Module 2 lectio prima (1)
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LECTIO SEXTA (VI)
Topic: Semisolid Forms of Medications.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire practical skills of correct prescribing semisolid forms of
medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
- The main rules to prescribe ointments.
- The main rules to prescribe pastes.
- The main rules to prescribe plasters.
OINTMENTS (UNGUENTA)
Ointment (unguentum, i n) is a semisolid medication, usually undivided, having a viscous consistency and prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). The ointment is prepared by mixing medicinal substances (one or more) and a special base. Vaseline (Vaselinum), lanolin (Lanolinum), depurated pork lard (adeps suillus depuratus) are common bases for ointments.
There are simple and composite ointments. Simple ointments contain only one medicinal substance (basis) and a base for the ointment (remedium constituens). Ointments containing more than two ingredients are called composite.
There are two ways to prescribe ointments: a short or full form.
The ointments containing only one medicinal substance and a base are prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing. – unguenti, the name of medicinal substance in Gen. sing., its concentration and general amount of the ointment.
For example: Recipe: Unguenti Hydrocortisoni 2, 5% 30, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
The ointments containing several ingredients are prescribed in a full form. In this case after the word “Recipe:” all the names of medicinal substances are written in Gen. sing., a base for the ointment, the amount of the constituents in grams, and Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing – Misce, (ut) fiat unguentum.
For example: Recipe: Sulphacyli-natrii 6, 0
Aquae purificatae
Olei Vaselini aa 2, 0
Lanolini 4, 0
Vaselini pro oculis 6, 0
Misce, fiat unguentum.
Da.
Signa. Apply to the eyelids twice a day.
LINIMENTS (LINIMENTA)
Liniment (linimentum, i n) is a liquid ointment (some authors consider liniments as liquid forms of medication) prescribed for external use (ad usum externum) which look like a thick liquid or jelly melting at body temperature. Various vegetable oils are used a base for liniments (oleum Helianthi, oleum Lini, oleum Ricini, oleum Olivarum, oleum Amygdalarum etc.). Liniments are an undivided medicinal form. They are usually prescribed in a full form with the list of all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and indication of their amount. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing: Misce, (ut) fiat linimentum.
For example: Recipe: Chloroformii
Olei Hyoscyami
Olei Terebinthinae aa 50 ml
Misce, fiat linimentum.
Da.
Signs. Rub into the skin of the lumbar region.
Liniments may be prescribed in a short form (analogically to ointments). In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication in Gen. sing. is written, its concentration and general amount of the liniment.
For example: Recipe: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% 30 ml
Da.
Signa. Apply to the wound.
PASTES (PASTAE)
Paste (pasta, ae f) is a kind of a thick ointment of a paste-like consistency containing from 25% to 65% of powder-like substances. Common bases for pastes are the same as for ointments. If the amount of powder-like substances in pastes is less than 25%, neutral powders are added: starch (Amylum), talc (Talcum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum). Pastes are undivided medicinal forms prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). Usually pastes are prescribed in a full form enumerating all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and their amount in grams. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing and medicinal form – Misce, (ut) fiat pasta.
For example: Recipe: Acidi salicylici 1, 0
Talci 24, 0
Vaselini 25, 0
Misce, fiat pasta.
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
Sometimes pastes are prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing., its concentration and general amount.
For example: Recipe: Pastae Anaesthesini 5% 50, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
PLASTERS (EMPLASTRA)
Plaster (emplastrum, i n) is an undivided semisolid form of medication looking like a plastic mass which has the property to melt at body temperature and stick to the skin. Plasters are prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). Plasters are thick and liquid (skin varnish).
The property to melt and stick to the skin is ensured by the plaster base which is made of paper, textile, resin alloy, paraffin, Indian rubber and some other substances. The plasters are made at pharmaceutical plants. They are prescribed in a short form. After the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing. – emplastri, than the name of the plaster follows, its amount (if it is not spread and give in a hard block) or size (if it is spread on the base), that is its length and width.
