Module 2 lectio prima (1)
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LECTIO TERTIA (III)
Topic: Chemical Nomenclature.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire the skills of chemical terminology formation.
TOPIC CONTENT
- Latin names of chemical elements.
- Latin names of oxides and bases.
- Latin names of salts.
- Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts.
- Latin names of compound ethers.
- Latin names of acids.
LATIN NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Latin names of chemical elements are the neuter nouns of the 2nd declension, that is, they have the inflexion –um in Nom. sing. and the inflexion –i in Gen. sing.
For example: Ferrum, i n – iron
Kalium, i n – potassium
There are only two words-exceptions:
Phosphorus, i m – phosphorus
Sulfur, uris n – sulphur
The names of chemical elements in prescriptions are written with a capital letter and never abbreviated. Chemical symbols are not accepted in prescriptions.
The most important chemical elements
| Latin names | English names | Symbols |
| Aluminium, i n | Aluminium | Al |
| Argentum, i n | Silver | Ag |
| Arsenicum, i n | Arsenic | As |
| Aurum, i n | Gold | Au |
| Barium, i n | Barium | Ba |
| Bismuthum, i n | Bismuth | Bs |
| Borum, i n | Boron | B |
| Bromum, i n | Bromine | Br |
| Calcium, i n | Calcium | Ca |
| Carboneum, i n | Carbon | C |
| Chlorum, i n | Chlorine | Cl |
| Cuprum, i n | Copper | Cu |
| Ferrum , i n | Iron | Fe |
| Hydrargyrum, i n | Mercury | Hg |
| Hydrogenium, i n | Hydrogen | H |
| Iodum , i n | Iodine | I |
| Kalium, i n | Potassium | K |
| Magnesium, i n | Magnesium | Mg |
| Natrium, i n | Sodium | Na |
| Nitrogenium, i n | Nitrogen | N |
| Oxygenium, i n | Oxygen | O |
| Phosphorus, i m | Phosphorus | Ph |
| Plumbum, i n | Lead | Pb |
| Sulfur, uris n | Sulphur | S |
| Zincum, i n | Zinc | Z |
LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES AND BASES
According to the International Chemical Nomenclature Latin names of oxides consist of two words: the first place is occupied by the name of a chemical element with a capital letter in Gen. sing. (cation), the second place – by the group name (anion) with a small letter in Nom. sing. The group names may be oxide (oxydum, i n), peroxide (peroxydum, i n), hydroxide (hydroxydum, i n). In prescriptions both names are written in Gen. sing.
For example: zinc oxide – Nom. sing.: Zinci oxydum
Gen. sing.: Zinci oxydi
The names of bases consist of two words: the name of a metal is written first with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of hydroxide with a small letter in Nom. sing. follows. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.:
For example: iron hydroxide – Nom. sing.: Ferri hydroxydum
Gen. sing.: Ferri hydroxydi
LATIN NAMES OF SALTS
Latin names of salts consist of two words: first the name of a chemical element or medication (cation) is written with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of anion is written in Nom. sing. with a small letter. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.
For example: copper citrate – Nom. sing.: Cupri citras
Gen. sing.: Cupri citratis
morphine hydrochloride – Nom. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridum
Gen. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridi
There are certain rules to form the names of salts:
- If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ate, it corresponds to Latin –as in Nom. sing. and –atis in Gen. sing.: nitrate – nitras, atis m.
- If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ite, it corresponds to Latin –is in Nom. sing. and –itis in Gen. sing.: nitrite – nitris, itis m.
- If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ide, it corresponds to the second declension neuter nouns with the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: bromide – bromidum, i n.
- The names of anions of hydracid salts with the organic base correspond to the second declension of nouns formed by means of the prefix hydr-, the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: hydrochloride – hydrochloridum, i n.
