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Методические указания по выполнению семестровой контрольной работы с комплектом заданий по английскому языку студентов дистанционной формы обучения Уфа 2007

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  • New Year's Day - (January 1)
  • Martin Luther King Day(traditional - January 15)

(official - third Monday in January)

- George Washington's Birthday(traditional - February 22)(official - third Monday in February)

- Memorial Day (traditional - May 30)(official - last Monday in May)
  • Independence Day (July 4)
  • Labour Day (first Monday in September)
  • Columbus Day (traditional - October 12)(official - second Monday in October)
  • Veterans'Day (traditional - November 11)(official - second Monday in November)
  • Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November)
  • Christmas (December 25).

3. Let's take one of these holidays - Thanksgiving. In 1620, a boat filled with more than one hundred people sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New World. The first winter was difficult for them. They had arrived too late to grow many crops and half the colony died from disease. The following spring the Indians taught them how to grow corn (maize), how to hunt and fish. In autumn of 1621 crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins were harvested. The colonists invited Indians to their feast. The Indians brought deer to roast with the turkeys, popcorn. The colonists had learned how to cook cranberries and different kinds of corn and squash dishes from the Indiana.

4. Symbols of Thanksgiving are: turkey, corn (or maize), pumpkins and cranberry sauce.

Today Thanksgiving is a public acknowledgement of the Indians' role hundreds years ago. The first settlers would not have survived without their help.

5. Americans celebrate other holidays too, such as April Fool's Day, St.Valentine'e Day, Easter, etc.

Контрольное задание № 4

для студентов специальности "Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов"

Вариант I

Man and Ecological Crisis

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  1. Man has brought an ecological crisis to the earth by destroyingliving environments. This crisis affects not only air, water, soil,plants and animals, but ultimately man himself. Paradoxically theworld's moat intelligent species often behaves like the most foolish. No species except man destroys the environment on which itdepends.
  2. Cur planet 1s exposed to unbroken destruction as a consequenceof continuous increase in the number of human beings. The largerpopulations grow, the greater the number who must starve, the moreviolent the struggle for space.
  3. It is not likely that man will be able to colonize other planets within the foreseeable future. Planet earth is man's onlyhope for continuous existence. Therefore it should be of greatconcern to everyone to devote thought to the environmental problem of the earth to try to make our planet biologically suitablefor human life. To achieve that fitness, we would have to livewhat would be e truly normal life for our species. We cannot attain such a goal if we forget that we ourselves are biologicalorganisms dependent on the natural environment.
  4. Man's manipulation of environments almost always leads to anImpoverishment of habitants and species. This in turn lowers theenvironmental quality even in areas where initially the biological simplification of the landscape is economically successful for example, in crop monocultures. Man does not yet know how farhe dare go in rendering the environmental uniform, because thereare no measurement standards available. In fact, in the ecological sense there are hardly two areas alike. Despite this situation man simplifies the natural environment drastically and at adevastating rate.

5. Increased technological production coupled with increasinglylarger human societies is using up resources rapidly without compensating for them. In natural communities waste does not exist,because all living organisms become garbage, and this garbage forms the basis of the life and material resources of tomorrow. It is a perpetual system of life and death, death and life. Nothing in reality has been destroyed. Modern man has changed this simple but amazingly complex living system into a polluted system that threatens human welfare. The intensified man-made environmental pollution is creating cancers in the earth's living systems. Man's conduct and treatment of the environment have led to an ecological crisis. This crisis is inescapable, and will lead inevitably to a catastrophe if man does not begin to think ecologically and then resolutely employ the power of his brain.

6. How will today's tragic vandalism and shortsightedness be interpreted by tomorrow's generations? Natural values in the form of wild places, plants and animals will be appreciated far more fully in the future than at the present. There are already indications of changing attitudes. If the mankinds irresponsibly allow the present mismanagement to continue the people of the twentieth century will, despite their technological brilliance, go down in history as barbarians.

Answer the following questions:
  1. In what way has man brought an ecological crisis?
  2. What does the crisis affect?
  3. Why will the environmental problems worsen with the growthof the population in future?
  4. Why should everyone devote thought to the problems of ecology?
  5. Where does man's manipulation of environments lead to?6.What's happening with the resources?