For example: Recipe: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply on the textile and than to the
injured area.
#
Recipe: Emplastri bactericidi adhaesivi 10 cm × 6 cm
Da.
Signa. Fix the margins of the wound.
Liquid plasters are skin varnishes which actually are voletile liquids. After evaporation they remain some pellicle on the skin. Examples of such skin varnishes are: collodion (Collodium), cleol (Cleolum), corn liquid (liquor ad clavos). They are officinal and prescribed in a short form.
For example: Recipe: Cleoli 100 ml
Da.
Signa. To fix dressings on the wound after operation.
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
- Translate into English, explain grammar structure of the following pharmaceutical terms.
- Unguentum Tetracyclini Ophthalmicum 6. Pasta Zinci
- Emplastrum Plumbi simplex 7. Linimentum Xeroformii
- Unguentum Acidi borici compositum
- Linimentum Synthomycini 8. Oleum Helianthi
- Oleum Ricini in capsulis gelatinosis 9. Unguentum Hydrargyri oxydi
flavi
- Form combinations of the nouns and adjectives, write them down in Nom. and Gen. sing.
- Yellow ointment 6. Bactericidal plaster
- Composite plaster 7. Boric acid
- Depurated Vaseline 8. Precipitated sulphur
- The finest white Streptocide 9. Volatile liniment
- Pure Phenol 10. Ethyl alcohol
- Translate the following phrases used in prescriptions into Latin, form their Genitive case.
- Ointment of Decamethoxin. Ointment of Nystatin. Ointment of Furacilin. Ointment of Dermatol. Ointment of Erythromycin. Ointment of boric acid. Ointment of copper citrate. Ointment of yellow mercury oxide.
- Liniment of Nephthalan. Liniment of Streptomycin. Liniment of zinc oxide. Liniment of turpentine oil. Composite liniment of Chloroform.
- Cocoa oil. Sunflower oil. Sea-buckthorn oil. Castor-bean oil. Peach oil. Almond oil. Olive oil. Flax oil. Peppermint oil. Dog-rose oil. Anise oil. Peanut oil. Eucalyptus oil. Pine-tree oil.
- Write down the following expressions in full, translate them into English.
ung. past. in caps. gel.
linim. extr. M. D. S.
in ch. cer. Ac. D. t. d. N
ol. simpl. empl.
M. f. ung. aq. purif. sol.
- Prescribe the following in a full form and using abbreviations.
- Rx: Salicylic acid
Anaesthesin 2,5 each
Vaseline about 50, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Streptocide 0, 3
Solution of Adrenaline hydrochloride 0, 1% 10 drops
Menthol 0, 1
Lanolin 2, 0
Vaseline 8, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
- Rx: Ointment of yellow mercury oxide 1% 10, 0
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Eye Tetracycline ointment 10, 0
Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Precipitated sulphur
Beach tar 1, 0 each
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch 2, 5 each
Vaseline 20, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
6. Rx: Sodium chloride 20, 0
Lanolin 30, 0
Cord liver oil 100, 0
Purified water 20 ml
Mix to get some liniment.
Give.
Sign.
7. Rx: Liniment of Synthomycin 10% 25 ml
Give.
Sign.
8. Rx: Beach tar
Xeroform 3, 0 each
Castor-bean oil about 100 ml
Mix to get some liniment.
Give.
Sign.
9. Rx: Precipitated sulphur 2, 0
Wood-tar 0, 3
Zinc paste 30, 0
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
10. Rx: Calcium glycerophosphate 5, 65
Calcium hydroxide
Zinc oxide 1, 0 each
Vaseline oil
Glycerine in equal amounts as much as it is required
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
11. Rx: Pepper plaster 12 cm x 18 cm
Give.
Sign.
12. Rx: Simple lead plaster 25, 0
Ichthyol 2, 5
Mix to get some plaster.
