Вкурсе обсуждается широкий спектр вопросов от национальной одежды до этнических чисток, этничность и национализм снова вошли в моду
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Этничность и национализм в Российской империи,
СССР и постсоветских государствах
Питер Ратленд
(14 лекций, 14 семинаров; 8 кредитов ECTS)
В курсе обсуждается широкий спектр вопросов - от национальной одежды до этнических чисток, этничность и национализм снова вошли в моду. Что позволяет национализму быть столь устойчивым фактором современной политической жизни? Хороша или плоха по сути своей этническая идентичность? Как направить ее политические проявления в благотворное русло?
Цель курса — изучение основных теорий национализма и анализ некоторых сложностей частных случаев этнических конфликтов в современном мире; поощряется творческий подход к этим вопросам.
Каждый студент должен написать исследовательскую работу по какой-либо отдельной стране и в течение последних двух недель курса выступить перед аудиторией с кратким сообщением. Доклад должен содержать объяснение характера этнической идентичности и модели этнических конфликтов в выбранной стране, а также предположение о том, какая из многочисленных теорий кажется автору доклада подходящей к данному конкретному случаю.
Следует помнить, что сейчас существует все возрастающее число WEB-сайтов, где можно найти достаточный объем информации по каждой конкретной стране. Многие правительства и этнические группы (даже талибы!) имеют свою страничку в интернете; кроме того, сейчас доступны газеты из большинства стран, поэтому имеется возможность пользоваться первоисточниками при изучении этнических групп.
Я бы предложил начать изучение современных статей по этой теме со странички Washington Post:
ngtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/front.htm
Некоторые очень полезные web-сайты:
Kennedy School website:
arvard.edu/~ksgpress/opin/index.php
US State Dept. country notes:
.gov/www/background_notes/eurbgnhp.php
CIA World Factbook:
gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.php
State Department gopher:
dosfan.lib.iuic.edu
PROVISIONAL PROGRAM
Week 1. PRIMORDIAL THEORIES OF ETHNIC IDENTITY.
What is ethnic identity? What is involved in «primordial» theories of ethnicity?
Bibliography
Barth F. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. 1969.
Horowitz D. Dimensions of ethnic conflict // Ethnic Groups in Conflict. 1985. P. 22-92.
Shils E. Primordial, personal, sacred and civil ties // Brit. J. Sociol. 1957. Vol. 8. P. 130-145.
Weber M. Ethnic groups // Economy and Society. Vol. 1. P. 385-398. (год?)
Week 2. ETHNICITY IN THE PRE-MODERN WORLD.
What was the character of ethnic identity before the emergence of the modern state?
Bibliography
Armstrong J. Nations Before Nationalism. 1982.
Smith A.D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. 1986. P. 1-46.
Week 3 . FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES.
An examination of Ernest Gellner’s theory, which explains ethnicity as a product of the spread of mass communication and industry.
Bibliography
Connor W. Nation building or nation destroying? // Connor W. Ethnonationalism P. 28-66; (хотя бы год)
Connor W. Man is a national animal // Connor W. Ethnonationalism. P. 195-209. (хотя бы год)
Gellner E. Nations and Nationalism.(õîòÿ áû ãîä)
Week 4 . THE RISE OF THE MODERN NATION-STATE.
The role of nationalism «from above» in the forging of modern nation-states: a look at the cases of Britain and France in the 17-19th centuries.
Bibliography
Breuilly J. Nationalism and the State. 1994.
Brubaker R. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. 1992.
Colley L. Britons: Forging the Nation. 1992.
Greenfeld L. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. 1992.
Smith A. State making and nation-building // States in History / Ed. by J. Hall. 1986.
Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen. 1986.
Week 5 . MARXISM AND NATIONALISM.
Another functionalist theory – the Marxism explanation, as represented by Hobsbawm. Did capitalists need the nation-state to organize their production, to seize and unify markets, and to divert their workers from socialist revolution?
Bibliography
Bonacich E. Class approaches to ethnicity and race // Insurgent Sociologist. 1980. N 10. P. 9-22.
Hobsbawm E. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. 1992. Marx A. Race-Making and the Nation-State (Comparison of the US, Brazil and South Africa) // World Politics. Jan. 1996. Vol. 48, N 2.