The most frequently used anions of salts
English names Latin names
sulphate sulfas, atis m
nitrate nitras, atis m
phosphate phosphas,atis m
acetate acetas, atis m
benzoate benzoas, atis m
salicylate salicylas, atis m
sulphite sulfis, itis m
nitrite nitris, itis m
arsenite arsenis, itis m
bromide bromidum, i n
chloride chloridum, i n
sulphide sulfidum, i n
iodide iodidum, i n
hydrochloride hydrochloridum, i n
LATIN NAMES OF ORGANIC SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SALTS
The Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts consist of the name of their base written with a capital letter in Nom. sing. and the words natrium, kalium with a small letter in Nom. sing. These names are written with a hyphen. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.:
For example: sulphathiazole sodium – Nom.sing.: Norsulfazolum-natrium
Gen.sing.: Norsuflazoli-natrii
benzylpenicillinu potassium – Nom.sing.: Benzylpenicillinum-natrium
Gen.sing.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii
LATIN NAMES OF COMPOUD ETHERS
The Latin names of compound ethers consist of two words (in English it is one word): the name of a medication with a capital letter in Gen. sing. is the first, the second is the name of anion with a small letter in Nom. sing. In prescriptions all the words are written in Gen. sing.
For example: methylsalicylate – Nom. sing.: Methylii salicylas
Gen. sing.: Methylii salicylatis
amylnitrite – Nom. sing.: Amylii nitris
Gen. sing.: Amylii nitritis
LATIN NAMES OF ACIDS
The Latin names of acids are given in scientific literature according to the International Nomenclature. The names of acids consist of two words: the first is the word “acid” itself written with a capital letter – Acidum; then the name of acid, which is an adjective of the 1st class, follows. Thus, the names of acids in Latin are actually the “noun+adjective” combinations. To form the name of acids in Latin it is enough to add the ending –um to the English name.
The most frequently used names of acids
English names Latin names
arsenic acid Acidum arsenicicum
arsenous acid Acidum arsenicosum
ascorbinic acid Acidum ascorbinicum
acetic acid Acidum aceticum
acetylsalicylic acid Acidum acetylsalicylicum
adipinic acid Acidum adipinicum
barbituric acid Acidum barbituricum
benzoic acid Acidum benzoicum
chloric acid Acidum chloricum
chlorous acid Acidum chlorosum
capronic acid Acidum capronicum
chromic acid Acidum chromicum
citric acid Acidum citricum
carbonic acid Acidum carbonicum
folic acid Acidum folicum
formic acid Acidum formicicum
glutaminic acid Acidum glutaminicum
hydroiodic acid Acidum hydroiodicum
hydrocyanic acid Acidum hydrocyanicum
hydrosulphuric acid Acidum hydrosulfuricum
hydrochloric acid Acidum hydrochloricum
lactic acid Acidum lacticum
nitric acid Acidum nitricum
nitrous acid Acidum nitrosum
nicotinic acid Acidum nicotinicum
nucleinic acid Acidum nucleinicum
oxalic acid Acdium oxalicum
phthalic acid Acidum phthalicum
phosphoric acid Acidum phosphoricum
phosphorous acid Acidum phosphorosum
sulphuric acid Acidum sulfuricum
sulphurous acid Acidum sulfurosum
salicylic acid Acidum salicylicum
tartaric acid Acidum tartaricum
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
- Write down the names of the following chemical elements in Latin intheir dictionary forms:
Sodium, potassium, lead, copper, iron, gold, silver, chlorine, boron, bromine, mercury, manganese, silicon, antimonium.
- Translate the names of oxides and bases into Latin, form their Gen. sing.
Hydrogen peroxide; magnesium peroxide; zinc oxide; aluminium hydroxide; lead oxide; potassium superoxide; bromine oxide; arsenic trioxide; iron oxide; calcium dioxide.
- Translate the names of salts into Latin and form their Gen. sing.
Barium sulphate; lead acetate; sodium benzoate; cocaine hydrochloride; ammonium bromide; potassium perchloride; copper subsulphate; mercury cyanide; sodium nitrite; potassium arsenite.
- Give Latin equivalents of the following sodium and potassium salts, form their Gen. sing.
sulphacyl sodium furagin potassium
oxacillin sodium benzylpenicillin potassium
barbital sodium thiopental potassium
sulphathiazole sodium methicillin potassium
sulphapyridazin sodium aethazole potassium
- Translate the names of acids into Latin, form their Gen. sing.
aminocapronic acid boric acid
dehydrochloric acid etacrynic acid
lipoic acid hydrofluoric acid
mephenamic acid trichloacetic acid
telluric acid hydrobromic acid
- Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations .
- Rx: Morphine hydrochloride
Cocaine hydrochloride both in amount of 0,1
Purified water 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Dicaine 0,05
Solution of adrenaline hydrochloride 1: 1000 4 drops
Solution of zinc sulphate 0, 25% 10 ml
Boric acid 0,2
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Diluted hydrochloric acid 10 ml
Purified water 150 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,15
Dimedrolum 0,05
Novocaine 0,1
Solution of thiamine bromide 5% 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Benzylpenicillin sodium 500 000 UN
Solution of sodium chloride 0, 9% 8 ml
Glycerine 3, 0
Mix. Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Streptocide 2, 0
Bismuth subnitrate 0, 02
Zinc ointment about 10, 0
Mix. Give.
Sign.
7. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations and translate them.
- Rp.: Hydrargyri dichloridi 0, 1
Resorcini 2, 0
Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml
M. D.
S.
- Rp.: Riboflavini 0, 001
Ac. ascorbinici
Ac. nicotinici
Thiamini bromidi aa 0, 005
Glucosi 0, 3
Sol. Cupri citratis 0, 01% 10 ml
M. D.
S.
- Rp.: Calcii glycerophosphatis 2, 0
Ac. citrici 0, 2
Sir. simpl. 100 ml
M. D.
S.
- Rp.: Sol. Norsulfazoli-natrii 5% 10 ml
Mesatoni 0, 025
M. D.
S.
- Rp.: Magnesii sulfatis 30, 0
Ac. citrici 40, 0
Natrii hydrocarbonatis 45, 0
Sacchari 85, 0
M. D.
S.
12 Rp.: Neomycini sulfatis 200 000 UN
Prednisoloni 0, 2
Ol. Vaselini 20, 0
M. D.
S.
VOCABULARY
English Latin
Adrenaline Adrenalinum, i n
Cocaine Cocainum, i n
Dicaine Dicainum, i n
diluted dilutus, a, um
Dimedrol Dimedrolum, i n
Ephedrine Ephedrinum, i n
Glucose Glucosum, i n
Mesaton Mesatonum, i n
Morphine Morphinum, i n
Neomycin Neomycinum, i n
Novocaine Novocainum, i n
Prednisolon Prednisolonum, i n
Resorcine Resorcinum, i n
Riboflavine Riboflavinum, i n
Streptocide Streptocidum, i n
Thiamine Thiaminum, i n
LECTIO QUARTA (IV)
Topic: Structural Units in the Names of Medical Preparations.
Number of hours: 2
Objectives: acquire practical skills of correct writing the names of medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
- Scientific and trivial names of medications.
- Structural units in the names of medications.
SCIENTIFIC AND TRIVIAL NAMES OF MEDICATIONS
Most medical preparations have two names: scientific and trivial. Scientific or systemic name indicates chemical composition of the drug, the location of components in it which corresponds to the composition and structure of a compound’s molecule. They may be very long and look like chemical formulas. Trivial names do not show scientific or chemical structure, they have a short form, simple phonetic and grammar structure. That’s why they are easy to operate with. Latin trivial names of medications are the second declension neuter nouns with the ending –um in Nom. sing. and the ending –i in Gen. sing. They are written with a capital letter.
For example: novocaine – Novocainum, i n
oxytetracycline – Oxytetracyclinum, i n
Nota bene: many modern names of medications do not often have the ending –um. However, they are considered to be the second declension neuter nouns and in Gen. sing. they traditionally are written with the ending –i.
For example: Nom. sing. – Allergol
Gen. sing. – Allergoli
STRUCTURAL UNITS IN THE NAMES OF MEDICATIONS
Pharmaceutical structural units in the names of medications are word-building elements, which are regularly used in the names of medicines and inform about their pharmacological group, chemical composition, therapeutic action, anatomical or physiological character. The knowledge of structural units in the names of medications gives better understanding of the nature of numerous modern medicines and ability to write them correctly.