Give.
Sign.
LECTIO SEPTIMA (VII)
Topic: Liquid Forms of Medications.
Number of Hours: 4
Objectives: to acquire practical skill in prescribing liquid forms of medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
- The main rules to prescribe solutions.
- The main rules to prescribe decoctions and infusions.
- The main rules to prescribe tinctures.
- The main rules to prescribe extracts.
- The main rules to prescribe syrups.
- The main rules to prescribe emulsions.
- The main rules to prescribe mixtures.
- The main rules to prescribe mucilages.
Solutions (solutiones)
Solution (solutio, onis f) is a liquid form of medication received by means of a complete dissolving of a solid or liquid substance in a solvent. Solutions are indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for injections (pro injectionibus). Common solvents for solutions are: purified water (aqua purificata), ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), various oils (olea). Due to the solvent there are water solutions (solutiones aquosae), alcohol solutions (solutiones spirituosae), oil solutions (solutiones oleosae).
According to their composition solutions are divided into simple (solutiones simlices) and composite (solutiones compositae).
Solutions are prescribed in a full form or in a short form. If solutions are prescribed in a full form, the names of all the ingredients are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” with the indication of their amount, in Subscriptio the way of preparing the solution is indicated – Misce. – followed by the indication to give the medicine – Da.
For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 0, 3
Spiritus aethylici 70% 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 8-10 drops into the ear.
In a short form the word “Recipe:” is followed by the names of the form of medication and preparation itself in Gen. sing., concentration of the solution and its general amount in milliliters. Subscriptio contains the phrases Da. Signa. If it is the solution for injections the word Sterilisetur! may be written.
For example: Recipe: Papaverini hydrochloride 2% 10 ml
Sterilisetur!
Da.
Signa. 1ml subcutaneously.
If an alcohol or oils are used as solvents, the name of the solvent is indicated after the name of medicinal substance. Water as a solvent is not indicated in the prescriptions.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 5% 10 ml
Da.
Signa. 4 drops twice a day into the afflicted ear.
#
Recipe: Solutionis Mentholi oleosae 1% 5 ml
Da.
Signa. 2 drops into each nostril.
#
Recipe : Solutionis Furacilini 0, 2% 200 ml
Da.
Signa. To wash the wounds.
Solutions for injections (pro injectionibus) are usually prescribed in a short form. The names of the form of medication and medicinal substance (sometimes with the indication of solvent) are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:”, the concentration of the solution and the volume of one ampoule is indicated. The number of ampoules which should be given to the patient is indicated in Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in ampullis.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Glucosae 40% 20 ml
Da tales doses numero 6 in ampullis.
Signa. For intravenous injections.
Nota bene: if the phrase pro injectionibus is written in the prescription, the phrase in ampullis is omitted.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Ephedrini hydrochloride 5% pro
injectionibus 1 ml
Da tales doses numero 10.
Signa. 1 ml for subcutaneous injections.
Infusions and Decoctions (infusa et decocta)
Infusion (infusum, i n) and decoction (decoctum, i n) are water extractions from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external use (compresses, gargling, lotions etc.). Infusions are usually prepared from soft parts of the plants (flowers, leaves, stems, herbs), and decoctions – from hard parts of the plants (roots, rhizome, bark, fruit). Besides, infusions and decoctions differ by the way of extraction. Infusions are heated during 15 minutes and than are cooled during 45 minutes; decoctions are heated for 30 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes.
Both infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in a short form. Designatio materiarum begins with the name of the form of medication in Gen. sing. – infusi, decocti – than the part of the plant and the name of the plant in Gen. sing. are written with the proportion of its amount and the amount of infusion or decoction in general. For instance, 10 grams of a medicinal raw material per
200 ml of water will be written as follows: 10, 0 : 200 ml.
For example: Recipe: Infusi foliorum Menthae piperitae ex 5, 0 : 200 ml
Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful every 3 hour.