7.Why doesn't the waste in natural communities exist?

8.What does the polluted living system threaten?

9.What values will be appreciated in future?

10. In what way should man conduct and treat the environment?


Вариант II

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Conservation for Survival
  1. The human population in the world is increasing every minuteand this rate is accelerating. The chances for survival of otherlife forma continue to diminish as rapidly as their environmentsare destroyed by the rising tide of humanity. But like all otherpopulations man himself is dependent on the natural environment.We know from other species that uncontrolled growth in numberssooner or later leads to a catastrophe a population crash. Innature many barriers exist that prevent indefinite increase of populations. While man has bypassed many of the barriers that control his own numbers, he cannot escape then: forever. In the longrun his existence is based on the living world around him, end hela exposed to the same biological laws that govern animal population. That's why the problems of the renewable natural resources -- air, water, soil, vegetation and animals (including man), andthe necessity of conservation of nature are of vital importance.These are the resources essential to man's survival.
  2. The essential factor in seeking to conserve nature is to understand the function of the ecosystem, the living landscape and theinterrelationship between living organisms and their environment.The ecosystem is the basic functional unit of life, a marvelouspyramid of interactions among which capture end turnover of energy,production and productivity, biogeochernical cycling, especially ofmineral nutrients, and so on are significant processes. A soundutilization of water, soils, plants and animals must be suitablyrelated to the long-term needs for maintaining and renewing theseresources. The central question is: How, where and when to harvestbiological resources?
  3. To exploit then: wisely does not necessarily mean a direct economic profit. The manifold riches of nature are much more thaneconomic - the;4r are also social, cultural, scientific end aesthetic.
  4. Since a man is a trustee of natural resources for generationsto follow, he has a moral obligation to administer this irreplaceable capital wisely and carefully. He cannot do much concerningsuch forces as the sun's energy, winds and tides, but he can contribute immensely to keeping the air and the water clean, the soilfertile, the vegetation diverse, and the animals abundunt. He must do it for the very survival of his own species, This means that man should try to reach a biological balance between his needs and nature's long-term capacity to satisfy them.

5. Humanity needs a global natural resources policy. The conservation of nature and natural resources, including habitants and wildlife, is a matter of such fundamental importance for the well-being of man that the matter should be of concern to governments of all nations. But it is necessary to look beyond national boundaries in order to avoid ecological crisis on a giant scale.

Answer the following questions:

  1. •
    What is happening to the human population?
  2. Why do the chances for survival continue to diminish?
  3. Where does the uncontrolled growth lead to?
  4. What is man's existence based on?
  5. What resources are of vital importance for man's survival?
  6. That is the ecosystem?
  7. What is the central question of maintaining and renewing theresources?

8. What does it mean: to exploit the resources wisely?

9. Why does man have moral obligation?

10. What does humanity need?

Вариант III

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The Environmental Crisis
  1. The environmental crisis can be divided into three main categories: overpopulation, depletion and pollution.
  2. In 1990 the world's population exceeded 5,3 billion, and it wasswelling at a rate of 1,7 % a year. This rate may not be seen veryhigh but it would mean a doubling of our numbers in only 41 years.Thi3 explosion of world population is an outgrowth of the industrial age. If the current rate of increase continues, man will rapidly approach a critical stape of survival in a world of destroyed and exhausted natural resources. Despite several decades of agricultural research aimed at increasing the food supply, one ofevery three persons living in the poor, developing nations is unable to find enough to eat. World-wide 12 million people die of starvation each year. (Human overpopulation is in fact the worst and basic form of environmental pollution),

2. As the world population continues to increase, many resources,necessary for human survival - and the survival of the millions

of species that share this planet with us - are falling into short supply.
  1. The earth's supply of nonrenewable resources - those that cannot be generated, such as oil, silver, and coal - is finite, orlimited. Declining mineral supplies could cripple the world economyunless we make radical changes.
  2. Even renewable resources, which have the capacity to regenerate,can be depleted if demand exceeds replenishment. Worldwide, 6 million hectares of cropland, pasture, and rangeland become desertevery year. Should this continue our farmland will disappear injust 300 years. With continued population growth and economic development biologists fear that the rate of extinction of speciescould climb to one species every hour by 2000. Pure populationpressure and excess consumption lie behind resource depletion.

