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Джерела довідкової літератури
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^ Джерела довідкової літератури
  1. Большой русско-английский словарь / под общ. рук. А.И.Смирницкого / под ред. О.С.Ахмановой. – М.: Рус. Яз., 2001. – 768.
  2. Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский словарь. – М.: “Руський язык” – 2001. – 880 с.
  3. Новий тлумачний словник української мови у чотирьох томах / Уклад.: В.В.Яременко та ін. – К., 1999. – Т.4 – 880 с.
  4. Словарь – справочник лингвистических терминов. // Москва «Российская энциклопедия» – 1985. – 683 с.
  5. Советский энциклопедический словарь. // Москва «Советская энциклопедия» – 1990. – 1246 с.
  6. Розенталь Д.Э., Теленкова М.А. Словарь-справочник лингвистических терминов. – М.: Просвещение – 1976. – 543 с.
  7. Fourth Edition. Editor in Chief Michael Agness. – Macmillan USA – 1999. – 1716 p.
  8. Encyclopedia - Online Dictionary – 2009. – www.encyclopedia.com
  9. Webster`s Dictionary. – Webster`s New World College Dictionary – 2009. – www.yourdictionary.com
  10. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 2009. – dia.org/wiki
    /Main_Page


Джерела ілюстративного матеріалу

  1. О.Федоров УКРАЇНА КОСМІЧНА: СТАРТИ В МАЙБУТНЄ // BBC Ukrainian – 2007. – www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/blogs/thereporters/
    jonhpetersberg/2007/10/s_1.phpl
  2. J.Petersberg UKRAINE SPATIAL: LAUNCHES INTO FUTURE // BBC News – 2007. – www.bbc.com/blogs/thereporters/jonhpetersberg/
    2007/10/s_1.phpl
  3. Google Translate – 2009. – translate.google.com.ua
  4. Trident Software – 2009. – www.trident.com.ua



ДОДАТКИ

ДОДАТОК 1


^ ОРІГІНАЛ ТЕКСТУ, НА БАЗІ ЯКОГО БУВ ПРОВЕДЕН АНАЛІЗ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ В МАШИННИХ ПРОГРАМАХ-ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧАХ


UKRAINE SPATIAL: LAUNCHES INTO FUTURE

www.bbc.com, John Petersberg


In July 2007 the Cabinet of Ministers approved a new space program for 2008-2012. Under the program, outlays for innovative activity are to increase up to UAH 300M. [$1 = UAH5.05 – A.B.] For the national space industry this may be a step from stagnation to forward movement. However, this sum is far smaller than in the countries that develop their space technologies more intensively. What achievements can be expected in the near future? Can space rocketry technologies become a locomotive of innovative development? What are the priorities of Ukraine’s astronautics? The key to answers is the awareness of the role played nowadays by space research and technology.


The modern world is witnessing rapid changes in astronautics, with pragmatism dominating the space activities of the major space nations. The general trend is “astronautics to serve economy”. In other words, governments fund space projects that promise consumers immediate and tangible effects. Aerospace companies are increasingly oriented at new consumer-oriented markets (telecommunications, navigation, weather forecasting, etc.). This fact plus “space tourism” and commercialization of space technologies produce an impression that astronautics is becoming just one of industries where results are translated into currencies and where space launches are becoming just a part of modern transport systems like modernized electric trains.


From this angle, new lunar exploration and interplanetary travel projects may seem paradoxical. Notably, such projects are announced by a dozen countries that have only just joined the space club. The EXPLORATION initiative that envisions flights to the Moon and Mars has an impressive number of participant countries, and more than 70 countries have subscribed to the GEOSS system. It looks like space explorers are confident in tremendous prospects, caring less about inevitable costs and failure risks. So far, the costs are covered by taxpayers while the share of commercial projects is rather modest. Many governments count on practical yields from long-term and very costly space research projects, and such reasons as “prestige” or international authority are secondary.


1. Information Society and Astronautics


The term “postindustrial society” came into being in the 1960s. In a postindustrial society information becomes the basic industrial resource whereas in “pre-industrial” and “industrial” societies the main resources were raw materials and energy respectively. Processing takes the place of extraction and manufacture. In terms of technology, science intensiveness takes the place of labor intensiveness and capital input. Hence, the well-known formula: “pre-industrial society is interaction with nature; industrial society is interaction with nature transformed by man; postindustrial society is human interaction”. According to D. Bell, in postindustrial economies priorities shift from production of commodities to production of services, research, organization of education, and welfare; the class of technicians becomes the basic professional group; innovative implementations increasingly depend on advances in theoretical knowledge.


