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Практичний курс англійської мови навчальний посібник з практики усного та письмового мовлення для студентів 4 курсу

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3.11 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in exercise .

accurate 1) вірний, правильний, точний The inside walls receive a micro-finish guaranteed to be accurate within 2 micro-inches longitudinally. strictly accurate — абсолютно точний It would be accurate to say that he is lazy. — Police have stressed that this is the most accurate description of the killer to date. — They were accurate in their prediction that he would change her life drastically. — Syn: punctual , correct , exact , precise , right , true Ant: erroneous , false , inaccurate , incorrect , inexact , wrong 2) ретельний, щільний He discovers a very accurate knowledge of mineralogy. — Syn: careful , thorough

instance 1) а) виключення , виняток Syn: exception б) окремий випадок, приклад to cite, give an instance — наводити приклад an isolated, rare instance — in rare instances — in a few isolated instances — - for instance Syn: sample , example 2) вимога; прохання, доручення I am writing to you at the instance of my friend. — Syn: insistence 3) а) інстанція a court of first instance — б) ступінь In this stage I prefer to remain anonymous. - for instance - in the first instance 2. 1) доводити, наводити в якості прикладу Syn: exemplify ; exhibit , illustrate , prove , show 2) зіслатися We will instance in a single writer, Shakespeare. — Сошлемся лишь на одного автора - Шекспира. Syn: cite , reference 2.

production 1) виробництво; здобич; виготовлення to decrease, roll back production — зменшити обсяг виробництва to increase, speed up, step up production — збільшити обсяг виробництва That model won't go into production before late 1990. — coal production — oil production — steel production — production workers — робітники, зайняті безпосередньо у виробництві(на відміну від службовців) Syn: manufacture , making 2) продукція; вироб We needed to increase the volume of production. — Syn: output , produce 3) продуктивність, ефективність; обсяг виробітку production standard — норма виробітку Syn: productivity , output
    1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian . While reading mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.


As soon as two speakers of different languages need to converse, translation is necessary, either through a third party or directly. Before the invention and diffusion of writing, translation was instantaneous and oral; persons professionally specializing in such work were called interpreters. In predominantly or wholly literate communities, translation is thought of as the conversion of a written text in one language into a written text in another, though the modern emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional interpreter at international conferences keeps the oral side of translation very much alive. The tasks of the translator are the same whether the material is oral or written, but, of course, translation between written texts allows more time for stylistic adjustment and technical expertise. The main problems have been recognized since antiquity and were expressed by St. Jerome, translator of the famed Latin Bible, the Vulgate, from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Semantically, these problems relate to the adjustment of the literal and the literary and the conflicts that so often occur between an exact translation of each word, as far as this is possible, and the production of a whole sentence or even a whole text that conveys as much of the meaning of the original as can be managed. These problems and conflicts arise because of factors already noticed in the use and functioning of language: languages do not operate in isolation but within and as part of cultures, and cultures differ from each other in various ways. Even between the languages of communities whose cultures are fairly closely allied, there is by no means a one-to-one relation of exact lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.In their lexical meanings, words acquire various overtones and associations that are not shared by the nearest corresponding words in other languages; this may vitiate a literal translation. In modern times translators of the Bible into the languages of peoples culturally remote from Europe are well aware of the difficulties of finding a lexical equivalent for "lamb," when the intended readers, even if they have seen sheep and lambs, have no tradition of blood sacrifice for expiation nor long-hallowed associations of lambs with lovableness, innocence, and apparent helplessness. The English word uncle has, for various reasons, a cozy and slightly comic set of associations. The Latin poet Virgil uses the words avunculus Hector in a solemn heroic passage of the Aeneid (Book III, line 343); to translate this by "uncle Hector" gives an entirely unsuitable flavour to the text.The translation of poetry, especially into poetry, presents very special difficulties, and the better the original poem, the harder the translator's task. This is because poetry is, in the first instance, carefully contrived to express exactly what the poet wants to say. Second, to achieve this end, the poet calls forth all the resources of the language in which he is writing, matching the choice of words, the order of words, and grammatical constructions, as well as phonological features peculiar to the language in metre, perhaps supplemented by rhyme, assonance, and alliteration. The translator must try to match the stylistic exploitation of the particular resources in the original language with comparable resources from his own. Because lexical, grammatical, and metrical considerations are all interrelated and interwoven in poetry, a satisfactory literary translation is usually very far from a literal word for word rendering. The more the poet relies on language form, the more embedded his verses are in that particular language, and the harder they are to translate adequately. This is especially true with lyrical poetry in several languages, with its wordplay, complex rhymes, and frequent assonances.At the other end of the translator's spectrum, technical prose dealing with internationally agreed scientific subjects is probably the easiest type of material to translate, because cultural unification (in this respect), lexical correspondences, and stylistic similarity already exist in this type of usage in the languages most commonly involved, to a higher degree than in other fields of discourse.Significantly, it is this last aspect of translation to which mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied with some prospects of limited success. Machine translation, whereby, ultimately, a text in one language could be fed into a machine to produce an accurate translation in another language without further human intervention, has been largely concentrated on the language of science and technology, with its restricted vocabulary and overall likeness of style, for both linguistic and economic reasons. Attempts at machine translation of literature have been made, but success in this field, more especially in the translation of poetry, seems very remote at present.Translation on the whole is an art, not a science. Guidance can be given and general principles can be taught, but after that it must be left to the individual's own feeling for the two languages concerned.
    1. Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the proper translation of the word “career”. Study the list of synonyms to the word career and change it according to the context.

