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Методические указания по выполнению семестровой контрольной работы с комплектом заданий по английскому языку студентов дистанционной формы обучения Уфа 2007

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  • What are the advantages of the partnership?
  • What are its disadvantages?
  • Who can own a corporation?

    10.What are the advantages of the corporate form of ownership?

    11.What kindsof corporations don't issue the stock usually?

    12.What world-known corporations do you know?

    Вариант II

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    Accounting

    1. Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting
    department records and measures the activity of a business. It re­ports on the effects of the transactions on the firm's financial
    condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is
    used by management, stockholders, investors and creditors, indepen­dent analysts, banks and government.

    2. Book-keeping is a procedural element of accounting as arithmetic
    is a procedural element of mathematics. Most of the material in this book discribes business situation, but the principles of accounting apply to financial consideration of Individuals as well. Most businesses prepare regulary the two types of records. That is income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received end spent by the company.

    3. One major tool for the analyeis of accounting records ie ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio is with profitability, for example, the Heturn Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firm's operating efficiency. The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.

    4.There is a general classification of accounting.public accounting and private accounting. Private accountants are those who serve the general public and collect professional fees for their work, much аs doctors and lawyers do. Their work includes auditing, tome tax, planning and preparations and management consulting.

    Public accountants are a small fraction (about 10 %) of all accountants. Those public accountants who have aet certain professional requiremente are designated as Certified Public Accountants (CPA).

    5.Private accountants work for a single business, such es a local department store or the Mc Donald's restaurant chain. Charitable mizationa, educational institutions and government agencies also employ private accountants. The chief accounting officer usually has the title of controller or treasurer. This person usually fLes the status of Vice-President.

    Answer the questions:

    1.what ia the purpose of accounting?

    2.who uses the data provided by accounting firm?

    3. What are the two types of records which most businesses prepare?

    4.What can you know analysing the income statement and balance shett of a company?

    5. What is the purpose of ratio analysis?

    6. What categories of ratios in finance do you know?

    7. What is the general classification of accounting?

    8.What public accountants?

    9.What activities does their work include?
    1. Who are private accountants?
    2. Who employ private accountants?
    3. How is the chief accounting officer called?

    Вариант III

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    The Stock Exchange
    1. The Stock Exchange is a world market where the shares and se­curities of public companies, the State government, local govern­ments, foreign governments and other organizations are bought end
      sold. There are about 3000 members of the Stock Exchange who are
      involved daily in the buying and selling of these shares and se­curities. The main British Stock Exchange is in London and was
      founded in 1773. It has 22 branches in the main towns of the country.
    2. Before October 1986 shares were bought and sold by Stock Ex­change members called brokers and jobbers. The brokers bought or
      sold shares for members of the public and acted on their behalf.
      The jobbers bought or sold the shares from the market or other
      dealers and then sold them to the brokers.

    In October 1986 there was a major reorganization of the way in which the Stock Exchange members conducted their business. These changes were referred to as the 'Big Bang'. Each member is now allowed to buy or sell shares on behalf of a member of the public, or buy and sell shares on his own behalf. The members are now called broker/dealers,
    1. Recently there has been an increasing use of computers and visual display units on the Stock Exchange. These keep the members
      in constant touch with the changing state of. the market prices of
      securities and shares and help them to make the best decision that
      is possible at the time. These facilities make the Stock Exchange
      a more perfect market.
    2. The broker/dealer will send to his client the contract note,
      which shows:



    1. the price at which the business wes done;
    2. the type and class of share or security;
    3. the date and time of the deal;
    4. the amount of commission charged;

    5) the cost of the transfer fee;

    6)dititails of the registration fee, charged for changing the names n the old owners of the shares into the new owners (in the books of the company).

    5. There are "speculators" working, on the Stock Exchange and they i often called bulls, bears and stags.

    A stag buje and sells newly issued shares and securities.

    A bull is an optimist who buys the shares at a low price and that in the future the price will rise.

    A bear is a pessimist who agrees to sell shares he doesn't have, hoping that by the time settlement day arrives he will be able to buy the shares at a lower price than he has agreed to sell hem at.

    6. If there is a large demand for shares, then the price of the shares will rise. If there is a small demand for the shares, their price will fall.

    Instead of buying shares directly via the Stock Exchange, members of the of the public may invest in unit trusts. These are organi­zations that take money from the public and invest it for them in a range of stocks and shares. Investing in this way may be safer than buying shares in a single company, because falls in the value of some of the stocks held by the unit trust may be balanced by tiaes in the value of others.

    Answer the following questions

    1. What is the Stock Exchange?

    2. Where is Britain's main Stock Exchange and when was it founded?

    3 .What is the approximate number of members of the Stock Exchange?

    4 . How do broker/dealers work on the Stock Exchange?

    5.Explain briefly, what happened in October 1986 in the event referred to as the "Big Bang'.

    6. Explain why computers and visual display units have been found useful on the Stock Exchange.

    7. Give some examples of the names of shares or securities which у be bought or sold on the Stock Exchange.

    8. Describe the activities of bears, bulls and stags.

    9. What happens to the prices of shares when there is an increase inmand for the shares or a decrease in demand for the shares?

