Курс лекций по лексикологии. Lexocology it’s subject and brunches. Word and it’s meaning

Вид материала

Meaning and Use
America (besides it’s referential meaning, emotive meaning it evokes some attitudes with the name of the country) fascist
The Identity-Unit_Problem
Custom (обычай)
Br. teritory Am. teritory
A historic event.
Lexical Variation.
Sweet not only taste, but pleasant, attractive
Hand- рука,стрелка часов face-лицо, циферблат часов (of a clock)
You must do what you’re told.
A herd of cows, a flock of sheep

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Meaning and Use

The notion of meaning and use are closely interrelated. It means that the meaning of a word can’t be entirely separated from it’s use in speech.

What are relations between them:

Leach: the lexical meaning is meaning in abstraction and use is meaning in situation.

The difference between:

Meaning Use

1. Found in dictionaries 1. Found in actual use

2. Denotative 2. Conotative

3. Isolated 3. Deriving from context

4. Conventionalized by authority 4. Creative

5. Regulated by authority 5. Negotiated between users

6. Base meaning 6. Extended meaning (расширенное)

7. Predictable 7. Unpredictable

8. Generalized 8. Particular

The nature of meaning is best described with reference to functions of language in human communications.

R. Jacobson ( formulated these functions)

The process of communication includes:

1. The speaker

The Addressee
The Code
The Message ( is what the speaker says in the code)
The Context (the things, qualities, actions that the speaker wants to talk about)
The Contact ( the relations between the speaker and the addressee)

6 functions of the language:

The Emotive (speaker related)

The speaker tries to express his feelings by using emotive language.

type writer (only referential meaning, it serves as a name of a particular object)

America (besides it’s referential meaning, emotive meaning it evokes some attitudes with the

name of the country)

fascist

American life, American English, American Dream

Fascist- the emotive meaning matters much more than the referential meaning.

The larger is the emotive component within the words meaning, the smaller is the significance of it’s referential meaning.

Conative (функция усвоения)

(addressee related)

patterns of speech are chosen with regard to parameters of the situation.
We make the message more listener friendly.

The Metalinguistic (oriented towards language itself)

Every language is a code used to communicate smth.

Languages presents a set of conventions, it means that in actual speech certain words are not our free choice.

A flock of birds we can observe the restricting function of lang.code

A herd of cows

A school of fish

A pride of lions

A swarm of flies, bees

The Poetic (message related)

Some scholars consider language to be the dress of thought (Quirk)

The Poetic function turns language into a deliberately well- tailored dress of thought.

The Referential (context related)

The main function of the language to convey information.

The Phatic (contact related-контактноустанавливающая)

The speaker wants to establish a social bond with a listener, he uses a lot of words which do not convey meaning, but have a purely interactive function.

Nice to see U formula of politeness

How are U?

Talk about the weather

The Identity-Unit_Problem

(проблема тождества слова)

The size- of-unit (проблема отдельности слова) considers words as separate units in the flow of speech (where one word ends and the other word begins).

The identity-of-unit-problem establishes where one word ends and another begins on the dictionary level.

Custom (обычай) different or one word?

Customs (таможня)

In the Longman dictionary- one word despite various.

In the Cambridge dictionary there are free different entries ( the case of “custom” is a homonym)

Speaking about different types of relationship between expression and content.

We should bear in mind one to one correspondence between them is very rare in natural human languages.

For example: polycemy means singleness of form and multiplicity of content.

It’s an instance of the violation the law of the sign which prescribes the direct correspondence of expression of content.

But it’s not typical of the vocabulary of natural language.

Other examples of the violation of the law of the sign.

Homonymy and Synonymy

Identity of expression singleness of content

Difference of context variability of expression

hair-hare

But the law of the sign is not always violated, there are cases of smaller disagreement between expression and content.

Variants of one and the same word.(phonetic, morphologic, semantic are discusses under the title of the identity-of-unit-problem)

The expression plane or content plane of the word may vary. But these variations may not be significant enough to split the word up into different units.

Phonetic Variations.