But wasteful industrial processes that squander resources and produce excessive pollution are also at a root of our environmental crisis. Despite the many steps taken worldwide to defuse the crisis, problems continue and grow worse.
  1. Air pollution is the most visible sign of the pollution crisis.Par more widespread, and perhaps more dangerous, are the problemsof acid deposition, global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion.
  2. Modern society is as careless with its land and water as it iswith its air. Ill conceived and irresponsible waste disposalpractices have left a legacy of polluted ground water and contaminated land.
  3. Another pollution problem is the millions of leaking underground storage tanks that are contaminating the nation's preciousgroundwater.
  4. Many invisible, cancer-causing substances still pollute suchwaterways as lakes and rivers, threatening the health of thepeople.

9. These dramatic examples are only part of the problem, however.Less visible pollutants, such as acid precipitation and carbon dioxide, spawn a host of problems far more dangerous to our planet

Answer the following questions:
  1. What can the environmental crisis be divided into?
  2. Where will the growth of the population lead to?
  3. What is the worst and basic form of the environmentalpollution?
  4. What is falling into short supply?
  5. Why can the resources be depleted despite the capacity toregenerate?
  6. How many hectares become desert every year?
  7. What do the biologists fear of?
  8. What problems lie at the root of environmental crisis?
  9. What kind of pollution is the most visible sign of thepollution crisis?
  10. How does the pollution influence the health of the people?


Вариант IV

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Pressing problems

1. Atmospheric pollution raises problems of several types. First, there are local problems due to the production of smoke and offensive gases by factories. Secondly, there are regional problems created by industrial agglomerations which may spread the same harmful effects over whole areas. Thirdly, there are some types of pollution, such as those arising from nuclear explosives, which cover a considerable portion of the globe. And lastly, there appeared one more type of pollution which is threatening the globe as a whole.
  1. Recent scientific research suggests that the protective layerof ozone around our planet is under severe attack. Alarm bellswere sounded in 1982 when reseachers in the Antarctic first identified a yawning (зияющий) hole over the Antarctic where theozone layer is thinnest.
  2. This was the first sign of a hole. Five years later it was reported that the hole had grown to an area the size of the UnitedStates.
  3. The major cause of this weakening of the ozone layer is believed to be the increasing amount of harmful chemicals that are being released into the atmosphere by humankind.
  1. Environmentalists and scientists point out that a further oneper cent drop in the overall ozone layer can cause an increase ofskin cancer.
  2. The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it actsas a filter intercepting moat of the sun's radiation includingpotentially harmful Ultra Violet B-rays which can cause melanoma - skin cancer.
  3. The appearance of the Antarctic hole has intensified the searchfor a cause. Strong evidence now suggests that it is the growingindustrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons(СРСs) which is responsible.
  4. CFC is a propellent (движущая сила) gas commonly used in aerosolsprays, air cooling systems in fridges (холодильник) and air-conditioning. Once released CFC can hang around in the atmosphere for 100 years. Some eventually reaches the upper atmosphere to be broken down by the sunlight. In the process chlorine is released which combines with oxygen atoms thus reducing the amount available for ozone production.

9. According to measurements recorded by the US Environmental Protection Agency one chlorine atom has enough kinetic energy todestroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. US space agency NASA has predicted that a rise of 2.5 per cent in CFC emissions would cause an extra one million cancers over the lifetime of the present US population.
  1. Researchers suggest that the level of CFCs in the atmosphereis actually increasing by 5 per cent each year. Since 1969 theozone level has fallen by 3 per cent over the densely populatedcities of the US, Canada and Europe and by 4 per cent over Australia and New Zealand.
  2. In its "worst prediction scenario" NASA claims that an ever thinning ozone layer could eventually allow a more harmful form of radiation, known as Ultra Violet C, to hit the earth. Laboratory experiments have shown that Ultra Violet С can penetrate cells in the body and irreparably damage the nucleic acids and proteins which are the building blocks of life.