    10 What are unit trusts busy with?


    Вариант IV

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    On Management and Managers
    1. Management, by definition, is a function of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling. Any managerial
      system, at any managerial level, is characterized in terms of
      these functions.
    2. Management is revealed in a variety of specific activities.
      Marketing management refers to a broad concept covering organi­zation of production and sales of products, which is based on
      consumer reqirements research. All companies must look beyond
      present situation and develop a long-term strategy to meet chan­ging conditions in their industry. Marketing management, there­
      fore, consists of evaluating market opportunities, selecting markets, developing market strategies, planning marketing tactics
      and controlling marketing results.
    3. Strategic planning includes defining the company's long-term as well as specific objectives, such as sales volume, market share profitability and innovation, and deciding on financial, material and other resources necessary to achieve those objectives.
    1. In problems of market selection and product planning one of
      the key concepts is that of the PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE. That products
      pass through various stages between life and death (introduction-
      growth-maturity-decline) is hard to deny. Equally accepted is the
      understanding that a company should have a mix of products with
      representation in each of these stages. Companies can make far
      more effective marketing decisions if they take time to find out
      where each of their products stands in its life cycle.
    2. However, the concept of the product life cycle seems frequently forgotten in marketing planning, which leads to wrong de­cision-making. This may well be seen in the following story: A
      supplier of some light industrial equipment felt that the decline
      in the sales of his major product was due to the fact that it
      was not receiving the sales support it deserved. In order to give
      extra sales support to this problem case a special advertising
      campaign was run. This required cutting into marketing budget of
      several products that were still in their "young" growth phase.
      In fact, the major product has long since passed th.e zenith ot
      its potencial sales, and no amount of additional sales support could have extended its growth. This became quite clear in the " ond-of-year sales which showed no improvement. The promising pro­ducts, however, went into gradual sales decline. In short, manage­ment has failed to consider each product's position in its life cycle.
    1. A number of different terms are used for "manager", including "director", "administrator" and "president". The term "ma­nager" is used more frequently in profit-making organizations,
      while the others are used more widely in government and non-pro­fit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social
      work agencies.
    2. What, then, is a manager?

    When used collectively the term "management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system.

    An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.
    1. Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all
      types of organization: they include hard work on a variety of
      activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relation­ships. Almost everything a manager does involve decisions. The
      reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decisionmeking there is always some uncertainty and risk.
    2. Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on
      a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But the manager's job is like "OLD MAN RIVER" - it
      just keeps going.



    1. Collectively - в собирательном значении
    2. "OLD MAN RIVER" - the name of a aong
    3. in term of - с точки зрения

    Answer the following questions:

    1. What is Management?

    2. What does marketing management consist of?

    3. What does strategic planning include?

    4.What are the stages of the Product Life Cycle?

    5.Why is the Product Life Cycle considered one of the key epta in marketing?

    6.What concrete activities is a production manager responsible
    for?

    7.What basic characteristics do apply to managers?

    8.Why is managing a hard job?

    9.What does the term "manager" mean?

    10. What people does the term "management" refer to?

    Вариант V

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    Financial Institutions in the USA
    1. Businesses that distribute or deal in money are called finacial institutions. The most familiar institutions are comnercial
      banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mutual sa­vings banks, credit unions, investment banks, and so on.
    2. A commercial bank is a privately owned profit-making corpora­tion. It serves both individuals and businesses by offering che­cking and savings accounts, loans and credit cards. It also deals
      in some brokerage, insurance and financial advice. The commercial
      bank is the most important source of short term loans for busi­nesses. Sometimes the borrowers pledge collateral to back up the
      loan. Such loan is a secured loan. Companies with a good financial
      position are given the prime rate of interest which is the lowest
      commercial interest rate.
    3. The commercial bank offers its customers accounts of two types;
      demand deposits and time deposits. A demand deposit mekee the money in it available to depositors immediately, while a time re­quires depositors to leave their money within the bank for a ateted period of time. Most banks offer their customers various sa­vings certificates, called certificates of deposit. Savers may put their money into thirty day, six month or two and a half year cer­tificates. The highest interest is paid to the customers who depo­sit their money for a longer period.
    4. There is a central bank for all states in the USA called the
      Pederal Reserve System ("the Fed") which controls various finan­cial institutions. The government and member-banks Jointly own
      the Fed. Member-banks have a right to obtain funds by borrowing
      from their district reserve bank, to use various serviceewhich
      the system provides, to obtain financial advice and assistance and to receive a dividend on stock that the district bank owns.
    5. The Fed. controls the money supply and prevents the economy from crises. The Fed sella and buys governmental securities (bonds). When it buys government securites, it increases the mo­ney supply by putting more money in circulation. When the Fed sells government securities, it decreases the money supply. The Fed

    is "the banker's bank" because it lends money to member banks.

    The interest that the Fed charges is called the discount rate. The Fed also clears checks by moving them from the bank where they wore deposited to the bank on which they are drawn. The check travels electronically from one bank to another through the FedeReserve Bank.

    Answer the following questions:

    1. What are the financial institutions in the USA?

    .'2.What way does a commercial bank serve its customers?

    3. What is a secured loan?

    4. What is the prime rate? Whom is it given?

    5. What is the demand deposit and time deposit?
    1. What certificates may customers put their money?
    2. How is a central bank of the USA called?
    3. Who owns the Fed?
    4. What are the rights that member-banks have?
    5. What are the function of the Fed?