Race and State in Capitalist Development / Ed. by S. Greenberg. 1980.
Week 6. NATIONALISM AS ILLUSION.
Is nationalism an illusion? For a highly influential critical and deconstructionist view, see this book by Anderson, using Indonesia as a case study, which is required reading in every postmodernist course of study.
Bibliography
Anderson B. Imagined Communities. 1991.
Week 7. NATIONALISM IN POST-COLONIAL REGIMES.
The role of nationalism in anti-imperial struggles is well-known. Less familiar, and less palatable, is the relationship between nationalism and democracy in the new post-colonial states. We will take Nigeria as our main case-study.
Bibliography
Geertz C. The integrative revolution // Old Societies, New States. 1963. P. 105-157.
Horowitz D. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. 1985. Chs. 4-8.
Lustick I.S. Unsettled States: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank. 1993.
Neuberger B. National Self-Determination in Post-Colonial Africa. 1986.
Week 8 . WHEN DOES NATIONALISM TURN INTO GENOCIDE?
A look at the «classic» genocides – Armenians 1915, Jews 1939-45. Under what conditions does nationalism spill over into mass slaughter?
Bibliography
Chalk F., Jonassohn K. The History and Sociology of Genocide. 1990. P. 3-43.
Kuper L. Genocide. 1981.
Week 9 . RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIES.
Some writers argue that ethnic groups form in pluralist democracies for instrumental reasons, in order to better advance their economic and political interests. Such arguments have been used to explain the rise of nationalism in places like Scotland and Quebec.
Bibliography
Hechter M. A theory of ethnic collective action // Intern. Migration Rev. 1982. Vol. 16, N 2. P. 412-434.
Meadwell H. The politics of nationalism in Quebec // World Politics. Jan. 1993. Vol. 45, N 1. P. 203-241.
Tiryakian E., Rogowski R. (eds). New Nationalisms of the Developed West. 1985. Сh. 4, 6.
Week 10. THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE: POST-SOVIET CASES.
Language use is often pivotal to national identity, and is often the object of state policy to promote or suppress one language or other. This has been particularly true in the Newly Independent States: Baltics, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
Bibliography
Arel D. A lurking cascade of assimilation in Kiev? // Post-Soviet Affairs. Jan.-Mar. 1996. Vol 12, N 1.
Kolsto P. Nation-Building in the former USSR // J. Democracy. 1996. Vol. 7, N 1. P. 118-132.
Laitin D. Identity in Formation. The Russian Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. 1998.
Week 11. SOLUTIONS?
Various kinds of political arrangements have been suggested to create stable, multiethnic political entities. The international community is right now engaged in applying such ideas in Bosnia and Kosovo.
Bibliography
Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies / Ed. by J. Montville. 1990.
Horowitz D. Ethnic groups in Conflict. 1985. Chs. 14-16.
Kaufmann Ch. Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars // Intern. Security. 1996. Vol. 20. P. 136-175.
Kymlicka W. Multination States and Polyethnic States // Kymlicka W. Multicultural Citizenship. 1995. P. 11-26.
Lijphart A. The consensus model of democracy // Democracies. 1984. (Esp. ch. 2).
Lustick I.S. Lijphart, Lakatos, and Consociationalism // World Politics. 1997. Vol.
50.
Weeks 12-14. CASE STUDIES.
Students will give class presentations on the country that they have chosen for their case study. Each report should explain the character of ethnic identity and patterns of ethnic conflict in the chosen country, and discuss which of the various theories seem to fit that case. I assume that contemporary Russia and Yugoslavia will be priorities for such analysis.
Bibliography
On the former Yugoslavia:
Bennett Ch. Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse. 1996.
Malcolm N. Bosnia: A Short History. 1996.
Honig J., Both N. Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime. 1996.
Cigar N. Genocide in Bosnia. 1996.
Gow J. Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. 1997.
On Russia and the former USSR:
Tolz V. The national debate over nation-building in Russia // Prism (Jamestown Foundation). May 1998. Vol. 4, N 10, 15. [www.jamestown.com].
Zevelev I. The Russian quest for a new identity // Global Security Beyond the Millenium / Ed. by Sh. Cross et al. 1999. Ch. 6.
Arbatov A. et al. Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union. 1997.
National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New State of Eurasia / Ed. by R. Szporluk. 1994.