In this regard, astronautics is the most “postindustrial” branch where all components, including the production one, serve one priority: acquisition of new knowledge and information.


At the dawn of the space era, this role was not even forecast. Outer space was seen as a field with unique research opportunities and a new resource base. Tsiolkovsky would have been surprised to know that the first commercial application of space technology was space telecommunications followed by navigation and geo-positioning services and surface sensing.


In the globalizing world, where demand for space information is growing and space services are increasingly commercialized, the value of space monitoring data becomes higher. Climate change research, estimation of damage from elemental and man-caused disasters, early emergency warning, management of natural resources, agriculture, and geological prospecting are the basic but not the only areas where space monitoring data already have practical applications. “Sustainable development is impossible without adequate information about the Earth’s surface,” says the resolution adopted by the WSSD in Johannesburg in 2002.


This motto is being materialized through the intergovernmental initiative GEOSS and its European component GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security). To implement these space monitoring initiatives, it is necessary to create a system of space-based systems. Those available today are unable to cope with the problems of environmental security. One of the feasible solutions lies through creation of cooperative consortiums that would comprise science, space- and surface-based surveillance systems, modeling, and organization of services. It means formation of a new type of data systems where the space segment is the basis predetermining a quality breakthrough in solving vital earthly problems.


2. Innovative Potential of Astronautics


There are about 40 key macro-technologies that determine a country’s economic level. Experts maintain that aerospace technologies top this list, owing to their powerful innovative impact. The development of aviation in the 20th century gave a strong impetus to radiolocation, light heat-resistant alloys, composite materials, digital engineering, engine-building, and navigation systems. The revolutionary impacts from modern astronautics are not less significant as they set the highest requirements to technologies and produce the highest innovative effects.


Not only analysts, but also political leaderships are aware of this fact and the term “space policy” has become conventional. In April, the European Commission and the European Space Agency presented their joint document – The European Space Policy – to the European Parliament. The document defines space technology as an instrument of competitiveness in the EU-US space race, envisions constantly increasing spending on new space projects, and correlates space activity tasks with political priorities. It places emphasis on space projects that are supposed to radically facilitate top priority tasks.


Astronautics is no longer just one of important branches determining a nation’s technological and defense potentials. A nation’s space activity is an essential prerequisite for its competitiveness as it is the most powerful internal source and factor of development and sustainability.


In this context, the EXPLORATION initiative is quite indicative, although it involves activities that may seem far from practically applicable.


This initiative consists in a coordinated system of space research from the circumterrestrial orbit and the near space to planets of the Solar System and farther astrophysical objects. It proclaims a new era of man’s presence beyond the Earth. After U.S. President George Bush suggested a “New Vision of Space Research” in October 2004, the leading space nations set up a working group to develop a joint strategy of space research. In late May 2007, 14 space agencies (including Ukraine’s) published a document titled “Global Research Strategy – Coordinating Principles”. It contains conceptual provisions regarding the objectives, tasks, and organization of joint complementary actions of the space nations. The signatories differed on the tactics, pace, and technological priorities, but they managed to work out common approaches to their future cooperation.


The document substantiates the necessity of exploring objects of the Solar System and “returning to the Moon”. The gist of this impressive international initiative is in a technological breakthrough along the most important destiny-making directions. One of them is the development of energy generation and accumulation technologies. Other directions are new means of transport, communications, navigation, robotics, and medicine.


The new program is also supposed to yield significant social effects. Space research is a powerful stimulator for the younger generation in setting career goals and matching them with vocations. Innovative development is not only a technological issue. It is also an important social problem, because effective education, proper conditions for creative work, and strong incentives for innovation are no less important than funding.


These aspects of innovative development explain why nearly a dozen countries are developing their lunar programs and why space programs stand prominent in their economic development strategies.


3. Necessity of New Approaches to Space Activity


Space technologies have a revolutionizing impact on defense, telecommunications, and fundamental space research. The dawn of the new millennium is witnessing a new quality of space activity and a rapid transition from the demonstration stage to targeted use of spatial resources. The space industry functions by the laws of real economy and the criteria of its efficiency are socioeconomic and technological outputs. Therefore, the space policy is among the top priorities in the developed nations’ policies.