The most frequently used names of structural units
| Structural unit | Meaning | Example |
| -aesth- -aesthes- | loss of feeling or perception; used in the names of pain-killers | Anaesthesolum, i n |
| -aeth- -eth- | presence of ethyl group or ethyl radical | Aethonium, ii n Ethionamidum, i n |
| -alg- | denoting pain-relieving preparations | Analginum, i n |
| -allerg- | antiallergic means | Allergol |
| -amin- | presence of amino group | Aminocapron |
| -angi- | vasodilating, spasmolytic preparations | Anginal |
| -ap- | preparations made of substances produced by bees or containing bee venom | Apilacum, i n |
| -asthm- | antiasthmatic preparations | Asthmatolum, i n |
| -azid- -azin- -azol- | presence of azotogroup | Diazolinum, i n Aminazinum, i n Phthivazidum, i n |
| -barb- | denoting barbiturates (sedative, hypnotic) | Barbovalum, i n |
| -benz- | preparations containing benzol | Benzacinum, i n |
| -bil- -chol- | bile-expelling preparations | Bilicholum, i n Cholamidum, i n |
| -cain- | pain-killers used topically | Novocainum, i n |
| -camph- | presence of camphor | Camphonium, i n |
| -carb- | presence of carbon | Carbocholinum, i n |
| -cillin- | antibiotics of penicillin group | Ampicillinum, i n |
| -cor- -card- | preparations for the heart | Corvalolum, i n Cardiovalenum, i n |
| -cyan- | belonging to cyanogroup | Cyanocobalaminum, i n |
| -cycl(in)- | antibiotics of tetracycline group | Oxytetracyclinum, i n |
| -chlor- | presence of chlorine | Chloraconum, i n |
| -derm- | preparations for skin diseases | Dermatolum, i n |
| -dorm- -hypn- -sed- -stress- -tranqu- -zepam- | denoting sedative, hypnotic, antistress, sleep-inducing preparations | Dormicum, i n Hypnofer Sedalginum, i n Anastress Tranquisan Nitrazepamum, i n |
| -fung- -myc- -mycin- | antifungal antibiotics | Nitrofungin Streptomycinum, i n |
| -gastr- | preparations for the stomach | Gastropharm |
| -haem- -haemat- | medicines made of blood or for the treatment of blood diseases | Haematogenum, i n |
| -hydr- | presence of water molecules or hydrogen | Hydrocortisonum, i n |
| -meth- | presence of methyl radical | Methacidum, i n |
| -morph- | narcotic pain-killer preparation | Morphinum, i n |
| -naphth- -phth- | presence of naphthalan nucleus, derivatives of naphtha | Naphthalanum, i n Phthazinum, i n |
| -nephr- -ren- | denoting preparations for the treatment of kidney diseases | Renostypticin |
| -oxy- | presence of oxygen | Oxytocinum, i n |
| -pancr- | denoting preparations used for the treatment of pancreatic diseases | Pancreatinum, i n |
| -phen- | presence of phenol or its radical phenyl | Phenobolinum, i n |
| -phyll- | indicating the leaf (Greek origin) | Theophyllinum, i n |
| -phyt- | indicating the plant | Phytinum, i n |
| -phosph- | presence of phosphorus | Phosphacolum, i n |
| -py(o)- | denoting antiseptic preparation | Pyocidum, i n |
| -pyr- | denoting antipyretic preparations reducing fever | Pyrogenalum, i n |
| -sulf- | presence of sulphur | Sulfalenum, i n |
| -thyr- | denoting preparations for thyroid diseases | Thyreoidinum, i n |
| -theo- | cocoa derivatives | Theophedrinum, i n |
| -ur- | denoting preparations for the treatment of urinary disorders | Urosulfanum, i n |
| -vir- | antiviral preparations | Virosol |
| -vit- | indicating vitamins | Hexavitum, i n |
| -yl- | indicating any substance or remaining acid radical | Methylenum, i n |
Nota bene: you should keep in mind that these are the most frequently used structural units in the names of medications. Studying Chemistry, Biology, Anatomy and other subjects you will find more of them.
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
- Find the structural units in the names of the following medications and indicate their meaning.
a) Acephenum b) Aethazolum c) Aevitum
Angiotensinum Baralginum Befunginum
Benzonalum Bicillinum Bromcamphora
Chloraconum Cholecinum Cordiaminum
Corglyconum Cyclamidum Dactinomycinum
Dexamethasonum Diacarbum Diazepamum
Dicainum Doxycyclinum Dipheninum
Erycyclinum Ethosuximidum Euphyllinum
Gentamycinum Haemodesum Hydrocortisonum
Isapheninum Lidoflazinum Naphthalanum
- Distribute the following medications according to their pharmaceutical, anatomical, therapeutic or chemical meaning on the basis of structural units they contain.
