Module 2 lectio prima (1)
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MODULE 2
LECTIO PRIMA (1)
Topic: Verb. Categories of Verb. Imperative Mood. Common Phrases Used in
Prescriptions.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to get general notion of the verb as a part of speech; to differentiate
between four conjugations of verbs; to master the rules of the Imperative
Mood formation and its use in prescriptions; to learn common phrases used in prescriptions.
TOPIC CONTENT
- General categories of the verb.
- Four conjugations of the verb.
- Formation of Imperative Mood.
- Dictionary form of the verb.
GENERAL NOTION ABOUT THE VERB
The verb is a part of speech that expresses an action (such as go), an event (such as happen), or a state (such as exist). Besides, the verb is characterized by several grammar categories. Latin verbs are widely used in professional sayings, proverbs, aphorisms and prescriptions. The main categories of Latin verbs are:
1) Number: numerus singularis (sing.) – singular
numerus pluralis (plur.) – plural
2) Person: persona prima (ego, nos) – the first person singular and plural (I; we)
persona secunda (tu, vos) – the second person singular and plural (You)
persona tertia (pronouns do not exist) – the third person singular and
plural (He, she, it; they)
Nota bene: in Latin pronouns are not written together with the verbs. The person is defined according to the form of the verb and its ending.
3) Tense: tempus praesens (corresponds to the English Present Indefinite)
tempus imperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Indefinite)
tempus perfectum (corresponds to the English Present Perfect)
tempus plusquamperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Perfect)
futurum I (corresponds to the English Future Indefinite)
futurm II (corresponds to the English Future Perfect)
Nota bene: medical students study only tempus praesens.
4) Voice: genus activum – active voice
genus passivum – passive voice
5) Mood : modus indicativus – the Indicative Mood
modus conjunctivus – the Subjunctive Mood
modus imperativus – the Imperative Mood
6) Infinitive – Infinitivus. (In Latin all the infinitives have inflexion –re following the stem of the verb; eg.: dare (to give), miscere (to mix), dividere (to divide), audire (to listen).
7) Conjugation: conjugation. There are four conjugations in Latin.
CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB
The conjugations are defined according to the final letter of the stem of the verb. To define the stem of the verb it is necessary to cut –re from the Infinitives of the 1, 2, 4 conjugations and –ere in the 3rd conjugation:
Infinitive Stem
dare da-
miscere misce-
dividere divid-
audire audi-
Thus, the 1st conjugation includes the verbs with the final –a in their stem; the 2nd conjugation includes the verbs with the final –e in their stem; the stem of the verbs of the 3rd conjugation mostly ends in a consonant or –u, -i; the 4th conjugation includes the verbs with the final –i in their stem. The stem of the verb is a very important part of the word as it serves as the basis to build other forms of the verbs including the Imperative Mood which is used in prescriptions.
FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
The Imperative Mood or Modus Imperativus exists in two forms: the second person singular and the second person plural. The Imperative Mood expresses an order or request to do something. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person singular it is enough to drop the inflexion –re from the Infinitive in all the four conjugations, it coincides with the stem. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person plural it is necessary to add the ending –te to the stem of the verb in the 1st, 2nd, 4th conjugations, and the ending –ite in the 3rd conjugation, because the stem of the verbs in the 3rd conjugation contains final consonant. That’s why the vowel –i is inserted for the sake of pronunciation.
| Infinitive | Stem | 2nd person sing. | 2nd person plur. |
| Dare | da | Da | Date |
| Miscere | misce | Misce | Miscete |
| Dividere | divid | Divide | Dividite |
| Audire | audi | Audi | Audite |
It should be noted that long vowels of the Infinitive inflexions in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugations are preserved in the form of the Imperative Mood in the 2nd person plural as well as a short one in the 3rd conjugation.
DICTIONARY FORM OF THE VERB
Verbs, like nouns and adjectives, have their own dictionary form. Medical students use a shortened dictionary form of the verb which consists of the verb in the 1st person singular, Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice (always with the ending -o), and after coma inflexion of the Infinitive with the part of the stem.