The global development trends require that Ukraine search for its niche in space markets and for its part in the international division of labor. Ukraine objectively belongs to the club of space nations – not only by formal characteristics of its space potential, but also by the proven capability of implementing modern space projects, including the unique international project Sea Launch. Having renounced its nuclear arsenal, Ukraine retains its strategic weight in the world largely thanks to space technologies. Access to space objectively enhances Ukraine’s concernment in relations with its strategic partners and in its integration with European structures. Its space activity can and must become an instrument of its active regional policy.


The central problem in formulating the national space policy is harmonization of external factors with actual economic demands, scientific and technological development, security and defense, and social expectations. This can only be achieved through sustainable development of the country as a whole. At the same time, the available space technologies and craft and those being developed can determine feasible ways of ensuring national security, effective managerial solutions, optimal use of natural resources, further fundamental research, etc.


It is objectively impossible to solve a number of serious problems without using space means and data. The national space rocketry potential allows for effective solutions, but its structure and capabilities are below actual demands, thus limiting the search for optimal ways of developing Ukraine’s space activity.


In particular, the charged industrial branches have to undergo serious structural transformations. Another problem is that long-term projects, which are astronomically expensive, have limited budgets due to the country’s economic condition. Besides, none of them is feasible unless the leadership and taxpayers realize the vital need of using space technologies for solving essential economic and social problems.


4. 2008-2012 Space Program: Prospects for Intensive Development


A balanced national space program could solve most of the problems. Its success depends on adequate assessment of the actual state of the space branch and on innovative approaches.


The program approved by the government is yet to pass hearings in the new parliament. Its authors initially considered several variants of space activity. An expert analysis showed steady negative tendencies which, unless reversed, would lead to gradual (within 10-15 years) curtailment of Ukraine’s space activity. One of the variants consisted in intensive development and looked the most desirable for rapid development of space technology. Having considered GDP growth forecasts, the actual status of the space branch, and social expectations, the authors finally opted for this variant. It should be understood, however, that there are certain prerequisites for successful development of this branch, and these involve four interconnected fields of activity:


- implementation of space projects; use of data obtained from space-based sources;


- modernization of the existing carrier rockets, other spacecraft, and their component systems; design of new ones;


- conduct of feasible IT research; applicable development of devices and surface firmware;


- technological support to and updating of experimental and testing facilities.


Activities in the first field will yield practical outputs, provide solutions to concrete tasks of space monitoring, and ensure Ukraine’s participation in international projects. Ukrainian spacecraft will be launched at least once in two years. The government will have to spend UAH250M a year on activities in this field.


Activities in the second field will involve measures in support of Ukraine’s export potential, i.e. investments in future projects that are estimated at UAH250M – UAH300M a year.


In the third field, Ukrainian space research will be elevated to a new qualitative level through provision of competitive equipment and machinery, data capacities, and surface facilities. The costs are estimated at UAH100M – UAH150M a year.


The fourth field is the government’s contribution to updating and restructuring the space industry enterprises for quality ground testing. Considering the unique testing and experimental resources of these enterprises, activities in this field are estimated at UAH150M – UAH200M annually.


All-in-all, the optimal variant is worth UAH750M – UAH900M in budget outlays (ca 0.2% of predicted GDP) plus at least half that amount in off-budget funds. In absolute figures, this level of government support is typical of countries that have just embarked on developing their space industries and is one order lower than in EU countries or the Russian Federation.


The draft program approved by the Cabinet of Ministers provides for annual allocations of UAH300M over five years, which is less than recommended by experts but four times more than allocated by far and sufficient for implementing most of the provisions.


The program comprises seven interrelated target programs, each consisting of separate projects with specific objectives:


- deployment of the Sich group of satellites for surveillance and geophysical monitoring of the Earth (launches of the Sich-2 and Sich-2M spacecraft; preparation of the Ionosats aircraft); creation of a geo-data support system as a part of the GMES and the GEOSS;


- creation of conditions for commercial use of Ukrainian carrier rockets in the “Cyclone-4”, “Land Launch”, and “Dnepr” projects; further production of the Zenith, Cyclone, and Dnepr boosters; design of new boosters;


- creation of satellite telecommunication and broadcasting networks with the use of a national communication satellite (to be launched in 2010, basically at the expense of attracted funds); deployment of a national time-coordinate and navigation support system in cooperation with the Russian Federation and the EU;


- space research in the field of geo-solar connections, astrophysics, space biology, and material science (in the frameworks of the international projects “Spectrum-R”, “International Space Station”, the Global Exploration Strategy; implementation of educational projects;


- modernization and development of the National Space Center in Yevpatoria, Crimea, and employment of its capacities in international space programs;


- development of new spacecraft, support systems, research devices for prospect space projects.