3 cases:

1

.Modifications of the pronunciation of a word depending on the context or it’s position of a word depending on the context or it’s position of an utterance and now and that

King and Queen

The conjunction is reduced in these combinations.

2. Accentual variation- different coexisting stress patterns of one and the same word.

Br. teritory Am. teritory

dictionary dictionary

3.Emic variation- multiple pronunciation of one and the same word.

[i] [i]

explain begin

[e] [e]

ceramic [si`ramic]

[ki`ramic]

[a:]

drastic

[a]

Morphological variation.

It takes place when different derivational morphemes are used without changing the words meaning.

Academic, academical

Morphologic, morphological

But not: historic are not morphologic variants, but synonyms.

Historical

Historic- memorable in history associated with past time.

A historic event.

Historical- belonging to history (real not imaginative) or dealing with real events in history.

A historical novel

Historical events (реальные)

This is a historic and historical place.

Рус.: обклеить бычий

оклеить бычачий

ананасовый

ананасный

Lexical Variation.

Is determined by different registers

formal/ informal

spoken/ written

laboratory/ lab

examination/ exam

television/ tele

often/ oft (poetic)

Semantic Variation.

Is the most significant type of variation within the word.

Is the modification of it’s content plane.

A number of meanings of a given word are called lexical semantic variants.

The majority of words in any language have more than one meaning.

This is how the principle of language economy is manifested.

Vinogradov: the meaning of a word can be:

1. Nominative.

2. Nominative- derivative

3.Collegationally and collocationally conditioned.

4. Phraseologically bound.

Nominative is the basic meaning of a word which refers to objects of extra linguistic reality in a direct way and reflects their actual relations.
Nominative-Derivative meaning comes into being when the word is “stretched out”semantically to cover new facts and extra linguistic phenomena.

When the speaker uses the word metaphorically he extends it’s content.

The metaphorical use is based on certain similarities observed by the speaker.

Sweet not only taste, but pleasant, attractive

Sweet face, voice, little baby.

Here we speak

Different meaning- the identity of the word remains intact, because the difference in meaning is not great enough to split the word into 2 different units.

When the speaker observes similarities between the objects, the semantic content of a word is made elastic to be stretched out and cover new bits of reality.

Metaphoric meanings are registered in dictionaries.

Such meanings are often poetically present in the semantic structure of the word.

Some words (adj-s) are characterized by broad meaningness, it allows them to develop new meanings.

cool, chilly, frozen, hot

eyes were frozen with terror

For parts of the body:

Hand- рука,стрелка часов face-лицо, циферблат часов (of a clock)

Foot- нога,подножие горы leg- нога, ножка стула

Tongue-язык, языки пламени eye-глаз, ушко иголки (~of a needle)

If nominative meaning is a direct meaning: Nominative-Derivative meaning is a transfered meaning.

Collegiationally and collocationally conditioned meanings are not free, but bound.

Collegationally conditioned meaning is determined by morphosyntactic combinability of words. Some meanings are realized only without a given morphosyntactic pattern (collegation)

to tell- рассказать, сказать

In passive constructions means to order/to direct

You must do what you’re told.

To carry- нести

In passive construction= to accept

The amendment to the bill was carried.

Collocationally conditioned meaning is determined by lexical- phraseological combinality of words.

There are meaning which depend on the word association with other words (collocation)

A herd of cows, a flock of sheep

Collocation is used here as a typical behaviour of a word in speech.

Firth: U shall know a virt by the company he keeps.

Mccarthy: Collocation is a marriage contract between words, some words are more firmly married to each other than others.

Certain meanings belong only to a given collocation, q word is habitually associated with another word to form a natural sounding combinations.

4. Phraseologically bound meaning.

Collocations should be distinguished from idioms and phraseological units.

Idioms and phraseological units are devoid of referential meanings.

The meanings of the individual words can’t be summed together to produce the meaning of the idiomatic expression.

to kick the bucket = to die

This idiom is opaque (непрозрачный)

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Курс лекций по лексикологии. Lexocology it’s subject and brunches. Word and it’s meaning

Meaning and Use

The Identity-Unit_Problem