Lincomycinum, Indomethacinum, Cordigitum, Bencainum, Nitrofungin, Nitroglycerinum, Novocainamidum, Oxacillinum-natrium, Phenobarbitalum, Platyphyllinum, Pyrogenalum, Sulfalenum, Thiophosphamidum, Thrombolytinum, Thyreotropinum, Undevitum, Urosulfanum, Vitaiodurolum, Cholini chloridum, Haemostimulinum.
- The names of medicines written below may contain structural units which are not indicated in the table of this lesson. Try to find them and explain their meaning.
Cerebrolysinum,Cholenzymum,Citralum, Corticotropinum, Cyclomethiazidum, Cystenalum, Desoxycorticosteroni acetas, Diiodthyrosinum, Ergocalciferolum, Erythromycini phosphas, Ferroceronum, Fibrinolysinum, Histaglobulinum, Histamini dihydrochloridum, Hydrargyri oxycyanidum, Lactobacterin, Kanamycini monosulfas, Methylandrostendiolum, Mycoseptin, Pertussinum, Plasmolum, Vitohepatum.
- Write the following prescriptions in a full form, explain the meaning of the structural units in the names of medicines.
- Rp.: Tannini 1, 5
Ac. salicylici 2, 0
Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml
M.D.
S.
2. Rp.: Inf. hb. Thermopsidis 0, 1: 100 ml
Natrii benzoatis 0, 6
Sir. Althaeae 20 ml
M. D.
S.
3. Rp.: Calcii oxydi 5, 0
Calcii chloridi
Natrii chloridi aa 2, 0
Natrii hydrocarbonatis 1, 5
Kalii chloridi 1, 3
M. D.
S.
4. Rp.: Amidopyrini 5, 0
Natrii bromidi 10, 0
T-rae Valerianae 10 ml
Aq. purif. ad 180 ml
M. D.
S.
5. Rp.: Barbitali-natrii 4, 5
Aq. purif. 90 ml
M. D.
S.
6. Rp.: Ac. lactici
Ac. salicylici aa 1, 0
Collodii 8, 0
M. D.
S.
5. Prescribe the following in Latin in full form and using abbreviations.
1. Rx: Potassium iodide 0, 3
Sodium hydrocarbonate 0, 2
Purified water 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
2. Rx: Aethylmorphine hydrochloride
Papaverin hydrochloride
Extract of Belladonna 0, 1 of each
Water of peppermint 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
3. Rx: Trioxymethylen o, 5
Thymol 0, 05
Zincum oxyde 5, 0
Solution of oil camphor as much as is required
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Erythromycin 250 000 UN
Laevomycin 1, 5
Streptocide 2, 5
Mix to form some fine powder.
Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Phenobarbital 0, 01
Trimethine 0, 05
Bromisoval 0, 2
Mix to get some powder.
Give such doses 6 in the amount.
Sign.
6. Rx: Butadion 0, 15
Paracetamol 0, 5
Cocoa oil as much as is required to form rectal suppositorium.
Give such doses 20 in the amount.
Sign.
VOCABULARY
English Latin
Aethylmorphine Aethylmorphinum, i n
marshmallow Althaea, ae f
Amidopyrine Amidopyrinum, i n
Barbitalum-natrium Barbitalum-natrium, i n
belladonna (med. plant) Belladonna, ae f
Bromisoval Bromisovalum, i n
Butadion Butadionum, i n
Collodium Collodium, ii n
Erythromycin Erythromycinum, i n
Laevomycin Laevomycetinum, i n
Papaverine Papaverinum, i n
Paracetamol Paracetamolum, i n
Phenobarbital Phenobarbitalum, i n
Tannine Tanninum, i n
thermopsis (med. plant) Thermopsis, idis f
Trimethine Trimethinum, i n
Trioxymethylenum Trioxymethylenum, i n
LECTIO QUINTA (V)