12. There is the need for an international agreement that wouldcompletely stop CPC production.


Answer the following questions:
  1. How many types of problems arise in the atmospheric pollutioncontrol?
  2. Are all of the effects equally dangerous and harmful?
  3. Which one is the most serious and why?
  4. How do environmentalists explain the ozone thinning?
  5. Why is the ozone layer so important for all living onthe earth?
  6. What are CFCs responsible for?
  7. What is CFC and where is it used?
  8. What are the most dramatic predictions of NASA concerningthe problem?
  9. What have laboratory experiments shown?

10. What steps should we take to avoid the situation?

Вариант V

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Environmental Protection
  1. In 1815, the Tambora volcano in Indonesia exploded, emittingsuch a large quantity of dust, smoke and soot into the atmospherethat the average annual temperature of the planet dropped bу 1° С,This was enough for Europe and America to miss a summer and forthe crop there not to ripen in 1816. A hundred years later, in1915, there was a forest fire in Siberia. The fire, which destroyed 16 million hectares of forest, went on for several weeks,with smoke screening the Earth from the Sun. Grain crops failedand grass didn't grow over a huge ехраnsе.
  2. Nature has modelled a "nuclear winter", having made a tiny copy from it for our edification.
  3. The discovery of "nuclear winter" should, by the logic of common sense, make war a thing of the past.
  4. Nature has been suffocating from industrial pollution for along time.
  5. The figures of the Earth's ecological calamities are distressing. Forests are disappearing at the rate of 20 hectares perminute, or more than 500,000 hectares a year. The volume of atmospheric oxygen annually decreases by 10 billion tons - a conse-quence of the destruction of forests and the contamination of water reservoirs.

6. The planet's genetic fund has sustained irretrievable losses:hundreds of species of animals, birds, fishes and plants havedisappeared forever. All these figures, one being sadder than theother, show our race to ecological catastrophe. And althoughthis doesn't make things any easier, the understanding of thescale of calamities is one of the factors shaping a new mode ofthinking suitable for our time.

Ecology is a problem common for all mankind.

7. Now industrially developed states can not ignore the problemof environmental protection. The main aim in the policy of environmental protection is the development of technology to controlatmospheric and water pollution, the study of mаn's influence onthe climate, the forecasting of the earthquakes, biological andgenetic cosequences of pollution, protection of rare and vanishingplants and animals.

8. The land pollution results from the use of chemicals and pesticides.

Control of marine pollution is based on international conventions.

Many governments try to achieve clearer air. Total emission and average concentration of smoke in the air have fallen as the result of installation of special equipment.

Transport is one of the main offenders in noise pollution, and many measures are aimed at reducing noise.

Radiation has become subject to control of its possible effect, on health.

9. Popular movements that try to protect nature are common allover the world now. An international movement Greenpeace hasunited thousands of people and has achieved much success.

10. The industrial development has become so great now and theinfluence on the nature so harmful, that the problem of protecting nature is becoming vital. If people don't find the way todo it, life itself will soon come to end.

Answer the following questions:

1. What happened on the planet after the explosion of the volcano in 1815?
  1. How did Europe and America suffer?
  2. Where did a forest fire take place in 1915?
  3. What has Nature modelled?
  4. What shows the Earth’s ecological calamities?
  5. In what way has the planet's genetic fund suffered?
  6. What is the main aim in the policy of environmental protection?
  7. How can the mankind fight all sorts of pollution?
  8. Why is the problem of protecting the nature so vital now?
  9. What do you know about Greenpeace?


Контрольное задание №4

для студентов специальности "Проектирование и технология изделий в сфере быта и услуг"


Вариант I

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Natural fibres
  1. A sound knowledge of fabrics is absolutely necessary for everyperson who has sometimes to do with the sewing industry. Therearc four natural fibres which are known since long ago. They arecotton, linen, wool and silk which are still in use.
  2. Cotton fabrics are known to be used thousands of years ago.There are two reasons for the popularity of cotton - its lowprice and its versatility. Cotton being one of the most versatilefibres is used for dresses, underwear, hosiery, blankets, curtains, upholstery, fabrics, etc.