the crime the suspect may leave his fingerprints which can be used to identify him.
3. All laws and other acts of state bodies in Russia shall be promulgated on the basis of and in conformity with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
VIII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates' courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
немецкий язык