Career- vocation, job, occupation, profession, calling, livelihood, line of business, movement.

  1. At one stage in its career / /, this gig was fairly unstable; if the horse fell to his knees, the cross springs under the body would jerk and spill the riders.
  2. The competitive career / /environment described above can lead to considerable tension and stress among middle managers.
  3. As a conductor he had won general acclaim, but as a composer, during this first creative period, he immediately encountered the public's lack of comprehension that was to confront him for most of his career / /.
  4. It is not clear how his career / / in the theatre began; but from about 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain's Company of players (called the King's Men after the accession of James I in 1603).
  5. Newly qualified physicians want to work there because doing so will aid their future careers / /, though the actual experience may be wider and better in a hospital without a medical school.
  6. Senior physicians seek careers / / in hospitals with medical schools because consultant, specialist, or professorial posts there usually carry a high degree of prestige.
  7. Unlike most politicians in Japan before World War II, Konoe did not begin his political career / / either through civil-service examination or through membership in a political party.
  8. Further occupational mobility at later stages of a worker's career / / depends in large part on receiving additional training and professional certification.
3.13 Choose the statement which fits the text best.


1 a) Before the invention and diffusion of translation, it was instantaneous and oral; persons professionally specializing in such work were called interpreters.

b) Before the invention and diffusion of writing, translation didn’t exist either.

c) Even before writing was invented, there were persons professionally specializing in translation.

2 a) The more the poet relies on language form, the more embedded his verses are in the particular language, and the easier they are to translate adequately.

b) The more the poet relies on language form, the harder they are to translate adequately.

c) The more the poet relies on language form, the more embedded his translations are in that particular language, and the harder they are to translate adequately.

3 a) Poetry is this last aspect of translation to which mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied with some prospects of limited success.

b) Technical text is this last aspect of translation to which mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied with some prospects of limited success.

c) Scientific fiction is this last aspect of translation to which mechanical and computerized techniques are being applied with some prospects of limited success.

4 a) There is a one-to-one relation of exact lexical equivalence between the items of the vocabularies of communities whose cultures are fairly closely allied.

b)Whenever two cultures are closely allied, there is exact lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.
c) Even between the languages of communities whose cultures are very alike, there doesn’t exist a one-to-one relation of exact lexical equivalence between the items of their vocabularies.

5 a) Translation is thought of only as the conversion of a written text in one language into a written text in another

b) The modern emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional interpreter at international conferences keeps the oral side of translation necessary

c) In predominantly or wholly literate communities, translation is thought of as the conversion of a written text in one language into a written text in another, though the modern emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional interpreter at international conferences decreases.