#
Recipe: Decocti corticis Quercus ex 20, 0 : 200 ml
Da.
Signa. Half a glass for gargling of the oral cavity
three times a day.
Tinctures (tincturae)
Tincture (tinctura, ae f) is a liquid form of medication in the form of alcohol (tinctura spirituosa), alcohol-water (tinctura) or alcohol-ether (tinctura aetherea) extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external use. Tinctures are prepared without heating. They are transparent, more or less coloured liquids with the taste and smell of the original plants.
Tinctures are officinal forms, and the way of their preparation and concentration are defined by the Pharmacopoeia and industrial technology. Tinctures are prescribed in a short way. The names of the form of medication and medicinal plant are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” and general amount is indicated in millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 20 drops three times a day.
Composite tinctures containing several simple tinctures are prescribed in a full form. After “Recipe:” all the ingredients are enumerated in Gen. sing.
For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa.
Extracts (extracta)
Extract (extractum, i n) is a liquid form of medication, a concentrated extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal (ad usum internum) and external (ad usum externum) use.
According to their concentration the extracts are divided into:
- fluid extracts (extracta fluida);
- thick extracts (extracta spissa);
- dry extracts (extracta sicca).
Fluid extracts are officinal dosage form of medication for internal use. They are prescribed in a short form analogically to tinctures. The concentration of the extract is always indicated – extractum fluidum. Composite extracts are prescribed with the indication of each simple extract in their content. Fluid extracts are prescribed in millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 30 drops three times a day.
#
Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi
Extracti Millefolii Fluidi ana 25 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 25-30 drops three times a day before meals.
Thick extracts are signed with the word spissum; concentration of dry extracts is indicated if this word is included in the name of medication – siccum. These extracts are prescribed in a short form in grams.
For example: Recipe: Extracti Valerianae spissi 0, 02
Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis obductis.
Signa. 1-2 tablets twice a day.
#
Recipe: Extracti radicum Rhei sicci 0, 2
Da tales doses numero 30.
Signa. 1-2 powders at a bedtime.
Syrups (sirupi)
Syrup (sirupus, i m) is a thick transparent fluid with the taste and smell of original raw material for internal use (ad usum internum). Syrups are prepared by means of dissolving refined sugar (60-65%) in water (sirupus simplex) or in fruit juice, infusions, solutions of salts with the following preservation by alcohol (5%).
Syrups are flavouring and medicinal. Flavouring syrups are added to liquid forms of medications (for example, mixtures) to improve their taste, smell and colour. These are: sugar (simple) syrup – Sirupus simplex or Sirupus Sacchari, raspberry syrup – Sirupus Rubi idaei, cherry syrup – Sirupus Cerasi etc.
Pharmacologically active syrups (expectorant, laxative etc.) are medicinal. They are: marshmallow syrup – Sirupus Althaeae, liquorice syrup – Sirupus Liquiritiae, syrup of dog-rose fruit – Sirupus fructuum Rosae etc.
All the syrups are officinal. They are prescribed in Gen. sing. with the indication of the form of medication, the name of substance and general amount in millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Sirupi Rhei 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 1 teaspoonful twice a day.
Emulsions (emulsa)
Emulsion (emulsum, i n) is a liquid form of medication which presents the suspension of tiny insoluble particles in water: oils, resins, balsams etc. Emulsions are indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use and for injections (pro injectionibus).
Emulsions are prepared from the seeds of some plants rich in vegetable oils and from pure oils. According to the content emulsions are divided into seminal – emulsa seminalia – and oil – emulsa oleosa.
Emulsions are prescribed in a short and full form. When emulsions are prescribed in a full form the names of all ingredients are written in Gen. sing. and their weight is indicated. In Subscriptio the way of preparing the emulsion is indicated – Misce, fiat emulsum.
For example: Recipe: Seminum Amygdali dulcis 20, 0
Aquae purificatae ad 200 ml
Misce, fiat emulsum.
Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day.