Nota bene: the ending –o is the inflexion of the 1st person singular for all the verbs in Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice. It is added to the stem of the verbs. In the 1st conjugation the final letter of the stem –a is transformed into –o.
Thus, the dictionary form of the Latin verbs looks like the following:
1st conjugation – do, are
2nd conjugation – misceo, ere
3rd conjugation – divido, ere
4th conjugation – audio. ire
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
- Determine the stem and conjugation of the following verbs given in the
Infinitive form.
solvere, praeparare, sumere, signare, miscere, scire, repetere, videre, dare, habere, formare, dignoscere, tussire, laborare, munire.
- Define conjugation and stem of the following verbs on the basis of their dictionary form.
addo, ere coquo, ere
ausculto, are dormio, ire
servio, ire floreo, ere
bibo, ere filtro, are
doceo, ere valeo, ere
- Form the Infinitive on the basis of the stem of the verbs, denote their conjugation.
cred- scrib-
adhibe- infund-
fini- lini-
defend- ama-
veta- stude-
- Write down dictionary forms of the following verbs on the basis of their stems:
noce- perfora-
palpa- ter-
repet- sana-
sci- senti-
vide- disc-
- Form the Imperative Mood singular and plural of the following verbs and translate them:
spirare dormire
adhibere sanare
sentire videre
legere solvere
scribere nutrire
signare habere
VOCABULARY
1st conjugation
ausculto, are - to listen to
curo, are - to cure
do, are - to give
filtro, are - to filter
formo, are - to form
laboro, are - to work
palpo, are - to palpate
praeparo, are - to prepare
sano, are - to heal
signo, are - to sign
spiro, are - to breathe
2nd conjugation
adhibeo, ere - to use
doceo, ere - to teach
habeo, ere - to have
misceo, ere - to mix
studeo, ere - to study
video, ere - to see
3rd conjugation
defendo, ere - to defend
dignosco, ere - to diagnose
lego, ere - to read
scribo, ere - to write
solvo, ere - to solve
vivo, ere - to live
4th conjugation
audio, ire - to hear
dormio, ire - to sleep
finio, ire - to finish
munio, ire - to strengthen
nutrio, ire - to feed
sentio, ire - to feel
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Vivere est militare. - To live means to struggle.
Vivere est cogitare. - To live means to learn.
Carpe diem. - Catch the day (don’t waist your time).
Primum non nocere. - First of all, don’t do any harm.
Festina lente. - Be quick but slowly.
Perfice te. - Improve yourself.
Veto. - I forbid.
LECTIO SECUNDA (II)
Topic: Prescription. Abbreviations in Prescriptions.
Number of hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire practical skills of prescribing medicines.
TOPIC CONTENT
- General information about the prescription and its structure.
- Grammatical structure of compound pharmaceutical terms.
- Abbreviations in prescriptions.
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRESCRIPTION
A prescription (in Latin “receptum”) is a written order of the physician to the pharmacist to prepare and give certain medicines to the patient indicating the way these medicines should be used.
A prescription is an important medical and legal document written according to certain rules. In Ukraine these rules are stipulated by the Order No 117 of the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine date June 30, 1994. Prescriptions are written out on a standard form, legibly, without any corrections in the Latin language. It is a classical form of the prescription.
Traditionally a prescription consists of 9 parts:
- Inscriptio I (the first sign) – inscription including the name of a medical establishment, its address, telephone, code.
- Inscriptio II (the second sign) – inscription containing the date of prescribing.
- Nomen aegroti (patient’s name) – patient’s name and age are indicated (especially when the patient is under 14 or over 60).
- Nomen medici (physician’s name) – the name of a physician writing out the prescription in a legible style.
- Invocatio – the physician’s order to the pharmacist which is expressed by the Imperative Mood of the verb “recipere” (to take): Recipe: (Take:). When the prescription is written in English it includes the symbol Rx.
- Designatio materiarum – the list of medications or their ingredients and their amount.