The planned allocations from the central budget are not sufficient for modernizing the experimental and production facilities and developing new carrier rockets and other spacecraft.


At the same time, the implementation of the planned projects is supposed to increase outputs from the use of spacecraft since the main accent of the program is on the use of space data for actual economic needs. The international accent is also important since new cooperation ties raise the level of space projects and give Ukraine more opportunities to demonstrate its competitiveness on international markets. The national space industry has practically exhausted its post-USSR material and intellectual reserves, so the only way for it to survive is to offer new competitive technologies and products.


The work at the program has revealed that space activity needs a new systemic approach and a strategic plan for the next 15-20 years. The government’s space policy demands coordinated efforts of authority structures, research institutions, and industrial enterprises. The new space program is supposed to proceed in the mainstream of this policy.

ДОДАТОК 2


^ ПЕРЕКЛАД ТЕКСТУ

UKRAINE SPATIAL: LAUNCHES INTO FUTURE


УКРАЇНА КОСМІЧНА: СТАРТИ В МАЙБУТНЄ

www.bbc.co.uk, перекладач: Олег Федоров


У липні 2007 року Кабінет міністрів схвалив нову космічну програму на 2008—2012 роки, яка передбачає посилення бюджетної підтримки нових розробок у середньому до 300 млн. гривень на рік. Ухвалене рішення може означати, що подолано поріг, який відділяє стагнацію галузі від її поступального розвитку. Тим часом ця сума значно менша, ніж у країнах, де космічні технології розвиваються інтенсивно. Яких результатів слід очікувати у найближчій перспективі, чи зможуть ракетно-космічні технології стати локомотивом інноваційного розвитку, які пріоритети української космонавтики? Відповіді на ці запитання можна отримати, лише усвідомивши нову роль, яку відіграють космічні дослідження і технології в наш час.


Космонавтика в сучасному світі бурхливо змінюється. Прагматизм — перше, що впадає в око, коли аналізуєш результати космічної діяльності найбільших компаній і космічних держав. Один із головних пріоритетів — підпорядкування завдань космонавтики вирішенню загальних соціально-економічних проблем країни. Простіше кажучи, космічні проекти держава підтримує за умови чітко вираженого ефекту, який відчує у тому числі й пересічний споживач. Насичення нових ринків послуг, більшість яких орієнтовані на масового споживача (зв’язок, телебачення, навігація, метеопрогнози), — ось що стає пріоритетом сучасних аерокосмічних компаній.


Додамо сюди «космічний туризм», комерціалізацію космічних технологій, і може скластися враження, що космонавтика стає однією зі звичайних галузей економіки, майже буденною сферою, результат роботи якої треба виражати виключно в доларах, а космічні запуски стають одним із елементів сучасних транспорт­них систем, на кшталт модернізованих електричок.


З цього погляду, парадоксальним може видатися інтерес до нової космічної програми освоєння Місяця, перспективних міжпланетних місій, які оголошені пріоритетом десятка країн (зовсім недавно — некосмічних). Вражає кількість потенційних учасників відомої ініціативи EXPLORATION, яка передбачає польоти на Місяць і Марс. А недавній документ про створення всесвітньої системи, покликаної оптимізувати космічні спостереження за земною поверхнею (GEOSS), підписали понад 70 країн. Враження таке, що «пыльные тропинки далеких планет» обіцяють дослідникам величезні перспективи, а неминучі витрати і ризик невдач відступають на другий план. Не слід забувати, що під космічними витратами маються на увазі бюджетні витрати (тобто гроші платників податків); відносна роль комерційних проектів ще дуже скромна. Тобто довгострокові і досить дорогі космічні дослідження, на думку багатьох урядів, мають важливі практичні наслідки. Причини такої «демократизації» космонавтики, як і становлення власне «космічної політики», зводяться аж ніяк не до міркувань престижності чи зростання міжнародного авторитету.