A prescription is simple (receptum simplex) if designatio materiarum contains only one (main - basis) medication. A prescription is composite (receptum compositum) if designatio materiarum contains two and more medical preparations. There is a certain order of writing out medical preparations or their ingredients in composite prescriptions. The main medical preparation – basis – is the first, it has the most important therapeutic effect; then additional medications – remedium adjuvans – are written which intensify or reduce the effect of the main medicine; after that there may be a remedy which improves the taste or smell of the preparation – remedium corrigens (it may be some juice or simply sugar); and at last those substances which give the medication its final form are written – remedium constituens – there may be distilled or purified water, some vegetable oils or spirits.
While writing designatio materiarum the following rules must be kept:
- every new name of a medicinal preparation must be written with a new line with a capital letter and in Genitive case (sing. or plur.). Nothing is written under the word “Recipe:”;
- in the middle of the line only the names of plants, chemical elements and medicines are written with a capital letter. The names of medicinal forms, adjectives, oxides, anions of salts, general words are written with a small letter;
- with every medicinal preparation its single dose is indicated to the right. The amount of solid or dry substances is indicated in grams, milligrams, centigrams, decigrams with Arabic numbers – 10,0; 0,005; 0,02; 0,1, but the words “gram, milligram, centigram, decigram” are not written. Liquid substances are prescribed in millilitres – 1ml; 0,5 ml or in drops. The words “millilitre” (ml) and “drop” (gutta) are written in the prescriptions. The amount of drops is written with Roman numbers after the word “drop”. If one drop is taken “guttam I” must be written, if two or more drops are taken “guttas III” is written instead (Acc. sing. and plur. respectively). Some medicinal preparations (antibiotics, hormonal preparations, vitamins) are measured in biological units of action – 100 000 UN. In this case we write the first letters of the words in a language other than Latin, e.g. English – UN. If two or more medicinal preparations are prescribed in the same amount, this amount is indicated after the last name of the drug with the word “ana” which means “ this amount of each”.
VII. Subscriptio (subscription) – it contains information for the pharmacist how to prepare the medicine (Misce, ut fiat… - Mix to get…), what form it should be (Misce, ut fiat unguentum – Mix to get some ointment), what amount should be given to the patient (Da tales doses numero… - Give such doses in the amount of…), and how to pack (Da tales doses numero…in charta cerata – Give such doses in the amount of…in a waxed paper).
If a prescription is simple, this part contains only indication to give medicine (Da. – Give.).
- Signatura (signature) – it contains indications for the patient concerning a single dose of the given medicine (pro dosi), time and way to take it. These indications are written in the language understandable for the patient. Only the word “Signa” (Sign) is written in Latin.
- Nomen medici et sigillum personale – signature and personal seal of the physician writing out the prescription.
If medicines should be given very quickly, the physician must write the word Cito! (quickly) in the upper part of the prescription, and in some urgent cases – Citissime! (very quickly) or Statim! (immediately).
The prescription form may contain two prescriptions if medicines prescribed do not have any narcotic or poisonous substances. In this case the prescriptions are divided by the sign #.
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
Compound pharmaceutical terms can consist of:
- the noun and adjective in Nom. case;
- two nouns, one of them in Nom. case, the other – in Gen. case;
- two nouns and one adjective. The first noun is in Nom. case, the second noun – in Gen. case, and the adjective may by either in Nom. or Gen. depending on the noun it belongs to;
- three nouns, the first of them – in Nom. case, the rest – in Gen. case (without changing the word order).
Models of the Terms:
- noun + adjective
etheric tincture – tinctura aetherea
simple powder – pulvis simplex
alcohol solution – solutio spirituosa
- noun in Nom. + noun in Gen.
tincture of valerian – tinctura Valerianae
liniment of ammonium – linimentum Ammonii
- noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + noun in Gen.
powder of the leaves of the foxglove – pulvis foliorum Digitalis
decoction of the oak bark – decoctum corticis Quercus
- noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + adjective in Nom. or Gen.
dry extract of the lily of the valley – extractum Convallariae siccum
oil solution of menthol – solutio Mentholi oleosa
tincture of peppermint – tinctura Menthae piperitae
While translating compound pharmaceutical terms into Latin one should keep in mind that:
- the nouns indicating medicinal form are on the first place in Nom. case (tincture, infusion, liniment, solution, powder, tablet, suppository, extract, etc.);
- the nouns indicating the name of the plant or chemical element, or medicinal preparation are on the second place in Gen. case. The name of the part of the plant (flower, root, bark, herb, etc.) precedes the name of the plant;
- the adjective (either in Nom. or Gen. case) is written at the end of the phrase.
For example: coated tablets of laevomycine – tabulettae Laevomycetini obductae; infusion of the leaves of the peppermint – infusum foliorum Menthae piperitae.
Nota bene: all the medications in prescriptions are written in Genitive case singular or plural, except those which are not changed according to the cases. For example: Cacao, Ginseng, Dragee.
ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTIONS
Prescriptions may be written in a full form or with abbreviations. It should be noted that trivial names of plants, names of medications, chemical nomenclature, most adjectives are never abbreviated. The table below presents the most frequently used abbreviations in prescriptions.
| Abbreviated form | Full form | Translation |
| aa | ana | this amount of each |
| Ac., Acid. | Acidum | acid |
| amp. | ampulla | ampule |
| aq. | aqua | water |
| aq. destill. | aqua destillata | distilled water |
| aq. purif. | aqua purificata | purified water |
| cort. | cortex | cortex, bark |
| D. | Da. Detur. | Give. |
| D. t. d. N | Da tales doses numero Dentur tales doses numero | Give such doses in the amount |
| dec., dct. | decoctum | decoction |
| dr. | dragee | dragee |
| em., emuls. | emulsum | emulsion |
| empl. | emplastrum | plaster |
| extr. | extractum | extraction, extract |
| f. | fiat, fiant | let there be made |
| fl., flor. | flos, flores | flower(s) |
| fol. | folium, folia | leaf (-ves) |
| fr. | fructus | fruit |
| gel. | gelatinosus, a, um | gelatinous |
| gtt., gtts. | guttam, guttas | one drop, more drops |
| hb. | herba | herb |
| inf. | infusum | infusion |
| in amp. | in ampullis | in ampoules |
| in caps. gel. | in capsulis gelatinosis | in gelatinous capsules |
| in ch. cer. | in charta cerata | in waxed paper |
| in ch. paraff. | in charta paraffinata | in paraffin paper |
| in tab. | in tabulettis | in tablets |
| in tab. obd. | in tabulettis obductis | in coated tablets |
| linim. | linimentum | liniment |
| liq. | liquor | liquid, fluid |
| M. | Misce. Misceatur. | Mix. |
| M., (ut) f. … | Misce, (ut) fiat… Misceatur, (ut) fiat… | Mix, let there be made… |
| m. pil. | massa pilularum | mass of pills |
| mucil. | mucilago | mucilage, mucus |
| N. | numerus | number, amount |
| ol. | oleum | oil |
| past. | pasta | paste |
| pulv. | pulvis | powder |
| pro inject. | pro injectionibus | for injections |
| q.s. | quantum satis | as much as it is required |
| r., rad. | radix | root |
| rhiz. | rhizome | rhizome, a huge root |
| Rp.: | Recipe: | Take (Rx) |
| sem. | semen | seed (s) |
| simpl. | simplex | simple |
| sir. | sirupus | syrup |
| sol. | solutio | solution |
| sp., spec. | species | tea (mixture of dried medicinal plants) |
| spir. | spiritus | alcohol |
| supp. | suppositorium | suppository |
| subtil. | subtilis | fine (powder) |
| subtiliss. | subtilissimus | extremely fine |
| tinct., t-rae, tct. | tinctura | tincture |
| ung. | unguentum | ointment |
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
- Read and translate into English, explain the structure of the compound pharmaceutical terms.
1. Solutio Jodi spirituosa 6. Unguentum Hydrocortisoni
2. Herba Arnicae montanae 7. Flores Chamomillae
3. Gemmae Betulae 8. Tinctura amara
4. Linimentum Naphthalani 9. Oleum Eucalypti
5. Oleum Menthae piperitae 10. Sirupus fructuum Rosae
- Translate into Latin, name their dictionary forms.
1. Tincture of the peppermint 6. Eye tetracycline ointment
2. Infusion of camomile flowers 7. Decoction of oak bark
3. Oil solution of camphor 8. Leaves of eucalyptus
4. Powder of the rhubarb root 9. Fruit of the sea-buckthorn
5. Dry extraction of valerian 10. Chloroform water
- Read and translate the following prescriptions into English.
1. Recipe: Penicillini 200 000 UN pro injectionibus
Da tales doses numero 10.
Signa. 1 ml intramuscularly every 6 hours.
2. Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 20-30 drops 2-3 times a day.
3.Recipe: Solutionis Novocaini 1% 100 ml
Dimedroli 1,0
Euphyllini 0,5
Aquae purificatae 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 1 ml per one inhalation in case of pneumonia.
- Recipe: Infusi foliorum Sennae 20,0: 200 ml
Da.
Signa. One spoonful twice a day.
- Recipe: Unguenti Laevomycetini ophthalmici 1% 10,0
Da.
Signa. Apply on the eyelids 2-3 times a day.
- Recipe: Nicotinamidi 0,025
Da tales doses numero 100 in tabulettis.
Signa. 2 tab. three times a day.
- Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations.
1. Rp.: Thymoli 0,75
D. t. d. N 12 in caps.
S.
2. Rp.: Ol. Persicorum 50,0
D.
S.
- Rp.: Promedoli 0.025
Thipheni 0,3
Sacchari 0,2
M., f. pulv.
D. t. d . N 10
S.
4. Rp.: Inf. fol. Urticae 15,0: 200 ml
D.
S.
5. Rp.: Citrali 2,0
Spir. aetylici 95% 25 ml
Glycerini 75,0
M. D.
S.
6. Rp.: Apilaci 0,01
Ol. Cacao q. s.
M., f. supp. rect.
D. t. d. N 10 in ch. cer.
S.
- Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations.
- Rx: Monomycin 0,5
Dimexide solution 30% 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Sulphathiazolum 5,0
White clay 2,5
Glycerine as much as is required
Mix to get some paste.
Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Iodoform 2,5
Vaseline about 25,0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Triturated camphor 0,1
Sugar 0,3
Mix to get some powder.
Give 10 such doses in waxed paper.
Sign.
- Rx: Alcohol solution of iodine 10% 5 ml
Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Iodine 0,1
Glycerine 10,0
Peppermint oil 3 drops
Mix. Give.
Sign.
VOCABULARY
English Latin
alcohol spiritus, us m
Apilac Apilacum, i n
arnica Arnica, ae f
birch (tree) Betula, ae f
bitter amarus, a, um
bud gemma, ae f
camomile Chamomilla, ae f
Camphor Camphora, ae f
Chloroform Chloroformium, i n
Citral Citralum, i n
clay bolus, i f
cocoa` Cacao (not changed)
Dimexide Dimexidum, i n
dog-rose Rosa, ae f
dry siccus, a, um
ethyl (adj.) aethylicus, a, um
eucalyptus Eucalyptus, i f
eye (adj.) ophthalmicus, a, um
Glycerine Glycerinum, i n
Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisonum, i n
Iodine Iodum, i n
Iodoform Iodoformium, i n
Monomycin Monomycinum, i n
mountain (adj.) montanus, a , um
nettle Urtica, ae f
Sulphathiazol Norsulfazolum, i n
oak-tree Quercus, us f
peach (fruit) Persicum, i n
peppermint Mentha piperita,
Menthae piperitae f
Promedol Promedolum, i n
rhubarb Rheum, i n
rectal rectalis, e
raspberry Rubus idaeus,
Rubi idaei, m
sea-buckthorn Hippophae, es f
senna Senna, ae f
sugar Saccharum ,i n
Thiphen Thiphenum, i n
Thymol Thymolum, i n
triturated tritus, a, um
valerian Valeriana, ae f
Vaseline Vaselinum, i n
white albus, a, um